Umdwebi we-Icon Andrei Rublev: biography, ubuciko

Ubuciko baseRussia bugcina imisebenzi eminingi eningi ebhaliwe yi-master of the brush. Konke lokhu kungabonakala ngokugcwele ubuntu bomdwebo wesithonjana waseRussia, ogama lakhe wonke umuntu owaziyo.

Imisebenzi eminingi emangalisayo eyenziwe ngu-Andrei Rublev, isazi sakhe-isiqinisekiso esicacile salokhu.

Ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nokuphila: ubuntwana kanye neminyaka yokuvuthwa

Mayelana nokuphila komdwebi wesithombe saseRussia, esivele sibalwe esikhathini sethu kuya esiteshini sabangcwele, namuhla kuncane kakhulu okuyaziwa.

Ukuzalwa kwakhe kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa no 1360 noma, eminye imithombo, iminyaka engu-1370.

Futhi akucaci ukuthi ngubani abazali bakhe. Mhlawumbe bevela ekilasini elihloniphekile, futhi, mhlawumbe, babengabalimi abalula. Kukhona inguqulo ukuthi ubaba womculi waseRussia uvela ekilasini lobuciko. Isiphetho esinjalo senziwa igama lakhe lokugcina, ngoba i-ruble ingenye yamathuluzi wokubaza. Nakuba ezinye izinguqulo zingenzeka lapha.

Cishe, u-Andrey yigama le-monastic lomdwebi wesithonjana. Igama elinikezwe lapho ezalwa lalahleka emakhulwini eminyaka.

Ukukhuluma ngalesi sikhulu esinezipho eziyisimangaliso esivela kuNkulunkulu kubhekisela eminyakeni engu-1405 no-1408. Zihlotshaniswa nama-mural of cathedrals, aboniswa emibhalweni.

Ukuphila komlando ka-A. Rublev

Iningi lalingenesikhathi sokwenza impilo yakhe ibe ngumlobi nomdwebi wesithombe no-Andrei Rublev. I-biography yakhe incane ngisho nolwazi, kodwa kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi yisiphi isikhathi lo mculi waseRussia ahlala.

Futhi inkathi yomlando yayinzima, nakuba eRussia kwakungeke kube nesikhathi esilula.

Kukholelwa ukuthi u-Andrei Rublev wazalelwa eMoscow, eyabhekana nobunzima engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-14. UMoscow walwa noTver ilungelo lokuhola umbuso waseRashiya owahlukana, owazungezwa yizingxabano zangaphakathi kanye nokuhlaselwa kwabakwa-Horde nomad abahlukumezayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakungalezo zinsuku eMoscow ukuthi le nhlupho yahlasela, okwakushiya, yabuya, ithatha izinkulungwane zabantu.

Ngo-1380, impi edumile yaseKukokovo yenzeke, eyayiqala ukukhululwa kwamazwe aseRussia kusukela ekubuseni kweHorde Khans nokuphakama kweMoscow phakathi kwamanye amadolobha aseRussia.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona uSergius omkhulu waseRussia omkhulu, owaziwa ngokuthi abantu baseRadonezh. Ngalesi sikhathi, wabhala ubuso bakhe obumangalisayo nesithonjana somdwebi u-Andrei Rublev.

Futhi, naphezu kwazo zonke izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona futhi uhlobo oluthile lokukhanya okubonakalayo okwanikeza ithemba lokuthi iRussia ingazalwa kabusha futhi ibe namandla anamandla futhi akhanyiswe ngokomoya.

UMonk Andrey eSergeeva Lavra

Emakhulwini embalwa kamuva, lapho igama elithi Rublev lingena ezincwadini zaseRussia, zatshela ukuthi u-Andrew wafunda ukuphatha umdwebi wezithombe kusukela ebusheni bakhe obudala ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kwabaculi abanolwazi abavela eThansitro-Sergiev Monastery. Kwakungomfundi kaSt. Sergius Nikon, obizwa nangokuthi u-Radonezhsky.

Ngezici eziningi i-monastic and human feat ye-hegumen yokuqala yalesi sikhungo sezindwendwe zathonya ukuthuthukiswa kwaleyo nsizwa. Ngokuqinisekile, isibonelo sikaSergius sakhuthaza u-Andrew osemusha ukuba enze izithombe eziphakeme nezomoya.

