Ukudweba: ubuciko bokubuciko, odumile kulo lonke izwe

Wonke umuntu wanamuhla kufanele azi ukuthi imidwebo iphi. Ubuciko bokubaluleka kwezwe, okushiwo esihlokweni sethu, ngeke ushiye noma ubani ongenandaba. Ungathola nokuthi ungatholaphi uhlu oluphelele lwezithombe ezaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Umdwebo udlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomuntu wonke. Siyabonga ukuthi ungakha ubuntu obuningi.

Uyini umdwebo? Ulwazi jikelele

Ukudweba uhlobo lobuciko obuhle. Ngiyabonga, umculi udlulisela izithombe ezibonakalayo ngokusebenzisa amaphoyinti kunoma iyiphi indawo. Ukuvela komdwebo eRussia kuhlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kobuqiniso nokufanekisa. Ochwepheshe bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezinhlanu eziyinhloko zemidwebo:

• I-Easel;
• I-Monumental;
• Ukuhlobisa;
• Ithebula nokuhlobisa;
• Okuncane.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside kwakucatshangwa ukuthi umlando wokudweba kwamafutha uqala nomculi waseDutch okuthiwa uJan van Eyck, owadala imidwebo yakhe ekhulwini le-XV. Ochwepheshe abaningi bambiza ngokuthi umdali wezobuciko zamafutha. Le ncazelo ichazwe ezincwadini ezikhethekile. Noma kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa lokhu. Kukhona abaculi abaningana abasebenza ngama-odwe ngaphambilini ka-van Eyck.

Imidwebo emikhulu yomdwebo yenza kube lula ukuthola ukuthi abantu baphila kanjani eminyakeni eminingi edlule. ULeonard da da Vinci uthe imidwebo yenziwa ngabantu, imvelo kanye nesikhathi. Ukudweba kungenziwa nakanjani noma yisiphi isisekelo. Ihlanganyela ekubunjweni kwemvelo engokwemvelo kanye nemvelo.

Ukudweba akuyona into eqondile. U-Plotinus wathi awudingi ukukopisha imvelo, udinga ukufunda kuwo. Ukuthuthukiswa komdwebo sekuphele isikhathi eside ukudlula ukuqonda imisebenzi yayo eyinhloko "yokuveza iqiniso." Yingakho abaculi abaningi belahla izindlela ezingabalulekile zokuzibonakalisa kanye nomthelela kumbukeli. Kukhona izitayela ezintsha emidwebeni.

Ubuciko obuvelele bokudweba kanye nalolu hlobo lobuciko obuhle ngokuvamile lungenza imisebenzi elandelayo:

• Ukuqonda;
• Inkolo;
• Ukulinganisa;
• Ifilosofi;
• Okuhlelekile;
• Ezomphakathi nezemfundo;
• Idokhumenti.

Incazelo eyinhloko nenencazelo enkulu emidwebo umbala. Kukholelwa ukuthi nguye ophethe umqondo.

Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zemidwebo :

• I-Portrait;
• Indawo;
• I-Marina;
• Umdwebo womlando;
• Impi;
• Namanje impilo;
• Umdwebo wohlobo;
• I-Architectural;
• Inkolo;
• I-Animalistic;
• Ukuhlobisa.

Umdwebo udlala indima enkulu ekuzikhuliseni. Ubuciko bokubaluleka kwezwe, kuboniswe ngane, kusize ukwakha ubuntu kuye futhi kumfundise indlela yokuhlola eyodwa noma enye into yobuciko. Ngokuvamile, ukudweba kusiza ekunciphiseni isimo sesiguli esinalo lokhu noma leso sifo. Ukwelashwa kwezobuciko akusho nje ukujwayela ulwazi ngezinhlobo zobuciko obuhle, kodwa futhi kukuvumela ukuba uzame ukwakha ubuciko obuhle.

ULeonardo da Vinci, "Mona Lisa"

Amanye amidwebo (ubuciko bokudweba komhlaba) aqukethe izimfihlo eziningi nezimfihlakalo. Kunzima ukuzixazulula kuze kube manje. "Mona Lisa" - umdwebo obhalwe uLeonardo da Vinci. Kubhekwa njengenye yemisebenzi edume kakhulu yomdwebo emhlabeni jikelele. Isiqalo sakhe siseLouvre (Paris). Lapho kubhekwa njengemboniso omkhulu. Lokhu akukhona ngengozi, ngoba izivakashi eziningi zivakashela iLouvre nsuku zonke ukuze zibuke umdwebo kaLeonardo da Vinci.
Kuze kube manje, i- "Mona Lisa" ayikho esimweni esihle kakhulu. Yingakho i-museum management eminyakeni eminingana edlule yamemezela ukuthi umsebenzi wezobuciko ngeke usanikwa noma yimiphi imiboniso. Ungabona isithombe kuphela eLouvre.
Isithombe esithandwayo senziwa ngemva kuka-1911 satshontshwa yisisebenzi se-museum. Ukukhishwa kobuciko obubiwe buqhubeke iminyaka emibili. Konke lokhu okwakubhalwe ngaye emaphephandabeni nasemaphephandabeni, kwakunezigcawu. Kancane kancane, "Mona Lisa" waba into yokukopisha nokukhulekela.

