Umbuso wasePheresiya: umlando imvelaphi, ukuphila namasiko

umbuso wasePheresiya eye yaba nethonya elikhulu endleleni the umlando Yezwe Lasendulo. Wakha ubuhlobo encane tribal Achaemenid isimo eyathatha iminyaka kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili. Ukukhuluma nobukhazikhazi amandla ezweni namaPheresiya ku imithombo abaningi basendulo, kuhlanganise iBhayibheli.

ekuqaleni

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala namaPheresiya ezitholakala emithonjeni-Asiriya. Le mibhalo, yangekhulu BC IX leminyaka. e., liqukethe igama Parsua umhlaba. Ayisebenzi, kule ndawo yayisesigodini Central Zagros, futhi isikhathi wathi, labantu esifundeni ikhokhwe intela kwabase-Asiriya. izinhlangano Tribal wayengekho. Abase-Asiriya yisho zilawula imibuso 27. Ku-VII. NamaPheresiya, ngokusobala langena umfelandawonye tribal, kusukela imithombo kwabhekiselwa amakhosi lesizwe sabantwana Achaemenids. History of the umbuso wasePheresiya iqala 646 BC, lapho basePheresiya baba umbusi uKoresi I. Ngo ekubuseni kukaKoresi umPheresiya I kakhulu wandisa indawo Ngaphansi kokulawula kwazo, kuhlanganise ifa ingxenye enkulu ithafa Iranian. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke eyasungulwa inhloko-dolobha yokuqala umbuso wasePheresiya - of Pasargadae. Ingxenye namaPheresiya wahlanganyela ukulima, ngokuvamile lokho kwaholela ekuphileni ayimizulane.

Ukuvela umbuso wasePheresiya

Ekupheleni VI. BC. e. abantu Persian uCambyses mina imithetho, okuyinto wayengumuntu sincike amakhosi amaMede. INdodana uCambyses, uKoresi II, waba yinkosi kwa-namaPheresiya ixazululwe. Ulwazi mayelana abantu basendulo Persian iyivela kancane futhi eyayivela. Ngokusobala, iyunithi eyisisekelo emphakathini kwaba umndeni wezinzalamizi ephethwe ukuthi indoda ethile eyayinochoko ilungelo ukulahla izimpilo zabantu nempahla yabathandekayo babo. Umphakathi, ngesikhathi sokuzalwa yokuqala, futhi kamuva - emzaneni ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka kukaJesu isikhathi kwaba nethonya elinamandla. imiphakathi eziningana aye akha isizwe, izizwe eziningana kungenzeka ngokuthi isizwe.

Ukuvela umbuso wasePheresiya waba ngesikhathi lapho wonke eMpumalanga Ephakathi lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona amazwe amane: IGibhithe, i-Media, uLidiya, eBhabhulona.

Ngisho e nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo kwaba Midia empeleni ethambile tribal umbimbi. Ngenxa ngokunqoba yenkosi Cyaxares amaMede ililalele isimo URARTU futhi izwe lasendulo i-Elamu. Cyaxares inzalo ayengeke azigcine ukunqoba kayisemkhulu okukhulu. impi njalo ngeBhabhiloni adinga khona amasosha emngceleni. Lokhu siye saba buthaka kwezombangazwe zangaphakathi yamaMede kuka akhonze yenkosi Median, futhi sasebenzisa.

Kira II Board

Ngo 553 BC uKoresi II wahola ekuvukeleni amaMede, amaPheresiya okuyinto uncome emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Impi eyathatha iminyaka emithathu futhi saphela ngokukhululwa inqotshwa kabuhlungu yamaMede. Capital Abezindaba (g Ektabany) yaba enye yezindawo zokuhlala we umbusi wasePheresiya. Eselinqobile izwe lasendulo, uKoresi II ngokusemthethweni agcinwayo umbuso Median wacabangela izihloko kubabusi Median. Waqala kanjalo-ke ukwakheka umbuso wasePheresiya.

Ngemva ukuthunjwa Abezindaba yasePheresiya yazibiza njengezwe elisha emlandweni wonke, futhi amabili eminyaka odlale indima ebalulekile izenzakalo ezenzeka e-Middle East. Eminyakeni 549-548. entsha isimo Elamu anqotshwe futhi yayinqoba eziningana zamazwe ayengaphansi Median Amandla. EParte, eMediya, e-Armenia, Hyrcania waqala ngincome umbusi omusha WasePheresiya.

