UJohn Kenneth Galbraith: Imibono Basic

UJohn Kenneth Galbraith - Canadian (kamuva American) Economist, isisebenzi sikahulumeni nawukuthi umsekeli liberalism American. izincwadi zakhe ziye zaba wokuthengisa kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1950 kuya kowezi-2000. Omunye wabo - "The Great Phahlaza ka-1929". Dzhon Kennet Gelbreyt ephethwe uhlu ethengiswa kakhulu kunazo abalobi futhi ngo-2008, ngemva kokugqashuka kunezinkinga zemali global. Ngo-2010, abaningi imisebenzi usosayensi ziye selikhishiwe ngaphansi editorship sendodana yakhe.

Imibono njengenhlangano Economist Galbraith kakhulu ukuthonywa imibono Trosteyna Veblen noJohane Maynard Keynes. Usosayensi cishe ukuphila kwakhe konke (iminyaka engu-50) wasebenza eHarvard University. Uye ebhaliwe mayelana izincwadi 50 nezinkulungwane izihloko ezikhuluma ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene. Phakathi trilogy yakhe edume kunazo zonke imisebenzi ku ezomnotho: "capitalism American" (1952), "INhlangano acebile" (1958), "The New Industrial State" (1967).

Dzhon Kennet Gelbreyt: Biography

Ikusasa Economist owaziwa owazalelwa umndeni baseCanada abadabuka Scottish. Wayefanele odade ababili, umzalwane oyedwa. Uyise wayengumGreki umlimi isikole uthisha umama - uyinkosikazi. Washona lapho Galbraith wayeneminyaka engu-14 kuphela ubudala. Ngo-1931, wathola iziqu ze-Bachelor of Agriculture, bese - Master of Science and Ph.D. emkhakheni ofanayo. Kusukela ngo-1934 kuya ku-1939 wasebenza profesa yesibili (ngekhefu) e -Harvard University 1939 kuya ku-1940-th - ePrinceton. Ngo-1937 waba isakhamuzi American futhi umfundaze Cambridge. Elapho bajwayelana imibono kaJohane Maynard Keynes. umsebenzi Galbraith sika ezombusazwe eqala ngomsebenzi wokuba umeluleki e Roosevelt abaphathi. Ngo-1949 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile, uprofesa othile wezomnotho eHarvard University.

Gelbreyt Dzhon Kenneth, noma nje Ken (akakuthandanga igama lakho eliphelele), khona sezombusazwe asebenzayo, asekelwe Democratic Party base bekhonza bentando ka Roosevelt, Truman, Kennedy futhi Johnson. Futhi kafushane wakhonza njengephayona inxusa neNdiya. Ivame ukubizwa Economist edume kunayo isigamu kwekhulu XX yesibili.

Ngenxa umhlaziyi we institutionalism

UJohn Kenneth Galbraith kwaba umsekeli okubizwa ngokuthi Determinism technocratic. Ukusebenza Kennedy ekuphathweni, yena wadlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni zohlelo "okusha Frontier". Ngesisekelo izici lobuchwepheshe kanye nezomnotho ukukhiqizwa ngaphandle izinhlelo ezimbili ezehlukene: emakethe futhi izinhlelo. Iqembu lokuqala lihlanganisa izigidi amabhizinisi amancane asebenza ezimbonini ezahlukene. Uhlelo ukuhlela yakhiwa izinkulungwane bezinkampani ezinkulu ezikhiqiza izimpahla eziningi kanye nezinsiza. Kwakamuva axhaphaze amafemu amancane, futhi okuyinto sigudluke ingxenye enkulu izindleko zebhizinisi enkulu. Isici esiyinhloko kohlelo ukuhlela Galbraith babekholelwa okubizwa ngokuthi "abavuthiwe 'corporation. Ngokwemvelo yayo, kumele technostructure, okuletha ndawonye ososayensi, onjiniyela, kanye nochwepheshe kulo mkhakha yohwebo kanye nobudlelwano zomphakathi, abameli, amanxusa, abaphathi, abaphathi, nabanye ochwepheshe futhi yengamela ukugcinwa nokuqiniswa isikhundla inhlangano emakethe.

Emnothweni US

Ngo-1952 uJohn Kenneth Galbraith waqala trilogy yakhe edumile. Encwadini yakhe ethi "capitalism American: nomqondo countervailing amandla," uphetse njalo, ukuthi umnotho ilawulwa mizamo ibhizinisi elikhulu, izinyunyana main futhi uhulumeni. Futhi eziyimbangela yalokhu, ngokuvumelana usosayensi, babevamile United States akuhlali. Ukumelana amandla wabiza izenzo amaqembu sakhiwo umkhakha nezinyunyana. Ukuze ukucindezeleka 1930-1932. ibhizinisi elikhulu nge yenkululeko ukuphatha umnotho. Encwadini yakhe ethi "The Great Phahlaza ka-1929", uchaza iconsi abadumile share amanani yeZezimakethe nokuthi izimakethe kancane sebefulathele ngokoqobo kakhulu phakathi kowezi zokucabangela. Encwadini "INhlangano acebile", okuyinto naye waba ethengwa kakhulu, Galbraith uveza ukuthi ukuze ube nesimo yimpumelelo ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, i-United States imali nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo nemfundo, usebenzisa imali abayithole ngokuthengisa bentela. Akazange cabanga nokwanda kokungabi ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla inkomba impilo kwezomnotho nasemphakathini. Kubukeka usosayensi kwaba nethonya eliphawulekayo Izinqubomgomo Kennedy futhi Johnson nezokuphatha.

