UMnyango ukusakaza Moss: izici isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza, izimpawu, umsoco, imifanekiso, izici jikelele nokuthi ibaluleke ngani. Abamele uMnyango ukusabalala Moss

UMnyango ukusakaza Moss futhi ngokuthi wona kweqiniso futhi bryophytes. Zonke izinhlobo kuhlanganiswe izizukulwane, izingxenye, esikhundleni salokho, emindenini mayelana 700 abangaba ngu-120.

UMnyango ukusabalala Moss umndeni: izici jikelele

Abamele uMnyango - kuba ikakhulukazi izitshalo ezincane akuzona ezingaphezu kuka-50 mm ubude. Okukhishwayo kuphela amanzi wona, ongafinyelela a ubude 50 cm futhi epiphytes, okuyizinto ngisho isikhathi eside.

UMnyango kubhekisela esenzakalweni esiyisimangaliso taxon izitshalo ephakeme. Moss umndeni has angaba yizinkulungwane 25 zilwane.

Ngasekuqaleni kwaleli umnyango ngaphandle wona, absented futhi antotserotovye marchantiophyta futhi wona. Nokho, okwamanje, lezi taxa kukhona neminyango ehlukene. Ngokuvamile, ukhuluma ngani iqoqo imfanelo minyango ezintathu, aye ayisebenzisa kaningi ukusetshenziswa lolungakahleleki collective eside bryophytes (Bryophytes).

Izitshalo uMnyango, kanye nezinye abameleli bryophytes, baye izici ezithile ezihambisana ne umjikelezo wokuphila: i predominance we gametophyte haploid we sporophyte diploid.

indaba

Izici umnyango ukusabalala Moss kufakazela ukuthi wona, kanye nezinye spore, ngokuya yokuziphendukela kwemvelo babevela psilophytes (Rhyniophyta), okuyinto i izitshalo eliwumhlaba yokuqothulwa lasendulo. Sporophyte ka wona kubhekwa umphumela inqubo nokwehlisa sporophytes yokhokho branched.

Kodwa kukhona esinye umbono wokuthi kusikisela ukuthi wona nge lycopsids futhi Rhyniophyta savela lasendulo nakakhulu iqembu izitshalo. Bokuqala uyathola kwezazi Yalotshwa Devonian ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni Carboniferous.

incazelo yemvelo

Moss umndeni libhekene yokuthi nabameleli bayo abanayo izimbali, izimpande, isimiso semithambo yegazi. Basuke izimpawu ezinhlamvu imifanekiso, yokuvuthwa ngo sporangium sporophyte.

Wansuku zonke haploid umjikelezo gametophyte ukuphila zisetshenziswa zezithombo eziluhlaza, ngokuvamile kokuba protuberances amaqabunga side, futhi protuberances kornepodobnye (rhizoids). Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu zezitshalo ephakeme, abameleli bomkhaya Moss akheke elula. Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi ukuthi abe stem namaqabunga, kukhona nje eliyingcosana esesikhundleni ngamaqabunga futhi thallus.

Kodwa amaqabunga neziqu wona hhayi ngempela, ku yesayensi ulimi ngokuthi kaulidii yabo noPhyllis. Phyllida beschereshkovye, esisogwini stem in a Kuvunguza. Sinenkosi lonke ipuleti. Vein akuyona kuzo zonke izimo

Sporophyte abanalo ikhono imile izimpande, futhi kuba khona kanye gametophyte. Sporophyte imelelwa izingxenye ezintathu: capsule (sporangium), ukuthuthukisa ezinhlamvu kuwo; Umlenze (sporophores) lapho ibhokisi; siyeke ukuhlinzeka ukuxhumana bokuphila nge gametophyte.

Ngo wona kukhona eziningi izici ukuthi ukuhlukanisa kuzo zonke izitshalo ephakeme. Lokhu ukungabi izimpande, okuyinto incephezeliswa khona inani elikhulu rhizoids. Ngosizo lwabo, nezitshalo unamathele substrate futhi ihlinzeka ukumuncwa ngokwengxenye umswakama. Empeleni, le nqubo amanzi ukumuncwa wenziwa engxenyeni engezansi simila.

