Ukuhlakazwa ukukhanya

Ugongolo ukukhanya edabula nezibhebhe esingunxantathu sibizwa baphambukile emaphethelweni amanga maqondana engela refracting nezibhebhe. Nokho, uma nje kweqembu ukukhanya okumhlophe, kuba emva pass ngemehlo, wasenqaba hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ubola ku imishayo ezinemibala. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi ukuhlakazwa ukukhanya. Waqale wafunda Isaakom Nyutonom e 1666 e uchungechunge ucwaningo emangalisayo.

I umthombo wokukhanya e Newton ucwaningo wakhonza njengephayona imbobo encane isiyingi elise ibhokisi yesivalo zikhanyiswa elangeni. Lapho phambi imbobo ukuthi agibele amahhashi nezibhebhe usodongeni esikhundleni izindawo round zibukeka ezinemibala umugqa, ngokuthi Newton ububanzi. Spector okunjalo siqukethe imibala eziyisikhombisa eyinhloko: obomvu, osawolintshi, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani, ikhayeni, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, lokuyibubende, okuyinto kancane kancane eshintsha komunye. Ngamunye wabo ithatha esikhaleni spectrum ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Ubude enkulu yeviyo onsomi, komncane kunabo - abomvu.

Okuhlangenwe nakho owalandela kwaba ugodo ebanzi imisebe emibala, etholwe usebenzisa ezindengezini, isikrini kwenziwa imbobo encane wama phandle imishayo emincane umbala ezithile nabanye futhi wathumela kuJehowashi iphrizimu yesibili.

Prism abesabahlubukile akashintshi umbala kulezi imisebe. imisebe enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi ama elula noma monochromatic (owodwa).

Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi imisebe ebomvu uzizwe ukuphambuka sakugcina kuqhathaniswa ne-violet, isb umbala imishayo ahlukene refracted ehlukile nezibhebhe.

Ukuqoqa lens anombala izinyanda imisebe ephuma iphrizimu, Newton got a screen emhlophe, esikhundleni sabangu-zaveza ezimhlophe strip isithombe esivulayo.

Kuzo zonke lezi ucwaningo, Newton wenza iziphetho ezilandelayo:

• ukukhanya okumhlophe ngokwemvelo kuyinto ukukhanya eziyinkimbinkimbi, esakhiwa imisebe ezinemibala;
• e ezahlukene umbala ukukhanya ray, kanye indices yezokubona zingabameleli ezahlukene; ngenxa yalokhu, lapho esimhlophe ugongolo is baphambukile ezindengezini, it is ukubola zibe spectrum;
• Uma United ezinemibala imisebe bohlu, uthola ukukhanya okumhlophe futhi.

Ngakho, ukuhlakazeka ukukhanya - into obuvela ukwencika index yezokubona lomcebo nombono (noma imvamisa).

Ukuhlakazwa ukukhanya siyenzeka hhayi kuphela lapho ukukhanya sidlula a nezibhebhe, kodwa nakwezinye izimo ezihlukahlukene, kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona yokukhanya. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ngesikhathi amanzi elangeni kulandele noqhekeko yayo ku imisebe emibala, lokhu lukhonjisiwe rainbow kumiswa.

Newton ukuthola spectrum ziqondiswe iphrizimu kunalokho ububanzi cylindrical ugongolo umsebe wokukhanya kwelanga ngembobo round eyenziwe yokucina.

Spectrum ngaleyo ndlela etholakala uchungechunge ezahlukene izithombe umbala izimbobo round kancane ezedlulayo nomunye. Ukuze uthole spectrum uhlambulukile, ekuhloleni lo mkhuba ukuhlakazwa ukukhanya, Newton wasikisela ukuba usebenzise round emgodini, futhi ungumthombo ongumngcingo umqhewu parallel onqenqemeni refracting ka iphrizimu. Nge lens esikrinini etholwe isithombe esicacile sezimpawu umqhewu bese efakwe ngemuva iphrizimu lens onikeza bohlu.

I spectra ihlanzekile kakhulu futhi elikhanyayo zazitholakala ngosizo kumadivayisi ekhethekile - spectrometer futhi spectrographs.

Absorption yokukhanya - ngumkhuba lapho ukukhanya wave amandla incipha nge eѐ edabula ndaba. Lokhu kungenxa ukuguquka amandla nokukhanya amagagasi ku zamandla emisebeni yesibili, noma ngamanye amazwi, lo amandla sangaphakathi impahla elinendawo ezahlukene Ukwakheka Spectral futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi esiphelweni.

ukumuncwa Khanyisa kungabangela Ukushisa indaba, ionization noma excitation kwama-atom noma amangqamuzana, ukusabela photochemical nezinye izinqubo endabeni.