Izithombe zikaRublev futhi, okokuqala, "Udumo" wakhe odumile, futhi zahlala zigcinwa emasimini, lapho amakhulu eminyaka kamuva avuleka khona abahlaziyi bezobuciko abashaywa ikhono lomdwebi wasendulo.

Andronikov Monastery

Khona-ke indlela yokuphila yahola isikhulu sika-Andrew esiqongweni sezindlovu zase-Andronicus, esasungulwa futhi ngumfundi weMonk Sergei ogama lakhe linguAndronik. Umdwebi onethalente wayehlonishwa ngabantu abaphawulekayo ngaleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, kwaziwa ukuthi omunye wamadodana kaDmitry Donskoy Vasily Dmitrievich wamema u-Andrei Rublev ukuba apende amakamelo esigodlo eKremlin ngokwawo.

Umsebenzi ka-Andrei Rublev kancane kancane waqala ukuheha abantu. Emlandweni we-1405 kuthiwa yilo moni owadonsela emdwebeni weCathralral yase-Annunciation eMoscow, kanye nomculi odumile we-Feofan, igama lesiGreki elibizwa ngegama lesiGreki kanye nomdala uProkhor. Noma kunjalo, lezi zimbumbulu azange zisinde kuze kube yilolu suku ngokuphathelene nokuvuselelwa okukhulu kwalesi sikhungo.

Izithombe ezisuka eCathralral ye-Annunciation

I-Annunciation Cathedral ngokwayo ayizange isinde, kodwa, ngezinye izimangaliso, kuze kube sesikhathini sethu, ubuso obunamathekisthi obuvela kuleli tempile bufinyelele. Ngokuphelele, lawa yizithonjana eziyisikhombisa ezithathwa ngokuthi ibhulashi lomculi.

Izimpawu zikaRublyov zithi "Ukuzalwa kukaKristu", "Ubhapathizo", "Ukungena eJerusalema", "Ukumemezela", "Sfense", Ukukhuliswa kukaLazaru "no" Ukuguqulwa ".

Lezi zithombe, ezinye zazo ezigcinwa kumamyuziyamu wezwe, njengeTretyakov Gallery edumile, zimangalele izithameli hhayi nje kuphela ngokubunjwa okuphumelelayo nokuvezwa okukhethekile kwezithombe eziboniswa kubo, kodwa futhi nangendlela ekhethekile echazwe ebusweni. Lokhu kuhlanzekile okungokomoya okungavamile nokholo olujulile.

Iphalethi ekhethiwe kahle yemibala iqinisa kuphela lo mzwa.

I-Assumption Cathedral edolobheni laseVladimir

Esinye isenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu ekudaleni i-Rublev, eqoshwe emibhalweni elandelanayo, yayisebenza nabanye abadwebi baleso sikhathi emidwebo ye-Assumption Cathedral eVladimir. Kwakukhona cishe cishe ngonyaka we-1408.

Ngaphandle kokudweba izindonga, abadwebi benza ubuso obunamasonto amaningi, ezinye zazo manje ezikumyuziyamu. Ifa lemidwebo yaseRussia yaseRussia yasendulo ayigcinwa yi-Andrei Rublev Museum kuphela, kodwa futhi yi-Tretyakov Gallery.

Kwakukhona ngalesi sikhathi, ngokusho kwesahlulelo sezazi-mlando zobuciko, sabhalwa uphawu oludumile lwenkosi ebizwa ngokuthi "The Virgin of Our Lady".

Mhlawumbe, kule khathi-mlando u-monk u-Andrey wasebenza kakade kanye nabafundi. Namuhla wonke umuntu angabona lapha amanye amafresco akhe, awamangala ngokuziveza kwawo nangokomoya okhethekile okukhanyisiwe.

Isonto lobu-Orthodox loZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele

Kuyaziwa ukuthi endaweni ethile eminyakeni engama-20. Abaholi bekhulu le-15 uDaniil Black no-Andrei Rublev (le minyaka bayalinganiselwa) basebenze emigwaqweni ye- Holy Trinity Church, eyakhelwe phezu kwendawo yokungcwaba yaseMonk Sergius.