Kube nokwenziwa, conductive, esitolo kanye lendwangu ukwemboza. Kodwa mossy kungekho semithambo yangempela nezicubu mechanical, kanti nonke izitshalo ephakeme lapho.

Le ndawo yokusabalalisa

Ngenxa unpretentiousness yayo wona zisakazwa wonke amazwekazi, ngisho nase-Antarctica, futhi ngokuvamile zikhule ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu kwemvelo.

Ngokuvamile, wona sikhule Clumps obukhulu. Ukubopha ndawo, ngokuvamile iseduze kwesigubhu, kuyinto indawo ekahle moss. Sikwazi ukukhula Kodwa ezindaweni ezivulekile futhi yomile.

Moss mkhaya zinhlobo anjalo lapho bahlala angenasawoti yabulala namachibi ezinhlanzi. Kodwa izilwane zasolwandle akuyona phakathi kwabo, nakuba kukhona izinhlobo eziningana esafakwa amadwala nomdweshu wezwe elisogwini.

UMnyango ukusabalala Moss: Inani

Endle:

• kukhona amaqembu ukwakha biocenosis ekhethekile, ikakhulukazi lapho phansi ihlanganiswa cishe ngokuphelele (emathafeni);
• ikhava moss aqoqana bese ubamba imfucumfucu enemisebe;
• ikhono lokwamukela nokugcina esiningi umswakama izimbangela ehilelekile ukulawulwa ibhalansi amanzi ebukeka.

Imisebenzi abantu:

• nomthelela eutrophication inhlabathi, ngakho aphansi nekusebenta umhlaba wokulima;
• wokuhumusha wenziwa amanzi ageleza iyunifomu phakathi komhlaba, esivikela inhlabathi ngokumelene ukugqwala;
• Ezinye izinhlobo ze-sphagnum moss isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha njengoba kusaladi;
• Sphagnum wona umthombo Peat kumiswa.

ngezigaba

Izimpawu uMnyango ukusakaza Moss, naphezu generality yayo, kodwa asivumela ukuba uhlukanise abamele umnyango ukuze amaqembu ambalwa ayesezindaweni ezingazodwa.

Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke izitshalo okuqondene umnyango - isigaba yangempela (wona eluhlaza). Lihlanganisa subclasses aluhlaza sphagnum moss futhi Andreeva.

Bryophyta

Izindawo ngoba wona inhlabathi, zemithi, amadwala uphahla, kodwa zikhula kahle emahlathini olumanzi, akha ukhaphethi okuqhubekayo.

Lezi zitshalo kufakwe umndeni Moss, kukhona sasivumela eziningi. Omele ejwayelekile kakhulu ungabiza Kukushkin ngefilakisi. Sifanamsindvo kuthiwa ngilimise hhayi branched, ezinabantu embozwe ewumngcingo amaqabunga awo komugqa-lanceolate. Ukwakhiwa kanye archegonium antheridium wenza eziqongweni ngeziqu abantu ngabanye ngokuvamile ezikhulayo eduzane. Ngo antheridia Kumiswa dvuhzhgutikovyh spermatozoa e archegonia - iqanda elilodwa isilungisiwe.

Esimeni semakhaya lemali elikhulu amanzi (emvula noma amazolo esindayo) iqala kokukhulelwa. Amanzi kuyadingeka njengoba isidoda ukubhukuda siphume kuso siphumele archegonium. Lapho uye kwakheka zygote, kusukela ekuqaleni kwakhe ukuthuthukisa sporophyte. It ngokwako akusona iphila, kanye nazo zonke izitshalo omndeni Moss. Amandla sporophyte at bangakunaki ukuphila gametophyte zesifazane.

