Umthombo ukutheleleka: definition, izinhlobo, ukuhlonza

ulimi lwethu njalo bahlale angaphezu kuka-600 zama-nezilwanyana ezincane eyaziwa, kodwa thina sibe asele eyolanda ngegciwane ezokuthutha zomphakathi. Uyini umthombo nezifo ezithelelwanayo angase azithole? Kanjani lo mshini ukutheleleka?

lwegciwane

Zokuthelela Amagciwane ibizwa ngokuthi ukutheleleka. Igama elithi wabonakala ngo-1546 ngenxa Girolamo Fracastoro. Ngezinye isayensi ekhona uyazi mayelana 1400 ezincane-eziphilayo, zingabantu asizombelezileko, kodwa musa zikhule kithina sonke isikhathi ukutheleleka.

Kungani? Iqiniso lokuthi bonke eziphilayo zihlukaniswe pathogenic, ezingena ngentuba kanye non-pathogenic. Eyokuqala ngokuvamile eziwuhlupho, kanti zidinga "aphethe" yokuthuthukiswa yayo. Zingase hit ngisho nomzimba onempilo kanye nemithi.

Amagciwane ezingosomathuba (Escherichia coli, Candida ukhunta) akakubangeli umuntu enempilo iyiphi ukusabela. Abakwazi ukuphila endaweni, abe ingxenye microflora zomzimba. Kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ezifana uhlelo ababuthakathaka mzimba, ziba pathogenic, lokho kuyingozi.

Igama elithi "non-pathogenic 'akuhileli ingozi nokuxhumana la magciwane, nakuba bakwazi ukungena umzimba womuntu futhi imbangela ukutheleleka. Imingcele phakathi microflora pathogenic futhi nonpathogenic e-microbiology ezikhonjwe ukufiphala kakhulu.

Umthombo ukutheleleka

Isifo esithathelwanayo kungadalwa Ukungena emzimbeni ka pathogenic isikhunta, amagciwane, lenyama, ama-bacterium, prions. Umthombo Amagciwane imvelo, okuyinto enomthelela ekuthuthukeni kwabo. Lokhu naphakathi ngokuvamile uba umuntu noma isilwane.

Ukuthola in izimo ezikahle, ama-bacterium ngenkuthalo ziyanda, bese ushiyela umthombo, bazithola imvelo bangaphandle. Kube Amagciwane ngokuvamile musa ukukhiqiza kabusha. kancane kancane Inombolo yabo encipha kuze kube ukunyamalala ngokuphelele, futhi kunezici ezihlukahlukene enqabayo kuphela ukusheshisa le nqubo.

Phinda lo msebenzi obalulekile microorganism eyatholakala lapho bethola 'ngenkosi' elisha - umuntu sengozini noma isilwane uhlelo kabani mzimba zibe buthaka. Umjikelezo kungaba liphindwe njalo kuze izimuncagazi itheleleke uyokwendlala kuze eziphilayo enempilo.

Imvelo njengendlela Lidlulisela

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi imvelo - akusiyo umthombo ukutheleleka. Uhlale izenzo i yokulamula ukudluliselwa ezincane-eziphilayo. nomswakama ezinganele, ukungabi izakhi kanye okungalungile izimo lokushisa kuma kukhona okungekuhle nentuthuko yabo.

Emoyeni, izinto zasekhaya, amanzi, inhlabathi ukuhlamba baziphonse kuqala zithole ukungenwa, bese kuphela uyiswa amagciwane emzimbeni aphethe. Uma amagciwane atholakala kulezi ezindaweni eside kakhulu, zife. Nakuba abanye abe ukumelana akhethekile kungenziwa walondoloza ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle iminyaka eminingi.

Ukumelana eqinile has yalesisifo. Emhlabathini, lilondolozwe amashumi eminyaka, kodwa kamuva nje ihora wabulala by abilayo. Libuye ngokuphelele qakala magciwane ejenti. I-ejenti causative ikholera, El Tor ayakwazi ukuqhubeka ephila ngaphansi kwenhlabathi, isihlabathi, imikhiqizo kanye endleni, kanye Ukushisa kwesigubhu 17 degrees ukuvumela izinti ukwanda.

Imithombo ukutheleleka: Izinhlobo

Ezithathelana zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana, ngokuvumelana ngokulandelana kwazo nande eziphilayo abangakwazi zidluliselwe. Ngokusekelwe kulezi idatha, ukwaba anthroponoses, zooantroponozy futhi zoonoses.

Zooantronozy anthropozoonosis noma izifo lapho umthombo ukutheleleka ungumuntu noma isilwane. Kubantu, igciwane avame kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa izilwane, ikakhulukazi namagundane ngokusebenzisa. Ngu izifo zoonotic uyalandisa amarabi, glanders, isifo sofuba leptospirosis, umbendeni, brucellosis, trypanosomiasis.

isifo Anthroponotic kuyinto esimweni lapho umthombo ukutheleleka - abantu, futhi bungadluliswa kuphela kwabanye. Lokhu kufaka ukubuya, typhus kanye ne-typhoid fever, inkukhu Pox, isipatsholo, umkhuhlane, ugcunsula, ukukhwehlela whooping, ikholera, isimungumungwane kanye novendle.