Izithombe (ubuciko bomdwebo womhlaba) zihlolisiswa ngongcweti. "Mona Lisa" yasungulwa eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-500 edlule. Ososayensi bathi kuyashintsha njengowesifazane wangempela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isithombe saphelile, siphenduka, futhi kwezinye izindawo kunamabala amnyama. Izindonga zokhuni zanyakalala futhi ziqhekekile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isithombe sinemfihlo engu-25.

Eminyakeni engu-9 eyedlule izivakashi ze-museum zikwazi ukujabulela umbala wangempela wemidwebo okokuqala. Izithombe eziyingqayizivele, ezakhiwe nguPascal Kott, zivumelekile ukubona indlela lobuciko obubukeka ngayo ngaphambi kokuba luqale.

Izithombe ezithathwe ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuyingqayizivele zenza kube lula ukuthola ukuthi emva kokudalwa kobuciko obuhle uLeonardo washintsha isikhundla sesandla sikaGioconda, inkulumo ebusweni bakhe nokumomotheka. Kuyaziwa ukuthi endaweni yamehlo kukhona indawo emnyama kule portrait. Ososayensi bathi lokhu kuphazamiseka kwavela ngenxa yamanzi okugqoka i-lacquer. Imfundo yakhe ihlotshaniswa neqiniso lokuthi lo mdwebo wawulenga endlini yokugezela yaseNapoleon okwesikhashana.

Umculi wasebenza emdwebeni iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2. Kufakwe kuhlu "lwezingcweti ezingu-500 zomdwebo wokubaluleka kwezwe". Kukhona inkolelo okusho ukuthi lesi sithombe asisho iMela Lisa. Igama layo lisekelwe emazwini kaGiorgio Vasari. Ososayensi besikhathi sethu bathi lokhu kungaba iphutha, futhi lobuciko obuhle buveza owesifazane ohluke ngokuphelele. Imibuzo eminingi kunazo zonke ukumomotheka kwe-Mona Lisa. Kunezinguqulo eziningi zencazelo yalo. Abanye bathi i-Gioconda ikhonjiswe njengokukhulelwa futhi ubuso bayo bubusiswa nesifiso sokuzwa ukugubha komntwana, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukumamatheka kuveza ubungqingili obufihlekile bomculi ngokwakhe. Abanye ochwepheshe bayaqiniseka ukuthi "Mona Lisa" uyisibonelo sikaLeonardo da Vinci.

"I-Coronation of Napoleon," uJacques Louis David

Abantu abaningi bakhangwa ukudweba. Ubuciko bokubaluleka kwezwe ngokuvamile kubonisa izilaleli isiqephu somcimbi obalulekile womlando. Umdwebo owabhalwa nguJacques Louis David, wadalwa ngesicelo sikaMbusi waseFrance uNapoleon I. "I-Coronation of Napoleon" ibonisa izenzakalo zikaDisemba 2, 1804. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ikhasimende lacela umculi ukuthi walichaza i-coronation kangcono kunokuba ikhona ngempela.

UDavid wadala ubuciko obuhle kakhulu ngaphansi komdwebo kaRubens. Wasebenza kuwo iminyaka eminingana. Isikhathi eside umdwebo uhlale ubunikazi bomculi. Emnyuziyamu ngemuva kokuhamba kukaJacques Louis David. Umsebenzi wakhe waba nomphumela omuhle kuningi. Ngo-1808, lo mculi wathola umyalo ovela kumabhizinisi waseMelika ocele ikhophi efana nayo.

Isithombe sibonisa izinhlamvu ezingu-150. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isithombe ngasinye sinembile futhi sinengqondo. Ekhoneni lesobunxele lendwangu liboniswa zonke izihlobo zombusi. U-Napoleon umama wakhe uhlala. Kodwa-ke, wayengekho e-coronation. Ochwepheshe bathi, kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kwenziwa ngokuphathelene nezifiso zikaNapoleon ngokwakhe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi wamphatha kahle.