Capsule sporogony yakhiwa sporangium. Kukhona kumiswa ezinhlamvu haploid. Lapho abavuthiwe, lezinhlamvu ulala ngokwanele. lisakazeka wabo avale. Uma izimo ezikahle, lezinhlamvu ziqhume bese kuphakame protonema benesimo branched kwayo oluhlaza.

sphagnum wona

Sphagnum wona (350 zinhlobo) kukhona elinye iqembu izitshalo ezakha ekilasini moss yangempela, uMoss umndeni. izici Jikelele kanye ukubaluleka kwalezi wona inombolo yezici. Sphagnum - lena kuphela uhlanga lokhu subclass.

Basuke izimpawu ukungabi khona rhizoids, ngenxa lapho ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye namaminerali ziyoncibilika emangqamuzaneni amaqabunga kwenzeka ngqo kanye neziqu. On isiqu sama gametophyte kukhona whorls amagatsha, okuyinto yena, ahlelwe amahlamvu. Bakha kundawo esisogwini phezulu eksisi eyinhloko.

Ngo amaqabunga sphagnum moss kungekho midrib. Kulezi ezimbili izinhlobo amaseli: bukhoma - befunda (eside kaJesu, nge chloroplast) nabafileyo (ngaphandle protoplasm, obukhulu ezindongeni babe ikhule ezimbotsheni). Uhlobo cell yesibili likhona stem. Okunjalo yokwakheka isakhiwo stem kanye leaf sphagnum kuyivumela ukuncela bese ubamba isamba lamanzi ukuthi isisindo sayo lingadlula isisindo isitshalo izikhathi ezingu-30. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu, inhlabathi ezimila sphagnum wona kancane uhlangabezana amanzi angadingeki bese ixhaphozi.

ahlukahlukene Unjalo umndeni Moss. Lokuzaliswa esivamile sphagnum moss, ne umehluko kusuka kwamanye amalungu umnyango kuphela, futhi zingase zimiswe ukuthi archegonium antheridia ukuhlala hhayi nje endaweni ekhethekile eduze, kodwa isitshalo efanayo.

Isici sphagnum moss ungaphakathi njalo Ukwakha-up ichopho stem kanye lilokhu libuna ngezansi. Kodwa hhayi we bola labafileyo, ngoba inhlabathi amanzi moya une-oksijini kancane, okuyinto ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni inhlabathi nezilwanyana ezincane kokwenza noqhekeko zezitshalo izinsalela.

Ngemva isikhathi eside buthelela esiningi izinto eziphilayo ngohlobo Peat. Peat ukwakheka - inqubo uyephuza kakhulu: mayelana 1 cm iminyaka engu-10 kuya ku-1 m - iminyaka eyinkulungwane.

Andreeva wona

Green futhi sphagnum wona - iqembu eziningi kakhulu isibalo zezitshalo ezakha umndeni Moss. izici Jikelele kanye ukubaluleka elinye iqembu, naphezu izinombolo zayo ezincane, ukuvumela ukwaba ke ngendlela ehlukile iyunithi taxonomic. Subclass Andreeva wona emelelwa omunye umndeni owodwa uhlobo Andrea. Ngo ukusatshalaliswa - kwezifunda nokulinganisela abandayo kokubili ama-. Khulisa ezindaweni sezintaba emadwaleni kanye namatshe.

Gametophyte ucala kutfutfukisa ngisho impikiswano. Okokuqala, amaseli baqale ukuhlukanisa, bese aphule izingxabano igobolondo. Ngo olulodwa-ungqimba leaf amaseli eyohlobo. I kukhule amaqabunga phezulu eside, ukwakha izinwele hygroscopic. I sifanamsindvo Awekho izinyanda semithambo.

Sporogonia ethulwa ibhoksi haustoria. Ibhokisi ayinakho isivalo. Lapho ngokuhlaziya ezinhlamvu ku ngaphandle esikhaleni 4 elise phakathi enezinto.

Ngakho, iqembu elikhulu izitshalo ephakeme spore ngesibalo yesibili kuphela izimbali - ebanzi ukusabalala Moss umndeni. Izici isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwalezi abameleli umbuso izitshalo asivumela ukubabiza eziphila emanzini nasezweni, njengoba bavame ukuphila phezu kwezwe (ngaphandle wona zasemanzini), futhi akwazi ukwanda kuphela khona amanzi.