Umbhali American Dzhon Steynbek: A Biography

Dzhon Steynbek (USA) - omunye edume kakhulu abalobi American besikhathi sethu. Umsebenzi wakhe, ingxenye okuthiwa omkhulu triptych bezincwadi eziqanjiwe American kwekhulu lama-20, wabeka belingana Hemingway futhi Faulkner. A ezihlukahlukene etemibhalo okudaliwe kaJohane Steinbeck zihlanganisa 28 amanoveli kanye 45 izincwadi, ehlanganisa ama-eseyi, kudlala, tindzaba letimfisha, Diaries, journalism kanye ifilimu zokubhala.

Dzhon Steynbek. neminyaka yokuphila

Okhokho balezi umbhali babevela abangamaJuda nabangama-German, kodwa yena version American kwegama igama wakuqala German - Grossteynbek. John Steinbeck Wabelethwa ngenyanga kaMhlolanja ngomhlaka 27 ngo-1902, edolobhaneni lase yesifundazwe Salinas, California e-United States. Washona ngemva kweminyaka engu-66 ngo-1968 ku-20 Disemba.

umndeni

Ikusasa umbhali American John Steinbeck nomkhaya wakhe babehlala e emali lengenako lesemkhatsini, wazala indlu ezimbili storey nge icebo e impahla, lapho izingane sifunde ukusebenza. John Ernst Steinbeck, Sr., uyise, wakhonza njengephayona umgcinimafa kwemsebenti wahulumende, nonina, u-Olivia Hamilton eyayiyikho esikhathini esidlule uthisha. Johane wayegqoke ezintathu nodade.

Dzhon Steynbek. Biography: isifinyezo

Ngo ingane isencane wakha uhlamvu kunalokho kuyinkimbinkimbi - ezimele futhi yenkani. Kusukela esemncane, umbhali esizayo John Steinbeck wayekulangazelela kakhulu izincwadi, naphezu nokwenza kwayo sasivumela Okuqukethwe akuzwakali esikoleni. Futhi ngesikhathi liqedwa ngo-1919, ekugcineni wanquma ukuchitha ukuphila futhi sakhe isiphetho lokubhala. Kulesi Wathola ngokugcwele ukwesekwa sikanina, ezasekela futhi abelwe abanothando indodana eKufundza neKubhala.

Ngikanye namalungu athile iziphazamiso, esikhathini kusuka ngo-1919 kuya ku-1925, uJohn Steinbeck wafundiswa at Stanford University.

Ukuqala ngendlela yokudala

Dzhon Steynbek, ogama biography njengendlela umlobi waqala maphakathi nawo-20-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule, wayezame ubuchwepheshe eziningi wasebenza futhi itilosi, futhi njengoba umshayeli, futhi khona ngombazi, futhi ngisho njengoba ukuzihlanza nomlindi. Lapha lo mzalwane wasiza le umzali zabasebenzi esikoleni, siwela esemncane, okuyinto babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu umbono wakhe.

Ekuqaleni wasebenza emkhakheni journalism, futhi ngokushesha izindaba zakhe kuqala iDemo kwaqala ukubonakala ukuphrinta. aseqala lokuqala Steinbeck sika njengoba umlobi senzeka ngo-1929, ngemva kokuthuthela e-San Francisco, lapho enyathelisa incwadi yakhe ezinkulu kuqala - noveli "The Golden Bowl".

Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, umkhiqizo "Tortilla Flat" - incazelo ezihlekisayo yokuphila abalimi abavamile, abahlala emagqumeni Monterey County, eyakhululwa ngo-1935, bamyisa impumelelo yakhe yokuqala. Ukuze uthole indaba elandiswayo okungokwemvelo enjalo ke kuvunywe abahlaziyi bemibhalo.

Yonke leminyaka, Dzhon Steynbek zizale futhi cishe njalo kuye wahlanganyela ekudaleni imisebenzi emisha. Kakade ngo-1937 wabona ukushicilelwa inoveli yakhe entsha "Mayelana amagundane kanye abantu", ngemva kwalokho baxgeki nomphakathi etemibhalo waqala ukukhuluma ngaye njengoba umlobi ezinkulu.

Isihloko sakhe futhi umsebenzi ezivelele - "The Amagilebhisi Yentukuthelo" - inoveli ukuthi utshela indaba mayelana era ukuthi ushintshe phetho yezwe ku 30s. Yena abangela isiyaluyalu ezinkulu emibuthanweni yomphakathi, uya ngalé lemfundo. ukugxekwa Umhlaba akazange bahlala banganandaba ayiminyanisa okubuyayo mayelana inoveli, owawungumnyaka inombolo eyodwa ohlwini bestseller iminyaka emibili. John Steinbeck wathola izincwadi ezivela emhlabeni wonke, lapho kuseyimpikiswano "I Amagilebhisi Yentukuthelo." Hollywood azinake onjalo ephezulu iphrofayela yomsebenzi, futhi umqondisi Dzhon Ford Made yakhe lithathelwe ngo-1940. Le filimu, udedelwe noveli ngu Dzhona Steynbeka, kwaba ukushayelwa athandwa, iye sasimthanda ifilimu a baxgeki futhi wathandwa "Oscar" ukuphakanyiswa kwamagama ezimbili. Kufanele kuqashelwe, kwakungekhona zokugcina impumelelo enjalo. Amafilimu setha ezincwadini umbhali, futhi kamuva waba yimpumelelo enkulu.

Andayo udumo akuvimbeli umsebenzi okunye elinothile okwakuzoba umbhali American. Kakade ngo-1947, lonke izwe wokufundwayo incwadi "Russian Diary", ehlanganisa : ikhambo Tindzaba futhi utshela indaba uhambo Steinbeck-USSR, kanye photojournalist Robert Capa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umkhiqizo livele ekuqaleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi phakathi United States ne-Soviet Union futhi le ngxabano ezikhulayo ophakathi kwala mazwe womabili, kuyo yonke incwadi wazizwa mayelana undisguised ngoba eSoviet Union, kodwa futhi ekhona imibono yakhe abukhali futhi esangulukisa mayelana izinqubo eyayigeleza ke usesimweni wobushiqela .

John Steinbeck biography (dlala), okuyinto ezichazwe kulesi sihloko, ngaphezu abasebenza emkhakheni kwezincwadi namanje imatasa nemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle. Wasekela umngane wakhe Democrat Adlai Stevenson, ababethi antikonservativnyh inhliziyo, Ngekudlala indzima ngokhetho likamengameli we-1952 no-1956.

Ngemuva emahlombe akhe, nokubamba iqhaza ngqo ku imicimbi eVietnam, lapho wangena ehlathini amasonto ayisithupha njengoba umlobeli othile impi.

Babungonakala nemiphumela yakhe impilo ukuthi kuhilelani kokuhlinzwa futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi olwenziwa yembhali 1967. Kamuva, ngemva eziningana inhliziyo ukuhlaselwa, Dzhon Steynbek wafa 66 oneminyaka engu-ngo-1968.

Igama lakhe likhona California Ehholo Lodumo ngo-2007 ngemizamo uhulumeni State of Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Uhambo kokuphindela eSoviet Union

Uhambo kuya umbhali eSoviet Union Dzhon Steynbek waya ngo-1947, ephelezelwa yakhe Robert Capa - umthwebuli eyaziwa futhi inkosi isithombe. Isikhathi sokuhamba wakhethwa okumatasa, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukahle umbhali ngenxa engqubuzanayo izindaba mayelana eU.SSR base-USSR.

iminyaka engu-2 kuphela sele idlulile solo ngaleso sikhathi lapho iMpi Yezwe II yaphela, kwaqhubeka unyaka iMpi Yomshoshaphansi ne-United States - sizana of izolo zilungele babe yizitha namuhla.

Izwe kancane kuza ekuphileni, izinsiza lempi amandla esanda yazuza, njalo uhamba inkulumo mayelana noHlelo enuzi kanye nokuthuthukiswa ayizikhondlakhondla kanye Stalin omkhulu futhi konke lokhu kwakubonakala ongafi. Izibikezelo ngalokho kuzophela le "umdlalo", akenzanga lutho.

Isifiso ukuvakashelwa eSoviet Union nomthelela umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi ikusasa ncwadi, esahlanganisa umbhali kanye wakhe umngane, umthwebuli Robert Capa e-New York ukuze uthole ingxoxo entsha okusalungiswa ngokuhlanganyela emsebenzini kubha ehhotela "Bedford" ngo-1947.

Steinbeck wathi Capa ukuthi eSoviet Union ukubhala njalo inqwaba amaphephandaba, nikela kuye cishe nsuku zonke izihloko eziningana. Izimpikiswano ezaphakanyiswa e-izihloko, kwakuzwakala lokhu: "Yini imicabango Stalin? Yiziphi amacebo Jikelele Abasebenzi Russia nalapho yabo amabutho? Ngasiphi esiteji of zokuhlola ukuthuthukiswa kwe-athomu ibhomu kanye ngerediyo ezicitshwayo?". Kukho konke lokhu Steinbeck ubuhlungu ukuthi zonke lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu abhalwe abantu ababenaye neze eSoviet Union futhi akunakwenzeka siyoke kuyoba. Futhi mayelana nemithombo yabo kolwazi, inkulumo ingahambi.

Futhi abangane bami umqondo wokuthi Union ngokuqinisekile has a lot of lokho jikelele uthi cha, hhayi ngisho nesithakazelo. Futhi lapha ayathanda kakade oqotho, kwakukhona imibuzo: "Yini abantu eRussia lokho akudlayo nendlela upheke Ingabe ephathini, bona ukudansa, ukudlala kanjani ukubonisa uthando futhi bafe Russian Benzani akhulumisane ???? nezinye? kukhona ukuthi izingane Russian esikoleni? ".

Banquma ukuthi kuyoba mnandi ukuba yokuthola ngikuhlole konke lokhu futhi bhala ngakho. Abashicileli ngokucace bazamukela uhlelo olusha abangane, futhi ehlobo lika-1947, uhambo e-USSR, lapho umzila lalithé: eMoscow, bese kwaseStalingrad, Ukraine futhi Georgia.

Injongo ngokuthi sithathe lolu hambo ukubhala atshele baseMelika mayelana abantu baseSoviet yangempela futhi lokho abayikho ngempela.

Ngaleyo minyaka lapho iSoviet Union lalibhekwa isimangaliso, kodwa Steinbeck futhi Capa, hhayi kuphela ake eRussia, kodwa bona baye baze bathola imvume yokuvakashela Ukraine futhi Georgia. Lapho sesiphindela amavidyo cishe belingazithintanga, okwakuyindawo amangazayo isikhathi. ashaqe kuphela ebaluleke osendaweni kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa abasebenzi amasevisi ekhethekile, imibono, esingu aphume indiza, kodwa akazange uthinte into ebaluleke kakhulu umlobi - izithombe zabantu.

Phakathi abangane, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa sivumelwano ukuthi ngeke ucele ke ngelezizwe nokhahlo, sizozama kube umgomo - hhayi ukwambula, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi ukuba bangalibali ukugxekwa isiRashiya, hhayi sinake ubushiqela Soviet hhayi ukuba asabele zonke izinhlobo izithiyo. Babefuna ukuba babhale izinto ngokwethembeka, lapho kungeke kusaba khona imibono noma tincumo nekubeka Ayekulungele lokuthi zibhekene into abaqondi noma ezingathandeki futhi kungabangela eziningi ngokuphazamiseka. Nge efanayo ingatholakala iliphi elinye izwe emhlabeni.

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi uhambo eSoviet Union yanyatheliswa ngo-1948 incwadi ka Tindzaba "Russian Diary" acoca indzaba kokuma kombhali zokuphila kwabantu kweSoviet Union ngaleso sikhathi: indlela ukusebenza, babehlala kanjani, njengoba kwenza bonke abanye, futhi kungani kuyi-Union ngakho ohlonishwayo iminyuziyamu.

Kwabe sekukhululwa incwadi ethi akuyona ukuthanda noma eMelika, futhi eRussia. BaseMelika kubhekwe kube kuhle kakhulu, futhi Russian akakuthandanga incazelo ezimbi kakhulu yokuphila ezweni labo futhi izakhamuzi zawo. Kodwa kulabo ungathanda ukwazi mayelana eSoviet Union futhi ukuphila kuwo, incwadi uzokwenza Ukufundwa emnandi futhi iphuzu etemibhalo ethnographic umbono.

lwezincwadi

Peru kungokwalabo imisebenzi John Steinbeck sika okuningi okumangalisayo ukuthi babé zabuna zomhlaba etemibhalo kanye bestsellers wahlonishwa izinhlobo ezehlukene.

I aziwayo kakhulu:

amanoveli:

• "Golden Bowl";

• "Tortilla Flat";

• "Lost ibhasi";

• "East e-Edene ';

• "Amagilebhisi Yentukuthelo";

• "Indawo yokugcina ukudla emathinini Umugqa";

• "Ubusika ukunganeliseki kwethu."

indaba:

• "Of Amagundane Namadoda";

• "Iparele".

Eyiqiniso Indaba:

• "Travels nge UCharley";

• "Russian Diary".

Amaqoqo izindaba dlala:

• "Long Valley";

• "IPharadesi emadlelweni";

• "Chrysanthemums".

Ngaphezu imisebenzi ebhaliwe yabhalwa uJohane Steinbeck 2 webhayisikobho:

• "Viva Zapata";

• "Eyihlane Village".

Kakhulu ezidumile izingcaphuno

Njengoba Steinbeck imisebenzi athandwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, akumangalisi ukuthi amanye imishwana izincwadi zakhe zaba izingcaphuno ezidumile, edume kakhulu abalwe ngezansi, futhi ngokuqinisekile kubonakale kujwayelekile.

Kusukela kule noveli "East yase-Edene":

• "Ukuthanda owesifazane cishe akunakubhubha."

• "Lapho umuntu ethi akafuni Ngikhumbule, ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi kuphela cishe isikhathi esisodwa acabanga ngayo."

• "Kumelwe uhlale ukukhumbula ukufa futhi bazama ukuphila ukuze ukufa kwethu noma ubani hhayi ukuletha injabulo."

• "I ngokwethembeka iqiniso ngezinye izikhathi izimbangela ebukhali ubuhlungu, kodwa ubuhlungu amuke, kuyilapho isilonda abangelwa ngumuntu amanga, festers futhi ingaluqedi."

Kusukela kule noveli "Ubusika ukunganeliseki kwethu":

• "Ngivuka nge umuzwa okubuhlungu Kwadingeka isilonda komphefumulo."

• "Kungani Uthukutheliswa ukuthi, bathi, abantu nombono ongemuhle ngawe? Yebo, abacabangi ukuphonsa kini. "

• "Indlela engcono kakhulu ukufihla izisusa zabo zangempela - thasisela yaniso."

• "Ukuze siphile - lokho kusho ezimboziwe nezibazi."

From "The Amagilebhisi Yentukuthelo" kule noveli:

• "Uma unenkinga, uma beswele, uma ekucasulayo - yiya abampofu. Kuphela bangakusiza, akekho omunye. "

Kusukela kule noveli "ibhasi Lost":

• "Ingabe Aint it eziyinqaba ukuthi abesifazane balwela ukuthola amadoda, abazi ngisho kudingeka?".

Kusukela kule noveli "Tortilla Flat":

• "Umphefumulo, uyakwazi okuhle kunakho, abakwaziyo ukusebenza futhi nobubi obukhulu."

• "Kusihlwa kuyeza njengoba kungabonakali njengoba esondela ukuguga indoda ejabulayo."

Isikrini lithathelwe izincwadi

imisebenzi eziningana kwezincwadi Steinbeck waba yimpumelelo enkulu yokuthi yabakhanga imboni yamabhayisikobho kanye Hollywood ziye wathwebula. Ingxenye movie ngokwedlule futhi kabusha lucubungelelwa ethiyetha.

• "Of Amagundane Namadoda" - ngowokuqala ifilimu lithathelwe ngo-1939 nango-1992;

• "Amagilebhisi Yentukuthelo" - ngo-1940;

• "Tortilla Flat Ikota" - ngo-1942;

• "Iparele" - ngo-1947;

• "East yase-Edene" - ngo-1955;

• "Lost Bus" - ngo-1957;

• "Indawo yokugcina ukudla emathinini Umugqa" - isikrini ngo-1982, umdlalo weshashalazi - ngo-1995.

umklomelo

Steinbeck yakhe etemibhalo umsebenzi oqokiwe izikhathi eziningana ukuze iningi abavelele imiklomelo emkhakheni kubhalwa.

Ngo-1940, i-inoveli yakhe edume kunazo zonke "I Amagilebhisi Yentukuthelo" Sitshela ngokuphila abasebenzi, abasebenzi ezithile zonyaka, umlobi wathola le Pulitzer Prize.

Ngo-1962 yena yanikezelwa ikomidi KaNobel futhi wathandwa umklomelo kwegama elifanayo ne amazwana elandelayo: ". Ukuze isipho namaqiniso futhi esankondlo emelela inhlanganisela ezinhle amahlaya sina umbono nomphakathi emhlabeni"

ukuphila Siqu nezingane

Dzhon Steynbek, ukuphila kwakhe siqu yenzeka ngempela ngenkuthalo, ezinye izikhathi wayeshadile ukuphila.

Kakade kwase kuqalile ukuba ishicilelwe, waqale oshadile eneminyaka engu-28 eminyakeni engu-Kerol Henning, ujwayele okuyinto kwaqondana nenkathi ka bakhe emsebenzini njengendlela Umlindi izinhlanzi endaweni yokukhanda. Umshado yathatha iminyaka engu-11, futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uCarol uye wasekela njalo nomyeni wakhe ekuhambeni kwakhe, ubuhlobo babo kancane saqala ukwehla, futhi ohlukanisile 1941. Kwakunamahemuhemu okuthi isizathu sokuchitha umshado wabo kwaba ukuntuleka izingane.

Steinbeck yesibili mfazi wayemuhle actress kanye umculi Gwendolyn Conger asenzayo i okunikezwayo 5th usuku lwethu amaziyo ngo-1943. Umshado yathatha isikhathi eside, eminyakeni 5 nje ubudala, kodwa lesi sibopho somshado bona wayenamadodana amabili - Thomas Miles, yazalwa ngo-1944, futhi uJohane ngo-1946.

Umhlangano no-actress kanye yaseshashalazini nomqondisi Elaine Scott maphakathi no-1949, abangaphezu ashade okwesithathu Steinbeck ngoDisemba 1950. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi emshadweni awaveli ezivamile nezingane, u-Elaine Hlanga ngomfazi umbhali ukuba ukufa kwakhe ngo-1968. Yena luqobo washona ngo-2003. Elaine futhi Dzhon Steynbek (isithombe umndeni okuyinto abekwe ngezansi) bangcwatshwe ndawonye ezweni lakubo, e Salinas.

INdodana Tomas Mayls Steinbeck basilingisa nguyise ezidumile baba intatheli, screenwriter futhi umbhali. Kuze 2008, yena nendodakazi yakhe Blake Smile, umzukulu ka Johane Steinbeck, baye bancishwa amalungelo angokomthetho imisebenzi likayise noyisemkhulu. Uhlala manje eCalifornia nonkosikazi wakhe.

Ndodana John IV (lesine) kangako. John Steinbeck wakhonza e-US Army eVietnam. Washona ngo-1991.