Umnikelo kaKarl Linnaeus ku-biology (ngokufishane). Uphi uCar Linnaeus okwenziwe ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto eziphilayo?

Usosayensi ovelele uKarl Linnaeus wazalelwa ngo-1707 eSweden. Okudume kakhulu ngaye kwakuyihlelo lokuhlukanisa izwe eliphilayo. Kwadingeka futhi kubaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke i-biology. Umcwaningi wahamba okuningi emhlabeni jikelele. Umnikelo kaKarl Linnaeus kuya kwezinto eziphilayo wabuye wachazwa ngencazelo yemigomo nemigomo eminingi ebalulekile.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Intshisekelo yezitshalo kanye nezwe lonke eliphilayo likaCharles omncane lalivela ebuntwaneni bakhe bokuqala. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi ubaba wayesebenzisa insimu yakhe engadini yangasendlini. Ingane yayithathwe izitshalo ukuthi lokhu kwathinta izifundo zakhe. Abazali bakhe babevela emindeni yabapristi. Bobabili ubaba nomama babefuna uKarl ukuba abe ngumalusi. Kodwa-ke, indodana ayizange ifundise imfundiso yenkolo kahle. Esikhundleni salokho, wachitha isikhathi sakhe samahhala efunda izitshalo.

Abazali ekuqaleni babamukela ngokucophelela lezi zinto zokuzilibazisa zendodana yakhe. Nokho, ekugcineni, bavuma ukuthi uKar waya ukuyofunda udokotela. Ngomnyaka ka-1727, wayeseLund University, kwathi ngemva konyaka wadluliselwa e-Uppsala University, eyayinkulu futhi ehlonishwa kakhulu. Lapho wahlangana noPeter Artedi. Abafana abasha baba abangane abangcono kakhulu. Bonke baqala ukuhlaziya isigaba esivele sosayensi yemvelo.

Kanti uKarl Linnaeus wahlangana noProfesa Olof Celsius. Lo mhlangano wawubaluleke kakhulu kumsayense wokuqala. UCelsius waba umngane wakhe futhi wasiza ngesikhathi esilukhuni. Umnikelo kaKarl Linnaeus kuya ku-biology awupheli nje kuphela ekupheleni kwakhe, kodwa ngisho nasemisebenzini esemusha. Isibonelo, phakathi nale minyaka yashicilela i-monograph yakhe yokuqala, eyayizinikele ohlelweni lwesisu lokutshala izitshalo.

Ukuhamba kwe-naturalist

Ngo-1732 uCarl Linnaeus waya eLapland. Lolu hambo lwalutshelwa izinhloso eziningana. Usosayensi wayefuna ukucebisa ulwazi lwakhe ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo. Umsebenzi wezobuciko kanye nezifundo ezinde ngaphakathi kwezindonga zehhovisi azikwazanga ukuqhubeka kuze kube phakade.

IPapland yisifundazwe esinamandla esenyakatho eFinland, ngaleso sikhathi esasiyingxenye yaseSweden. Ukuyingqayizivele kwala mazwe kwakunesitshalo nemifino engavamile, engaziwa yi-European evamile yaleso sikhathi. ULinnaeus wedwa wahamba izinyanga ezinhlanu eceleni kwalokhu okude kakhulu, ehlola izitshalo, izilwane kanye namaminerali. Umphumela woluhambo kwakuyi-herbarium enkulu eqoqwe ngumuntu wemvelo. Eziningi zalezi zibukiso zazihlukile futhi aziwa isayensi. UCarl Linnaeus waqala ukuwachaza kusukela ekuqaleni. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwamsiza kakhulu esikhathini esizayo. Ngemuva kokuhambela, wakhicilela imisebenzi eminingana emvelweni, izitshalo, izilwane, njll. Lezi zincwadi zazivame kakhulu eSweden. Sibonga uKarl Linnaeus, izwe likwazi ukufunda okuningi mayelana nalo.

Kwabuye kuhlotshaniswa neqiniso lokuthi usosayensi wanyathelisa izincazelo ze-ethnographic zokuphila kwansuku zonke namasiko aseSaami. Abantu abadelele behlala iminyaka eyikhulu eMpumalanga Ekude, cishe bengathinti yonke imiphakathi. Amanothi amaningi kaLinnaeus athakazelisa kakhulu namuhla, ngoba ukuphila kwangempela kwabakhileyo eNyakatho ngaleso sikhathi kwasala esikhathini esedlule.

Izinto ze-Saami, izitshalo, amagobolondo kanye namaminerali aqoqwe kulolo hambo waba isisekelo seqoqo elikhulu lezazi. Yagcwaliswa kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe. Ngemva kokuhambela izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, waqoqa izinto ezihlukahlukene kuyo yonke indawo, okuyinto wabe eseyigcina ngokucophelela. Lezi izitshalo ezingaba ngu-19 000, izinambuzane eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3, amakhulu ezinamaminerali, amagobolondo nama-coral. Ifa elinjalo libonisa ukuthi umnikelo omkhulu kaKarl Linnaeus ku-biology (ikakhulukazi esikhathini sakhe).