Ngalezo zinsuku, isithombe sasijabulela impumelelo emangalisayo. Ngemuva kweNapoleon yachithwa, ingubo yesikhathi eside yayisezinqolobaneni futhi ayizange iboniswe. Esikhathini sethu, isithombe, njengalapho ngaphambili, sibangela injabulo phakathi kwabaningi.

UValentin Serov, "Intombazane enezinhlanzi"

Ayikho into ethandwa kakhulu futhi eyinhloko yomdwebo waseRussia. "I-Girl With Peaches" ngumdwebo obhalwe ngu-Valentin Serov ngo-1887. Namuhla ungabona ukuthi ihlala kuGraphic Tretyakov Gallery. Lo mdwebo ubonisa uVera Mamontova oneminyaka engu-12 ubudala. Uhlezi etafuleni lapho kukhona ummese, amaphekula namacembe. Le ntombazane inombala obomvana onomnsalo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Ukudweba u-Valentine Serov kulotshiwe endaweni kaS Savva Ivanovich Mamontov ku-Abramtsevo. Ngo-1871 izihlahla ze-peach zatshalwe endaweni yomasipala. Indoda eqashwe ngokukhethekile yabanakekela. Ngokokuqala ngqa lo mculi wafika kule ndawo ngo-1875 kanye nonina.

Ngo-Agasti 1877, uVera Mamontova oneminyaka engu-11 wayehlezi etafuleni, eqoqa ipaki. UValentin Serov uphakamise ukuthi intombazana ibeke. UVera wamukele ukunikezwa komculi. Wayebuza nsuku zonke cishe izinyanga ezimbili. Ngemuva kokuba umdwebo upakwe, lo mculi wanikeza u-Elizabeth Mamontova, unina wentombazane. Ubelokhu elele kwelinye lamakamelo isikhathi eside. Njengamanje, kukhona ikhophi, kanti okokuqala kutholakala emnyuziyamu. Ngo-1888, umbhali womdwebo wanikezwa umklomelo weMoscow Society of Art Lovers.

Ubuciko bomdwebo waseRussia buqukethe inani elikhulu lamaqiniso amancane. "Intombazane enamapayipi" ayinjalo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uVera Mamontova, owavezwa emkhunjini, waphila iminyaka engu-32 kuphela. Isizathu sokufa kwakhe kwakuyi-pneumonia. Umyeni wakhe akazange ashade ngemva kokushona kwakhe. Wazikhulisa ngokuzithandela izingane ezintathu.

Izincwadi ezikhethekile

Ngeshwa, akuwona wonke umuntu ongakwazi ukuvakashela iminyuziyamu yokubaluleka kwezwe. Noma kunjalo, abaningi bafuna ukubona ubuciko bokudweba. Isithombe sezinye zazo ongayithola esihlokweni sethu. Kuyafaneleka ukuthi namuhla kunenqwaba yezincwadi zokuphrinta, ezibonisa izithombe ezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Lapho ungathola kokubili imisebenzi yesimanje neminyaka yasendulo yabaculi abahlukahlukene. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezinye izincwadi zikhishwa ngenani elilinganiselwe, futhi akulula ukuthola.

Umagazini "abaculi abangu-50, ubuciko bomdwebo waseRussia" yizincwadi zamasonto onke. Kuyoba okuthakazelisayo kubafundi abanoma yikuphi ubudala. Kuyo ungathola izithombe zomdwebo ovelele emhlabeni, umlando wendalo yazo namaqiniso athakazelisayo ngabo. Umagazini wokuqala, owakhishwa eminyakeni eyisithupha eyedlule, wawuhlanganisa ifolda yokugcina izincwadi kanye nokukhiqizwa komunye wemidwebo, engabekwa kwideskithophu noma udonga. Umagazini ngamunye uchaza umsebenzi womunye wabaculi. Umthamo wephephabhuku unamakhasi angu-32. Ungayithola ensimini yeRussian Federation noma emazweni aseduze. "Abaculi abangu-50 baseRashiya." Imidwebo yokudweba yaseRussia "ngumagazini ozobheka ababonisi bezobuciko obuhle. Iqoqo eligcwele lezinkinga kuzokuvumela ukuthi ufunde ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nabaculi abadumile kakhulu. Izindleko zomagazini azidluli ama-ruble angu-100.

"Imidwebo yokudweba yaseRussia" iyincwadi, umbhali wayo yi-Zhukova LM. Iqukethe amakhasi angu-180. Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izithombe ezingu-150 zekhwalithi. Ibhuku-i-albhamu idonsela abantu abaningi. Lokhu akulona ngengozi, ngoba kubonise inombolo enkulu yokukhiqiza. Sibonga kubo ungabona ukuthi umdwebo waseRussia wakhiwa kanjani. Izindleko zencwadi zisaba kusuka kuma-ruble angu-700 ukuya ku-1000.