Impi nge uLidiya

UCroesus, umbusi kaLidiya enamandla, baqaphela indlela abaphikisi esiyingozi yiyona umbuso wasePheresiya. eziningi Izinyunyana sasayinwa kanye neGibithe ne Sparta. Nokho, ukuze uqale full-scale isinyathelo sezempi kwakungelona umbimbi kungenzeka. UCroesus engafuni ukulinda usizo futhi lasetshenziswa yedwa ngokumelene namaPheresiya. Ngo impi ewumnqamula-juqu we dolobha Lydia - idolobha aseSardesi, uCroesus alethwe empini izinqola zakhe, okwakubekelwa kubhekwe esinganqobeki. UKoresi II ukubeka amasosha emakameleni. Amahhashi ukubona izilwane ezingaziwa, bala ukulalela umgibeli, Lydian zamahhashi baphoqeleka ukuba alwe ngezinyawo. impi ngokungalingani saphela ukubaleka we AbaseLydia ke aseSardesi sathathwa ngaphansi livinjezelwe namaPheresiya. umbimbi uMbumbi iSparta kuphela uCroesus wanquma ukophula. Kodwa ngenkathi silungiselela ukushaywa, idolobha aseSardesi wawa, namaPheresiya enqoba inyakatho Lydia.

Inwebisa emingceleni

Kwabe sekufika ngesiGreki lizisho okwakusemhlabathini ensimini ka -Asia Minor. Ngemva uchungechunge onqobayo enkulu nokuvukela abacindezela namaPheresiya enqoba izinqubomgomo, ngaleyo ndlela ukuzuza ikhono lokusebenzisa empini imikhumbi ngesiGreki.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu VI uMbuso WasePheresiya enwetshiwe imingcele yayo izifunda enyakatho ntshonalanga yeNdiya, Hindu Kush kuya cordons futhi anqoba izizwe abahlala ezindaweni ezigudle. Syrdarya. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye eqinisa imingcele, abacindezela wavukela nokumisa igunya lobukhosi uKoresi II yabhekisela kweBhabhiloni elinamandla. Ngo-October 20, 539 BC, umuzi unqotshwa, futhi uKoresi II waba umbusi olusemthethweni yaseBabele, ngesikhathi esifanayo umbusi omunye imibuso emikhulu yezwe lasendulo - sasembusweni wasePheresiya.

wokubusa uCambyses '

UKoresi wabulawa empini nge Massagets ngo-530 BC. e. inqubomgomo yakhe ngempumelelo waphishekela indodana uCambyses. Ngemva olunzulu kwangaphambilini ukuqeqeshwa zamanxusa Egypt, omunye isitha yasePheresiya, bengikwesaba eyedwa futhi ayikwazanga ukubala ekusekelweni umbimbi. Kambiz waqaphela uhlelo kayise enqoba iGibhithe ngo-522 BC. e. Khonamanjalo ePheresiya ukuvuthwa wokunganeliseki mutiny. UCambyses waphuthuma ekhaya futhi zafela endleleni ezimweni engaqondakali. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, umbuso wasePheresiya lasendulo ithuba ukuze uthole amandla ummeleli wegatsha asemancane Achaemenids - uDariyu Hystaspes.

Ukuqala wokubusa kukaDariyu

Ekuthatheni izintambo ngo kaDariyu mina nokububula ubacasukele futhi ugqilaziwe eBabiloni. Umholi amavukelambuso wathi indodana umbusi wokugcina yaseBhabhiloni, futhi waziwa ngokuthi Navuhodononosorom III. Ngo-December 522 BC. e. UDariyu I won. abaholi ontamo-lukhuni ayebhekise ukubeka a babulawelwe kuzo phambi komphakathi.

izenzo Okujezisayo buyisela kukaDariyu, nasekubuseni Okwamanje akhwela kwemibhikisho Media, i-Elamu eParte nakweminye imikhakha. umbusi okusha wathatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ukuze umoya wenkosi lizwe futhi ukubuyisela isimo sikaKoresi futhi uCambyses II emikhawulweni wangaphambili.

Esikhathini esiphakathi 518 kanye 512 eminyakeni kwamandla Persian iwine Macedonia, yaseThrace futhi ingxenye yeNdiya. Lesi sikhathi kubhekwa sokuthuthwa kwempahla yombuso wasendulo yamaPheresiya. Isimo ukubaluleka izwe sasimunye ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe, emazweni amaningi futhi namakhulu nezizwana nabantu.

kudivayisi Social Persian sidilizwa. kwekuhlela kabusha uDariyu

Persian Achaemenid umbuso obonisa ezihlukahlukene enkulu izinhlelo namasiko omphakathi. EBhabhiloni, Syria, eGibhithe, ePheresiya, esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kubhekwe emazweni asethuthukile kakhulu, futhi muva nje yanqoba izizwe ayimizulane umSkithe futhi imvelaphi Arab zazisahlala esigabeni endleleni bakudala zokuphila.