Zoonoses ngokuthi izifo ezithathelwanayo okuyiwona indawo evumayo ngumtimba isilwane. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, lesi sifo zidlulele kubantu, kodwa kumuntu nomuntu - akukho. Ukukhethwa Yisifo, ne-yellow fever, bayakwazi aluka phakathi kwabantu.

Ukuthola ukutheleleka

Umuntu onegciwane noma isilwane kungabangela ukusabalala wonke lesi sifo ngaphakathi omunye ezindaweni eziningana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi emazweni amaningana. isifo Kuyingozi nokusatshalaliswa cwaningo epidemiologists yabo.

Phezu ukuthola ngisho Udaba olulodwa ukutheleleka, odokotela ukuthola yonke imininingwane ukutheleleka. Thola umthombo ukutheleleka kwenzeka, kwencazelo uhlobo nokusatshalaliswa izindlela zalo. Ukuze wenze lokhu ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa umlando epidemiological, okuyinto kupholi isiguli mayelana imisebenzi yakamuva, oxhumana nabantu futhi izilwane, usuku lapho kuqala izimpawu.

ulwazi oluphelele mayelana ngegciwane kuyasiza kakhulu. Nge kungenzeka ukuthola imodi yokudlulisa i, umthombo kungenzeka, kanye engaba isikali (ukuthi kukhona umcimbi olulodwa noma okusindayo).

Umthombo wokuqala wanoma ukutheleleka akulula ukuhlonza njalo, kungase kube eziningana. Kuba nzima nakakhulu ukwenzani izifo zoonotic. Kulokhu, umsebenzi oyinhloko lwezifo ukukhomba yonke imithombo engaba nezindlela yokudlulisela.

Zindlela ukudluliswa

Kunezinhlobo eziningana izindlela yokudlulisela. isici fecal-ngemlomo ngaloko lokusandza kwenteka zonke izifo emathunjini. amagciwane ezinonya ayinala kuleli sezinyawo noma ebuhlanzweni e umzimba uphilile ehlatshwa ngamanzi noma xhumana-yasendlini indlela. Lokhu kwenzeka uma umthombo ukutheleleka (ogulayo) abampofu izandla ngemva kokusebenzisa indlu yangasese.

Zokuphefumula noma sisemoyeni usebenza izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ukuthi ukungena ipheshana zokuphefumula. Ukudluliswa nezilwanyana ezincane kwenzeka sneezing noma ukhwehlela izinto abangathelelekile eduze.

Athathelwana kuhilela ukudluliselwa ukutheleleka ngegazi. Lokhu kungenzeka uma esiphathiswa yizinyoka, isib namazeze, imikhaza, umalaleveva omiyane, izintwala. Kudluliselwe ngokuthintana kwamagciwane atholakala esikhumbeni noma nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Bangenela emzimbeni amanxeba emzimbeni noma ukuxhumana nesineke.

Izifo ezithathelana ngokocansi Venereal ikakhulukazi ngokuvamile ngqo ngesikhathi ngocansi. Kuqondile ukudluliswa mshini ukutheleleka umbungu by umama ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

Ngokucacile yokudlulisela

Ukuze uhlobo nezilwanyana ezincane elinesimo indlela ngawo amagciwane noma ama-bacterium aqala ku umzimba impi ngamunye. Ngokuvamile, izindlela ezifana eziningana, futhi izici ezithile zemvelo ezingaba nomthelela ukudluliswa ngezinye izikhathi esimila kuzo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngendlela evumelana amagciwane eyodwa, ungakuvumeli ukuba ukudluliselwa kwabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-ejenti eziningi izifo zokuphefumula nakanjani sisesimweni lapho juice esiswini. Kwake kwathi ngo-pheshana emathunjini, zife, musa abangela izifo.

Ezinye izindlela kwamagciwane ayingozi engena emzimbeni angase, kunalokho, ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa lesi sifo. Ngakho, ingress ejenti causative of ugcunsula esegazini esebenzisa izinaliti zokwelapha enobuthi kubangela izinkinga. Lesi sifo kwenzeka okukhulu kunakuqala.

isiphetho

Ukutheleleka luyinhlanganisela izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo okwenzeka emzimbeni nasekuthuthukiseni isingeniso kuwo eziphilayo pathogenic. Ukugula kungathinta kokubili abantu nezilwane. The main ukudluliswa mshini pin, ubulili, sisemoyeni, faecal-temlomo, indlela mpo.

Umthombo ukutheleleka - isimo esihle zizalela futhi ukusakazeka kwamagciwane. izimo Kufanele ngokuvamile ifa kwabantu nezilwane. Imvelo, njengoba umthetho, uba nomlomo.

Kujwayele ukuthi cha possess izimo ngenxa yokuphila nezilwanyana ezincane pathogenic kanye kunemibandela pathogenic. Isikhathi eside ahlala kwesimo lesilungele yokuqothulwa yabo. Kwezinye izimo, izilokazane ezincane ungakwazi ukuqhubeka inhlabathi, amanzi, isihlabathi kusuka phansi kuze kube amashumi eminyaka.