Umqondo we umphakathi omusha zezimboni

Ngo-1996, Galbraith wamenywa ukuba umsakazo. Izinhlelo eziyisithupha ayenakho ukusitshela mayelana ukukhiqizwa emnothweni kanye nomthelela bezinkampani ezinkulu esimweni. Incwadi ethi "okusha Industrial State John" Kennet Gelbreyt 1967 ezikhishwe okusekelwe kulezi zinhlelo. Kuyo, wembula indlela yakhe sokuhlaziya aphikisane kungani acabanga ukuthi umncintiswano uphelele kuphela ezifanelekela Inani elincane imikhakha yezomnotho US.

On Bubbles zezimali

umsebenzi Galbraith sika enikelwe ezihlukahlukene ezindabeni. Kwesithi "Umyalezo Umlando Omfushane bajabula wezimali," ebhalwe ngo-1994, yena ihlola ukuvela Bubbles zokucabangela emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Yena okholwa ukuthi bangumkhiqizo kohlelo khulula emakethe, okuyinto esekelwe "psychology mass" futhi "isithakazelo sokuzicabangela ngephutha." Galbraith wayekholelwa ukuthi "... kwezwe ezezimali ukuba reinvent isondo ngokuphindaphindiwe, ngokuvamile ngisho okuncane kuka inguqulo yangaphambilini." Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi global inhlekelele 2008 ngonyaka, lapho wamangaza zezomnotho eziningi, uqinisekisile eziningi imibono yakhe.

ifa

Dzhon Kennet Gelbreyt ukuhlaziywa komnotho omkhulu kubhekwa njengento ithuluzi ezengeziwe, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi amamodeli neoclassical ngokuvamile azibonisi isimo sangempela. Zonke eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezinkulu zesayensi ezihlobene ithonya bezinkampani ezinkulu emakethe. Gebreyt babekholelwa ukuthi usethe izintengo, kunokuba abathengi. Wakhuthaza ukulawula kukahulumeni, lapho kwakudingeka khona. Ngo "INhlangano acebile" Galbraith esingumKatolika sithi izindlela theory kwezomnotho classical Zaziphumelela kuphela esikhathini esidlule, le "engu-ubumpofu." Wayedlala zokunciphisa yokufakelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla ezithile ngokusebenzisa uhlelo intela. Galbraith futhi ezihlongozwayo uhlelo "Ukutshala imali abantu".

eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ukugxekwa

UJohn Kenneth Galbraith, imibono eziyisisekelo eziye kuchazwe ingxenye enkulu emnothweni wase-US, wayephikisa lula onobuhle neoclassical echaza izinqubo zezomnotho. KaNobel u-Milton Friedman azenzile ukugxekwa yemibono nososayensi. Wagomela ukuthi Galbraith okholwa ukuphakama ebukhosini futhi amandla paternalistic bese ephika abathengi ilungelo lokuzikhethela elula. Paul Krugman Akazange ababheke njengezinto kuye usosayensi othile. Sathi Ken ubhala imisebenzi lenemaciniso ukuthi anikeze izimpendulo lolumalula zemibuzo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Krugman wacabanga Galbraith "abezindaba umuntu" hhayi Economist sina.

Dzhon Kennet Gelbreyt (lesisho):

• "I am senzo kokwenzekayo. Uma emakethe usebenza ngalesosikhathi I am ngoba. Uma udinga kokungenela kukahulumeni, Ngiphinde ukusekela lokhu. Ngingu osolisayo kakhulu labo abathi bona bangamaJuda ngoba ngasese kanye nokudayiswa kwempahla isimo. Mina njalo ukusekela lokho okusebenzayo kule ndaba. "
• "Ucwaningo imali, ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye imikhakha yezomnotho, usebenzisa eyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kungabonakali iqiniso noma ukugwema ukudalulwa, hhayi okuphambene nalokho. Inqubo lapho amabhange ukudala imali ngakho elula ukuthi ingqondo nje akusho bayibheka. Kubonakala sengathi kumiswa into ebaluleke kangangokuthi ukuba mfihlakalo inkulu. "
• "Ezombusazwe akuyona ubuciko kungenzeka. Kuyinto choice emkhatsini esabekayo futhi singathandeki. "
• "Akungabazeki yokuthi manje Nhlangano wathatha phezu inqubo control main."
• "Ukuvela phambi lokuzikhethela phakathi ushintsho kwemibono kanye search for izizathu hhayi ukwenza kanjalo, cishe wonke umuntu eyeka yesibili."