I chain olwathatha iminyaka 522-520. Lalibonisa nokungasebenzi ngendlela kohlelo yangaphambilini ye uhulumeni. Ngakho-ke uDariyu Ngabamba izinguquko eziningana zokuphatha wamisa uhlelo ezinzile lokulawula isimo phezu kwezizwe yanqoba. Izinguquko waba ngowokuqala emlandweni uhlelo lokuphatha elisebenza kahle, eyasebenza njengodonga ababusi Achaemenids angaphezu kwelilodwa isizukulwane.

Ngempumelelo ukuphathwa iyunithi kuyinto Isibonelo esicacile sendlela obusa Persian uDariyu amandla. Izwe lahlukaniswa laba izifunda zokuphatha zikhokhe intela, okuyinto nabizelwa satrapies. Ubukhulu satrapies babe inkulu kakhulu kunangendlela endaweni uthi ekuqaleni, futhi kwezinye izimo kwaqondana imingcele ethnographic lezizwe lasendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, kombusi Egypt ngokwendawo luqondane cishe ngokugcwele imingcele simo kwaze kwaba yilapho kokunqotshwa kwalo ngo namaPheresiya. izifunda Kwaholela izikhulu zikahulumeni - ababusi bezifunda. Ngokungafani amandulela, ezazifune ababusi bayo phakathi ukuhlonipheka izizwe ayenqotshiwe, uDariyu ukubheja mina kulezi izikhundla kuphela izicukuthwane Lokudabuka WasePheresiya.

vicegerent

Ngaphambili, umbusi a imisebenzi obumbene zokuphatha nezomphakathi. Satrap isikhathi uDariyu babenegunya kwezakhamuzi kuphela, izikhulu zempi akazange athumele kuye. Izikhulu wayenalo ilungelo lokwenza kwenziwe izinhlamvu, ayephethe umsebenzi komnotho wezwe, ukuqoqwa izintela, okukhishwa ubulungiswa. Ngo sokuthula, nababusi bezifunda sanikwa unogada encane siqu. Army izinduna futhi bazithobe okukhethekile, ezimele ababusi bezifunda.

Implementation yezinguquko uhulumeni uye waholela ekusungulweni emaphakathi apharathasi esikhulu sokuphatha eliholwa ehhovisi wasebukhosini. ukuphathwa komphakathi wahola inhloko-dolobha yombuso Persian - emzini eShushani. Amadolobha amakhulu yaseBhabhiloni isikhathi Ektabana, Memphis futhi kwadingeka ehhovisi labo.

Izikhulu nezikhulu ayengaphansi kokulawula baqaphe wamaphoyisa omshoshaphansi. Ngo imithombo zasendulo yayibizwa ngokuthi "ezindlebeni futhi iso senkosi." Control kanye nokuqondisa phezu kwezikhulu waphathiswa hazarapatu - induna yenkulungwane. ukuxhumana State lwalwenziwa isiAramu, okuyinto ephethwe cishe zonke izizwe yasePheresiya.

Injwayelo yokufuna ukuba umbuso wasePheresiya

WasePheresiya yasendulo kwesokunxele yesizukulwane ifa elikhulu yezakhiwo. Magnificent zesigodlo eShushani, Persepolis futhi Pasargadae kwagxila emangalisa ku besikhathi sakhe. Royal Manor, sizungezwe izingadi namapaki. Omunye ezikhumbuzo esekhona, kuyinto ethuneni uKoresi II. ezikhumbuzo eziningi ezifanayo, okuzovela ngokusebenzisa eminyaka, abangu yayisekelwe phezu izakhiwo ethuneni inkosi yasePheresiya. Isiko umbuso wasePheresiya nomthelela ukukhazinyuliswa inkosi kanye nokuqiniswa emandleni obukhosi phakathi kwezizwe yanqoba.

Art yasePheresiya sidilizwa kuhlangene yamasiko obuciko sezizwe zakwa Iranian, kwahlanganiswa oluxube ngesiGreki, umGibhithe, amasiko-Asiriya. Phakathi inzalo lokusinda izinto has a lot of ubucwebe, wayithela ezitsheni; isitsha sezimbali, futhi izinkomishi ahlukahlukene, ehlotshiswe imidwebo enkulu. Indawo ekhethekile okutholakele ubambe ukuphrinta amaningi ngemifanekiso yamakhosi namaqhawe, kanye nezilwane ezehlukene futhi izidalwa kumnandi.

izikhathi Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kaDariyu yasePheresiya

Isikhundla ekhethekile matasa embusweni wasePheresiya ukwazi. Ezicukuthwaneni ephethwe emafeni amakhulu zonke izindawo yanqotshwa. izingxenye Huge ziqongelelwe "bona babasekeli babo" senkosi mayelana nokuthi wayeqinisile yini siqu phambi kwakhe. Abanikazi bala mazwe wayenalo ilungelo ukulawula ukudluliselwa kwesabelo sefa titukulwane takho, kanye nabo waphathiswa ukuqaliswa amandla zokwahlulela ezikhonzini zayo. Kabanzi okusetshenziswa komhlaba uhlelo lapho iziza nabizelwa iziza ihhashi, kyokushin, inqola, nokunye. emazweni anjalo inkosi wamnikela namadoda ayekanye naye, ngoba ukuthi zabanikazi kwadingeka ukuba sebuthweni njengoba empi, abacibisheli, nangabamahhashi.

Kodwa namanje amapheshana enkulu ezweni yayihlobene ngokuqondile okungewakho inkosi ngokwayo. Zivame aqashiwe. Yimbuyiselo yokuyisa kwabo umkhiqizo wezolimo kanye isilwane ukunakekela.

Ngaphezu ezweni, kwakukhona iziteshi ngokushesha emandleni obukhosi. Lawula impahla bobukhosi ukuqasha kubo futhi kwenzekani ukuze ufake i-ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Uma uchelela ka nenhlabathi evundile bathweswa icala, ukufinyelela 1/3 ye isivuno zomninindawo.

Labor izinsiza yasePheresiya

labour senceku yasetshenziselwa kuyo yonke imikhakha yezomnotho. Abaningi babo kwakungabantu ngokuvamile iziboshwa zempi. ubugqila leveraged lapho abantu bazithengisela, ezingazange ukusakaza. Izigqila kwakufanele eziningi amalungelo, ezifana unelungelo lwezimpawu zabo futhi iqhaza ukuthengiselana ahlukahlukene njengoba abalingani egcwele. Nceku ungase ahlenge ngokwakhe ngokukhokha ezinye izinkokhelo, futhi kube Ummangali ummangalelwa noma ufakazi ekuqhubeni Yiqiniso, hhayi ngokumelene abanikazi bazo. umkhuba wokusebenzisa edonsa lomtshikatshika abasebenzela inkokhelo imali ethile kwakusakazwa. Umshikashika lezi zisebenzi kwakwandile ikakhulukazi eBhabhiloni, lapho bemba imigudu, wahlela imigwaqo nokuvunwayo nenkosi noma amasimu ethempelini.

I yezimali Politika Dariya

Umthombo oyinhloko izimali endaweni yomcebo babe izintela. Ngo 519 BC inkosi ivume eyisisekelo ohlelweni kwentela kahulumeni. Izintela kwabalwa ngoba kombusi ngamunye unikezwa insimu yalo kanye nenhlabathi evundile. NamaPheresiya ngokuthi isizwe enqoba yemali sebenzisa ingakhokhwa, kodwa hhayi ushwele wentela e hlobo.

zezimali ezahlukene uqhubeke ukhona ngisho nangemva ubunye ezweni, baletha okuningi ngokungalungile, ngakho ngo-517 BC. e. inkosi uhlamvu entsha igolide, ngokuthi Darik yethulwa. Okulingene zokwenana kwaba Ishekeli lesiliva, kubiza 1/20 Darika futhi wakhonza njengephayona chip bargaining ngalezo zinsuku. On the reverse kokubili zemali wabekwa isithombe kukaDariyu I.

Imigwaqo ka-umbuso wasePheresiya

Ukusatshalaliswa imigwaqo nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni yohwebo phakathi satrapies ahlukahlukene. Umgwaqo wobukhosi umbuso wasePheresiya kwaqala ngo linguLidiya, sawela-Asia Minor, wadabula iBabiloni, futhi ukusuka lapho - ukuze eShushani futhi Persepolis. Wabeka amaGreki lokuthumela imizila ziye zasetshenziswa ngempumelelo by namaPheresiya ekuhwebeni nokudluliselwa bamabutho empi. Kukhona futhi Cruises amaPheresiya asendulo, isibonelo, ukuthatha uhambo Itilosi Scylax ka Caryanda ukuba osogwini olusenyakatho-India e 518 BC. e.