"Uhlelo lwemvelo"

Ngo-1735, iNetherlands yanyathelisa i- "System of Nature". Lo msebenzi weLinnaeus ukufeza nokuphumelela kwakhe okuyinhloko. Wahlukanisa imvelo zibe izingxenye eziningana futhi wanikeza umyalo wokuhlukaniswa kwezwe lonke eliphilayo. Ukuphakanyiswa kwezemvelo, okuhlongozwayo ohlwini lweshumi lokuphila komlobi, kwanikeza amagama angama-binomial. Manje asetshenziselwa yonke indawo. Zibhalwe ngesiLatini futhi zimelela izinhlobo nezilwane zesilwane.

Siyabonga kule ncwadi kuzo zonke isayensi (hhayi kuphela ezenzweni zezilwane noma ebhodini) indlela ehlelekile iphumelele. Zonke izilwane ezitholakalayo ezitholakala kulo mbuso (isibonelo, izilwane), eqenjini, kuhlobo, ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, njll. Umnikelo kaKarl Linnaeus ku-biology kunzima ukugcizelela. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kombhali le ncwadi yanyatheliswa izikhathi ezingu-13 (ukwengeza kanye nokucaciswa kwanezelwa).

"Izinhlobo zezitshalo"

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izitshalo zaziwuthando olukhethekile lomsosayensi waseSweden. UBotany kwakuyisiyalo, esanikezelwa emsebenzini wabo ngabacwaningi abaningi abacacile, kuhlanganise noKarl Linnaeus. Umnikelo wesayensi we-biology yalowo mvelo wemvelo ubonakala encwadini yakhe ethi "Plant Species". Kwavela ngokunyatheliswa ngo-1753 futhi yahlukaniswa yaba imiqulu emibili. Le ncwadi yaba yisisekelo sabo sonke isiqunto esilandelayo ebhodini.

Le ncwadi yayiqukethe incazelo eningiliziwe yazo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo ezaziwa ngaleso sikhathi kwisayensi. Ukuqaphela ikakhulukazi kukhokhwelwa ohlelweni lokuzala (ama-pestles kanye neziqu). Ku-"Species Species", kwasetshenziswa isichazamazwi se-binominal, isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo emisebenzini edlule yososayensi. Emva kokukhishwa kokuqala kwalandelwa okwesibili, lapho esebenza khona ngqo uKarl Linnaeus. Umnikelo wezinto eziphilayo, ochazwe kabili encwadini ngayinye, wenza lesi sayensi sithandwa kakhulu. ULinnaeus ushiye abafundi abaphumelela ngokuphumelelayo emsebenzini kothisha. Isibonelo, uKarl Wildenov, emva kokufa komlobi, wanezela le ncwadi, ngokusekelwe ezimisweni ezenziwa ngumuntu wemvelo waseSweden. Umnikelo wezinto eziphilayo ezenziwe nguCarl Linnaeus, futhi namuhla kubaluleke kakhulu kule sayensi.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uCarl Linnaeus wayengasebenzi kahle. Ngomnyaka ka-1774, wahlushwa isifo se-cerebral, ngenxa yalokho umcwaningi wayesekhubazekile ngokwengxenye. Ngemuva kokulimala kwesibili walahlekelwa inkumbulo futhi ngokushesha washona. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1778. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, uLinnaeus waba usosayensi owaziwayo nokuziqhenya kwezwe. Wangcwatshwa enkampanini yase-Uppsala, lapho afunde khona esemusha.

Umsebenzi wokugcina wososayensi kwakuyi-edition multivolume yezinkulumo zakhe zabafundi. Ukufundisa kwakuyi-sphere uKarl Linney azinike isikhathi esiningi namandla. Imikhakha yezinto eziphilayo (omncane aziwa yiwo wonke umuntu ofundisiwe ngesikhathi sokuphila komuntu wemvelo) yamenza igunya kulezi zikhungo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu zemfundo ephakeme eYurophu.

Amaqiniso anentshisekelo

Ngaphezu komsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko, umcwaningi uye wazinikela ekuhlukanisweni kwephunga. Wasekela uhlelo lwakhe ngezinhlanzi eziyisikhombisa eziyinhloko, njengama-carnations, musk, njll. Anders Celsius, owaba ngumdali wezinga elidumile, washiya umshini owabonisa ama-degree angu-100 endaweni yokuqandisa amanzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uZero kwakusho ukupheka. ULinnaeus, owavame ukusebenzisa lesi sikali, wazizwa ukuthi ukhetho olunjalo lwalukhululekile. "Uphendule". Kule fomu ukuthi isikali sikhona namuhla. Ngakho-ke, umnikelo kaKarl Linnaeus ekuthuthukiseni kwezinto eziphilayo akuyona into kuphela isosayensi eyaziwa ngayo.