Ithempeli lalingatshelwa ngamatshe (liye lasinda kuze kube manje). Kodwa-ke, amafresco alaleli khathi lamasonto awazange asinde kuze kube namuhla, kodwa namuhla ungabona izithonjana zangempela zikaRublev ezenzelwe leli sonto. Lo ngu "Umphostoli uPawulu", "uMikayeli uMikayeli" futhi "Ubhapathizo." Ngendlela yokubhala nezindlela lapho amanani aboniswa khona, lezi zithombe zisondelene kakhulu nesitayela se-"Trinity" esidumile. I-museum yase-Andrei Rublev igcina le mininingwane eyigugu.

Ekhuluma ngalezi zindaba, uCrarede Andrey Rublev - unkosikazi uDaniel, ogama lakhe linguCherniy, wafela ngqo eTrinth Lavra. Lapha wangcwatshwa. Ubaba Andrey waya e-Andronikov Monastery ukudala imisebenzi yakhe yokugcina lapho.

Umsebenzi wakamuva wesithombe somdwebo

Ngokusho kososayensi, umsebenzi wokugcina wenkosi kwakuwumdwebo weSonto loMsindisi, owaqeda cishe ngo-1428.

Ukuphila okudala eside ku-Andrei Rublev, i-biography yomculi isitshela ngosuku, ihora kanye nendawo yokufa kwakhe.

Umdwebi odumile waseRussia ongumfanekiso washona ngoJanuwari 1430 (cishe cishe ngoJanuwari 29). Wangcwatshwa eMoscow, e-Andronkov Monastery (ngendlela, ngoba ubaba u-Andrey Rublev wathola isiphephelo sakhe sokugcina lapha, le ndlu yasendulo yayingakaqothulwa eminyakeni yobuSoviet).

Ngo-1989, emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, ubaba no-Andrey babhaliswa iSonto LaseRussia njengengcwele.

Umsebenzi ka-Andrey Rublev: izidakamizwa ezidumile eZvenigorod

Igama lomculi waseRashiya waseRussia lasendulo ngabe uhlale ethembekile kuze kube yilapho engatholakali, uma kungenjalo ngokuthola okumangalisayo ukuthi u-Igor Grabar wenza. Wenze ngengozi, edolobheni elithule laseZvenigorod eliseduze neMoscow, eduze nethempeli lasendulo, wathola izithombe ezimangalisayo, okubonakala ukuthi zazingu-Andrei Rublev. Futhi lokhu kutholakala kubekwe egazini elijwayelekile!

Ama-icon ayebizwa ngokuthi "amaqembu eZvenigorodskiy", futhi ngemva kwesikhashana kwaziwa ukuthi umbhali wayenguAndrei Rublev. Ake sicabangele kafushane yonke le misebenzi.

Okudumile kunazo zonke isithonjana esibizwa ngokuthi "uMsindisi", sigcinwe kancane kancane. Kodwa amehlo kaKristu, ebhekene nabantu ebheka kuye, amangalele izilaleli. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi ubuso bukaNkulunkulu-umuntu, obunqatshelwe isono nesifiso, futhi bugcwele umuzwa wothando kuwo wonke ububele obuphilayo futhi obungapheli, uyasibheka esithombeni.

Bonke abadlula ngalesi sithonjana (futhi kugcinwe kwi-Gallery ye-Tretyakov) abakwazi ukusiza kepha bayeke amehlo abo kuye. Lapho, kwi-Gallery ye-Tretyakov, i-original "yeZiqu-zintathu" nayo igcinwa. Ukuphela kwalesi sithonjana kuyathandeka kakhulu.

Iningi lentando kaNkulunkulu yafakwa ekudalweni kwakhe ngu-Andrei Rublev. I-biography yomculi ayikwazi ukusitshela imfihlo yokuthi i-monk elula yaseRussia ingavuka kanjani ekuphakameni okunjalo kokuqonda okungokomoya kwezwe likaNkulunkulu. Mhlawumbe, i-Exupery yayilungile: "Awukwazi ukubona into ebaluleke kakhulu".

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka lesi sithombe sasibekwe oklad esindayo futhi esibucayi, sivaliwe kuzo zonke lezi zigugu, futhi kuphela ekuqaleni kwababhali-mlando bezobuciko bekhulu lokugcina bekwazi ukuyivula, bahlanza izinkulungwane zamakhulu amaningi futhi baqaphele ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso.