Ukuguqulwa kwegazi ku ... Amaqembu egazi nokuphendula kwamagciwane

Ukugxiliswa kwegazi ukugcoba nokuhlelwa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu, amabhaktheriya namanye amangqamuzana athatha ama-antigens.

Le nqubo ivela ngaphansi kwethonya lama-agglutinins, okuyizinto eziqondile. Indima yalezi zinto zenza ama-lectin noma ama-antibodies.

Izinhlobo ezinokwenzeka zokuhlukunyezwa lapho kutholakala uhlobo lwegazi

I-Agglutination iqondile futhi ayikho emthethweni. Esikhathini sokuqala, ukusabela kwenzeka ngokubamba iqhaza kwezingxenye ezintathu:

• Antigens;
• Ama-Antibodies;
• I-electrolytes (isixazululo se-isotonic sisetshenziswa).

Zonke izinhlobo ezinokwenzeka zokuhlukunyezwa zisetshenziswa ekunqumeni iqembu legazi, kodwa lokhu akusiyo kuphela icala.

Iyiphi inhloso esetshenzisiwe?

Ukusabela kwe-agglutination yegazi kusetshenziselwa ukukhomba i-agent causative yesifo esithathelwanayo. Kulesi simo, ixazulula, futhi kulula ukubona kulesi sediment. Le nqubo isetshenzisiwe, njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, nasekunqumeni iqembu legazi. Yilokho okuzoxoxwa kamuva.

Yiziphi izici?

I-erythrocyte iqukethe ama-antigen anhlobo A no-B. Abophezela kuma-antibodies ά and β, ngokulandelana. Amaqembu egazi kanye nokuphendula kokuhlukunyezwa:

• 1, 0 (ά, β) - azikho ama-antigens ebusweni bama-erythrocyte;
• 2, A (β) - i-antigen A ne-antibody β ikhona;
• 3, B (ά) - iqukethe i-antigen B ne-antibody ;
• 4, AB (00) - kunama-antigens amabili, ama-antibodies awakho.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-antigen asevele abhekwe embumbeni. Ngokuqondene nama-antibodies, avela ngemva kokuzalwa, ngenyanga yokuqala yokuphila.

Ukuhambisana kwabantu kuxhomeke eqenjini legazi. Lesi sizathu sokwenqatshwa kwe-fetus ngomzimba womama. Ngamanye amazwi, unamabhodomu okulwa namagciwane egazi engakazalwa. Kulokhu, ukungahambisani kwenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu legazi liyakucatshangelwa ngokumpompela.

Ukulungiselela

Amaqembu egazi kanye nokuphendula kwamagciwane kukhona imiqondo ehambisanayo evame ukusetshenziswa emithi.

Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, kubalulekile ukulandela imiyalelo ethile. Kufanele kube isikhashana ukukhipha ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ethile nemithi. Lokhu kuzosiza ukwenza imiphumela ibe nenembile nakakhulu. Izincomo okudingeka zilandelwe, udokotela ukhetha. Iqiniso liwukuthi ema-laboratories ahlukene amanani wezindinganiso ezitholakalayo angeke ahambisane, okungukuthi, ahluke kancane.

Izimo zokuhlolwa

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu legazi liye laqunywa ngokunembile, kubalulekile ukukhetha imishini efanele. Lokhu kufaka:

• I-Saline ne-pipette;
• Izinti ze-Glass;
• I-standard isohemagglutinating sera;
• Amacwecwe e-earthenware emile, ahlukaniswe abe yimikhakha engu-4.

Kukhona nezidingo zezimiso zokuhlola:

• Ukukhanya kwelanga;
• Ukushisa kwekamelo kungenhla +16 ° C;
• Ukusebenzisa igazi ne-serum volume in isilinganiso 1:10;
• Imiphumela ethembekile itholakala kungakapheli imizuzu emihlanu.

Lokhu ngenhla yizimo eziyinhloko namathuluzi. Ukuhlunga igazi kungenziwa ngezindlela eziningana, futhi ngamunye wabo ubeka phambili izidingo zomuntu ngamunye.

Izindlela

Izindlela ezingenzeka zokunquma iqembu legazi ngo-agglutination:

• Indlela ejwayelekile;
• Ukuphendula okuphambene;
• Ukusetshenziswa kwama-tsoliklons;
• Indlela yokuveza ngokusebenzisa isethi "I-Erytrotest-groupcards".

Indlela ejwayelekile

I-blood agglutination ibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwamaseli obomvu wegulane. Izinsimu ezijwayelekile eziqukethe ama-antigens aziwayo nazo ziyasetshenziswa.

Esigatsheni esicwecwe sabekwa ku-1 drop of serums ezine. Khona-ke, ngosizo lwezinduku zilazi, igazi legulane lilethwe kulo, elizohlolwa. Kulesi simo kulula ukusebenzisa i-droppers ye-eye. Kufanele uhambisane nesilinganiso esingu-1:10. I-serum negazi zixutshwe kahle. Kungakapheli imizuzu emihlanu, ungahlola.

Ukucacisa imiphumela yokuhlolwa ngendlela elula

Ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi, ukucaciswa kubonakala emaconsi ase-serum. Kwamanye, umuntu angabona ukuthi ukuqubuka kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu kwenzeka (ama-flakes amancane), kwabanye akakho.

Kukhona okukhethwa kukho okulandelayo:

• Akukho ukusabela kuzo zonke amasampuli we-serum - iqembu 1;
• Ukuqubuzana kwenzeka yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwamasampuli angu-2 - iqembu 2;
• Akukho ukusabela kumasampula amathathu kuphela - iqembu 3;
• Ukuguqulwa kwenzeka endaweni yonke - iqembu 4.

Ngakho-ke, into esemqoka ukusabalalisa izinsizakalo kahle. Khona-ke ukucacisa umphumela akulula. Uma ukuhlukunyezwa kwegazi kuyimpofu, kutuswa ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kuphindwe. Uma kwenzeka ama-flakes amancane, ahlolwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope.

Ukuphendula okuphambene

Ngesinye isikhathi, ngendlela elula, akunakwenzeka ukunquma ngokunembile iqembu legazi. Ukugcizelela kulokhu kuqhutshwa ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuphendula ngezindlela. Ngokungafani nokuhluka okuqala kokuhlolwa, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu ajwayelekile abaluleke kakhulu lapha. Igazi lesiguli liqoqwe ku-tube test, i-centrifuged, bese i-serum igxothwa nge-pipette ukuze kuqhutshekwe ucwaningo oluqhubekayo.

Ngama-2 amaconsi abekwa epulangwe, khona-ke amaseli abomvu ajwayelekile egazi amaqembu A no-B ayengezwa kuwo. Okuqukethwe kuhlanganiswe ngokugubha isitsha.

Imiphumela ye-reaction reaction method

Ngemuva kwemizuzu emihlanu, amasampuli alungele ukuhlolwa. Izinketho ziyi:

• Ukubambisana kwenzeka kokubili amaconsi - iqembu 1;
• Ama-Flakes awaqapheli kunoma yimiphi amasampula - iqembu le-4;
• Inqubo ibonakala kwesampula esisodwa - iqembu lesi-2 noma lesi-3 (kuye ngokuthi i-blood coagulated kuphi).

Indlela yokusebenzisa i-tsoliklonov

Ukunquma iqembu legazi, i-agglutination ngale ndlela iqhutshwa ngokusebenzisa izisetshenziswa zokwenza izinto ze-serums. Babizwa nge-tsoliklonami. Zinezikhundla ezifakelwayo ze-ά ne-β-agglutins, ezaziwa ngokuthi izivivinyo ze-erythro (i-pink ne-blue, ngokulandelana). Ukusabela kwenzeka phakathi kwabo namaseli abomvu wegulane.

Le ndlela iyona enembile kakhulu futhi inokwethenjelwa. Ngokuyisisekelo, akudingi isifundo sesibili. Ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo, njengoba kwenzeka esimweni esivamile. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi iqembu lesine legazi kumele liqinisekiswe ngokusabela ngomunye umuntu obambe iqhaza (anti-AB). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikhombisi ukugaya lapho enezela isisombululo se-chloride ye-sodium.

Indlela ye-Express eneqoqo le-"Erytrotest-groupcards"

Uma sicabangela izindlela zokuhlaziywa ekunqumeni iqembu legazi, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi le ndlela inezici zayo. Ziqukethe ukuthi umphumela ungahlolwa kuphela kub laboratory, kodwa nasensimini. Ikiti ekhethekile isetshenziselwa isifundo. Ihlanganisa ikhadi elinemigodi, phansi lapho kakade kunamacici amisiwe. Ngaphandle kokulwa no-AB, i-anti-A ne-anti-B, i-anti-D isetshenzisiwe, okwenza kube lula ukunquma i-Rhesus factor.

Le ndlela ayidingi ukulungiselela okukhethekile, ivunyelwe ukusebenzisa igazi, esithathwe emunwe, kuvunyelwe ukuba khona kwama-preservatives kuwo. Okokuqala, udinga ukuphonsa umthamo wamanzi emthonjeni ngamunye ukudiliza izithako. Emva kwalokho, igazi lengeziwe, lixutshwe kancane. Ngemuva kwemizuzu emithathu, umphumela uzotholakala.

I-agglutination yamanga

Ngezinye izikhathi idatha etholakale ngemva kokuhlolwa akuyona iqiniso. Lesi simo sincike ezintweni ezithile.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokuphendula kwamanga:

1. Pseudoagglutination. Ukugcoba kweqiniso akukwenzeki, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu alulaza ngendlela yemali. Uma ufaka amaconsi ambalwa, usuka. Isenzakalo esifanayo sibonakala ngaphansi kwe-microscope.

2. I-coldening agglutination yegazi. Ukuziphendulela okunjalo kubonakala uma izimo zokuqhuba isifundo zazingekho. Lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphansi +16 ° C, i-gluing ingenzeka.

3. I-Panagglutination. Uma kukhona ukutheleleka egazini, imiphumela yokuhlolwa ingase ibe yamanga. Lesi simo singase senzeke nasomeni womdlavuza, nge-sepsis.

Ukugcoba kubaluleke kakhulu emithi. Akuvumela nje kuphela ukucacisa iqembu legazi, kodwa futhi ukukhomba i-agent ye-causative yezifo, kanye nokutholakala kwezifo. Into esemqoka ukulandela izincomo zodokotela lapho ulungiselela le nqubo. Ngokuqondene nabasebenzi bezokwelapha, umsebenzi walo ukudala indawo evumelayo futhi uhambisane nayo yonke imithetho. Kuphela ngale ndlela kungenzeka ukufezekisa imiphumela enembile lapho wenza igazi le-agglutination.