"Imyuziyamu evelele e-Italy." Imidwebo yokudweba "- incwadi ekhishwe kulo nyaka. Iveza imidwebo engcono kakhulu evela kumamyuziyamu ayisithupha e-Italy. Kule ncwadi umfundi angazijwayele nomlando wokudalwa kwemyuziyamu. Le ncwadi iqukethe amakhasi angama-304.

Labo abafisa ukubona umsebenzi wokubaluleka kwezwe ngokuqinisekile bayofana negalari ye-elekthronikhi yobuciko bokudweba. Namuhla, kunezinsiza eziningi kanye nezinsiza lapho kukhonjiswa khona amathrekhi adume kakhulu.

UVictor Vasnetsov, "I-Bogatyrs"

"Bogatyri (amaqhawe amathathu)" - umdwebo owawubhalwe nguViktor Vasnetsov ngo-1898. Ihlanganiswe ebuciko bokubuciko. Umdwebo kaVasnetsov uyaziwa abaningi. Umsebenzi "Bogatyri" uthathwa njengophawu lobuciko baseRussia. Isisekelo sikaVasnetsov wonke umsebenzi wokudala ngumlando wabantu.

Isithombe sikaViktor Vasnetsov sibonisa amaqhawe amathathu aseRussia. Zifanekisela amandla namandla abantu baseRussia. Ngesikhathi kudalwa lo msebenzi wobuciko, lo mculi wasebenza iminyaka engaba ngu-30. Isiqephu sokuqala senziwa nguVasetsoetso ngo-1871.

Enye yezinhlamvu ezivezwe esithombeni yi-Ilya Muromets. Uyaziwa njengomlingiswa wezinganekwane zamaRussia eziqanjiwe. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa kakhulu abantu abazi ukuthi leli qhawe likhona ngempela. Izindaba eziningi mayelana nokuxhaphazwa kwakhe zingokoqobo, kanti u-Ilya Muromets ngokwakhe unomlando.

U-Dobrynya Nikitich, naye ovezwe esithombeni, wayefunde kakhulu futhi enesibindi ngokulandela izindabakwane zabantu. Izindaba eziningi ezingavamile zihlobene nobuntu bakhe. Uvame ukuzwa indaba yenkemba yakhe nezikhali zakhe ezikhukhumezekile.

U-Alyosha Popovich uhlukile kwamanye amaqhawe amabili ubudala. Usemncane futhi omncane. Ezandleni zakhe ungabona umnsalo nemicibisholo. Esithombeni kukhona imininingwane emincane eminingi ezosiza ekutadisheni ngokucophelela uhlobo lwezinhlamvu.

UMikhail Vrubel, "I-Demon ihlezi"

Esinye isithombe esaziwayo - "Idemoni ehlezi." Umbhali walo nguMikhail Vrubel. Yasungulwa ngo-1890. Ungabona okokuqala ku-Gallery ye-Tretyakov. Kukholelwa ukuthi isithombe sibonisa ukungabaza okuvela kumuntu.

Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi lo mculi wayekhathazekile ngesithombe sedemoni, ngoba kwaziwa ukuthi wabhala imisebenzi eminingi enjalo. Kukhona ulwazi ukuthi phakathi nalesi sikhathi abajwayele i-Vrubel baqaphela ukuthi lo mculi wakha isifo sengqondo. Ukuqala kwesifo kuhambisana nokucindezeleka okuhlangenwe nakho. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Vrubel wayenendodana enesibizwa ngokuthi i-hare lip. Izihlobo zalowo mdwebi zithi ngokuqondene nokuvela kwesifo sengqondo, wayenesifiso esinamandla sobuciko. Nokho, ukuhlala naye kwakungenakwenzeka. Ngentwasahlobo ka 1902, lesi sifo sifike endaweni eqondile. Umculi wabekwa esibhedlela sengqondo ukuze aphathe ukwelashwa. Naphezu kobunzima beVrubel, ukudweba kwakhe akuyeki ukuheha abasha abamasha emsebenzini wakhe kanye nabachwepheshe bezobuciko emhlabeni wonke. Imisebenzi yakhe iboniswa emibukisweni ehlukahlukene. "I-Demon ihlezi" ingenye yezithombe ezithandwayo kakhulu zomculi.

Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, "Ukugeza Ihhashi Elibomvu"

Wonke umuntu wanamuhla kufanele azi ukuthi ubuciko bobuciko bunjani. Izithombe ezinikezwe kulesi sihloko zizokusiza ukuba wazijwayele. "Ukugeza ihhashi elibomvu" umdwebo obhalwe umculi ngo-1912. Umbhali walo nguZuzma Petrov-Vodkin. Ukudweba ihhashi embala ongavamile, umculi usebenzisa amasiko womdwebo wesithonjana waseRashiya. Umbala obomvu uwuphawu lobukhulu bokuphila nomhlatshelo. Ihhashi elingenakuqhathaniswa lifanekisela ukungaqondakali komoya waseRussia. Umbala obomvu obomvu uhlotshaniswa nesithombe seJardin yase-Edeni.

Ngo-November 10, 1912 eMoscow kwakuwumbukiso. Ngenhla emnyango wangaphambili kwakukhona isithombe sikaPetrov-Vodkin, ekholelwa ukuthi kuyoba uhlobo lwebhansela. Nokho, lo mbono wawungalungile. Isithombe asizange sithandeke yizivakashi ezithile zombukiso, kanye nabaculi. Emayelana nokuphikisana, kwavela izingxabano. Ngo-1914 umbukiso wabanjwa eSweden, lapho kwenziwa khona imisebenzi eyi-Petrov-Vodkin engu-10, phakathi kwabo "Ukugeza i-Red Horse". Babalwa ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi.
Iminyaka yokudweba ingaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu. Namuhla, indima yakhe ekuthuthukiseni imidwebo ibonakala. Kodwa-ke, esikhathini sethu kukhona abaningi abanolwazi lobuciko abangazange bathande umsebenzi kaPetrov-Vodkin.

USalvador Dali, "Ukugcina kwenkumbulo"

Abaningi banesithakazelo imidwebo. Ubuciko of art izwe akasoze ayeka ukuba mangaza namuhla. Zonke umsebenzi Salvador Dali nakuba futhi kunzima ukuhlaziywa okunengqondo. Umdwebo "I Nokuphikelela of Memory," ebhalwe ngo-1931, yabakhanga abagxeki abaningi. Ikakhulu umsebenzi ngokuvamile kakhulu ngenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi kwemvelo nonlinearity yesikhathi. izinhlamvu Izintandokazi Salvador Dali ababebuthene kwesinye isithombe. Ulwandle lifanekisela ukungafi, iqanda - impilo, nomnqumo - ngokuhlakanipha. Umdwebo obonisa indlela amahora kusihlwa. Ngobusuku iwuphawu melancholy. It ichaza ngesimo sengqondo esivamile umsebenzi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amahora amathathu eyaziwa esithombeni - kungcono esikhathini esidlule, zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Kukholakala ukuthi into esilufifi nge eyelashes - self-portrait of ingalali kombhali. Salvador Dali umangalele ukuthi iphupho ukhulula zonke ingqondo enganakile, umuntu uba olungenakuzisiza. Yingakho isithombe niwubone umzimba wakhe imelelwa into usongene.

Kwenzeka isimanga, lesi isithombe umkhiqizo uvela mculi ngemva ebheka ushizi. He qamba umdwebo amahora ambalwa.

Salvador Dali isithombe kuyahluka usayizi ezincane (24 × 33 cm). Umkhiqizo sekuwuphawu ka surrealism. Umdwebo lokuqala embukisweni Paris ngo-1931. Elapho, wabe lathengiswa $ 250.

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Into ebaluleke indima art udlala ezimpilweni zethu. Ubuciko of art bahlale bemazi namuhla. Kukhona imidwebo eminingi Uyakufanelekela, okuyinto anencazelo global. Lesi sihloko sinokusikisela ezinye zazo. isithombe ngasinye eyethulwe imininingwane ngabanye kanye nemifanekiso. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezinye zazo zihilela amaqiniso elaziwayo elincane nemikarisomraro, ezingalotshwanga bengayiqondi ngokugcwele ngisho nanamuhla.

Ngo izingane nentsha ophilayo art kudlala indima ekhethekile. Ngokufunda yobuciko bona sifunde nokuhlaziya futhi baveze umbono wabo futhi yakha umuntu azimele futhi zihlakaniphe kakhulu. Art linendima ebalulekile hhayi kuphela ezimpilweni zezingane, kodwa futhi abadala. Kuyinto imfihlo ukuthi umuntu wanamuhla kufanele kube ubuntu athuthukiswe ngokuphelele. Kubalulekile ukufunda yonke imikhakha yempilo, kuhlanganise imidwebo, ukuzizwa ngempela ukuthola umphakathi efundile futhi mhlawumbe ukuthola ubizo lakhe kwezobuciko.