Uilyam Shekspir: neminyaka yokuphila, umlando okufutshane

Shakespeare ... Uilyam Shekspir! Ngubani akazi ukuthi igama? Wemidlalo kunabo futhi imbongi, ukuziqhenya isizwe saseBrithani, ingcebo emhlabeni wonke. Yilokho ngubani. nangemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu, ziye zahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi zomhlaba, afakiwe nase uhlelo okuyimpoqo izincwadi emazweni amaningi. Ingabe akusona yini lesi nokuvuma?

Ebuntwaneni.

Kukholakala ukuthi uShakespeare, iminyaka yakho yokuphila ukuthi zihlukile kwezinye imithombo, yazalwa ngo-April 1564. Usuku ngqo namanje akwaziwa muntu, njengoba engekho ubufakazi obubhalwe etholakele. Kodwa encwadini isonto has a date abhajatiswa - 26 Apreli.

Wazalwa maphakathi eNgilandi, edolobheni Stratford-upon-Avon. It is ukuthi uyise wayengumGreki Dzhon Shekspir, ngubani wadalwa eyisidalwa ingcweti (wahlanganyela sigqoka amagilavu) eyaziwa. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, wamiswa Alderman, okungukuthi, eqinisweni, inhloko inhlangano kamasipala, bese baba inhloko yawo umkhandlu wedolobha.

UJohane wayengowokugcina ngempela umuntu ocebileyo, njengoba kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi yokulalela njalo izinhlawulo omkhulu-non-ababa khona esontweni. Kwakunamahemuhemu okuthi Shakespeare Sr. imfihlo Katolika.

Umama ka wemidlalo esizayo Mary Arden wayevela Saxon uhlanga zindala futhi zihlaba umxhwele.

Uilyam Shekspir (iminyaka yokuphila - 1564-1616) wayenabafowabo nodadewabo eziyisikhombisa. WayeyiZwi ingane yesithathu ekhaya.

intsha

Njengoba kungekho amarekhodi esikoleni kaShakespeare ezisekhona, abacwaningi igxile yomlando wakhe abanye ibhithi ukwaziswa okuvela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene. Ngokusho kwabo, wafundiswa Shakespeare at Stratford Grammar School, futhi kamuva esikoleni ka-King Edward Sesithupha, lapho afundela khona izinkondlo of abalobi basendulo.

Shakespeare (neminyaka yokuphila, bheka. Ngenhla), washada eneminyaka engu-nesishiyagalombili. ekukhetheni kwaKhe eyindodakazi zomninindawo ngegama Anne, ngaphandle okhulelwe. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa emva komshado abasanda kushada waba intombazane okuthiwa uSusan. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, kwala mawele - indodana nendodakazi Judith Hemnet.

umsebenzi Theatrical. Ukuhlala e-London

Kusukela 1585 (emva kokubeletha), Shakespeare Akukho lwazi. Kuphela ngo-1592, umzila wakhe latholakala London, lapho ayesebenza khona ngamandla futhi yaseshashalazini main. Ngakho, isikhathi eneminyaka eyisikhombisa eye nje wanyamalala Biography of the omkhulu wemidlalo. Akekho abacwaningi nge ukunemba alinakusho akwenza eminyakeni Shakespeare.

Njengoba wonke umuntu uyazi, kulokho ekhulwini ayephila Shakespeare wamangaza izikhala enjalo akudingekile.

Kusukela imibhalo ehlukahlukene yabe seyaziwa ukuthi eLondon uWilliam Shakespeare ibekwe ngempumelelo. Kodwa-ke futhi, akucaci, kusukela lapho eqala ukubhala kubo, wazithola enhloko-dolobha, futhi kungani kuba eduze yaseshashalazini.

Qembu ka "Izinceku iNkosi Chamberlain" wayenalo ilungelo eyinhloko nesigaba drama uShakespeare, ngoba waba khona njengoba kumdlali, futhi kamuva waba yayo co-umnikazi. Ngokushesha, le nhlangano waseshashalazini isibe omunye ethandwa kakhulu e-London.

Iminyaka yokuphila kaShakespeare waqhubeka njengenjwayelo. Ngo-1603, inkampani yakhe yase yaziwa ngokuthi "Izinceku iNkosi," okwakusho ekunakeni lokusungula kulo ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela.

ukusebenza yaseshashalazini yayiyindlela kwaba nempumelelo enkulu, futhi lokhu kwenza ukuba qembu ukuthola isakhiwo yabo. Empeleni leli hholo elisha yabizwa ngokuthi "i-Globe". Ngemva kokufunda iminyaka embalwa yamabhayisikobho yathengwa ngu "Blekfrayer". Shakespeare yaceba ngokushesha, futhi babengazifihli ukusebenza yayo. Ngakho, efika endlini lesibili ngobukhulu Stratford.

imisebenzi etemibhalo

Shakespeare, iminyaka yakho yokuphila eyayigeleza sisondela ngokungenakuvinjelwa, ngacabanga ukushicilelwa wemibhalo yakhe. I yokuqala eyanyatheliswa ngo-1594. Kodwa ngisho nangemva kwaziwa emibuthanweni tetemibhalo, ukudlala e wemidlalo yaseshashalazini akayekanga. Kwaba ingane yakhe, wahluleka ayeke.

Yonke inkathi umsebenzi kaShakespeare uhlukaniswe izigaba ezine:

1. Eyokuqala ekuseni. Wawuthi ku Renaissance amahlaya, zemihla ngemihla, izinkondlo ezimbili, "usizi horror".
2. Okwesibili. Kube idrama avuthiwe, ucezu Antique, sonnets, ilandisa kulandisa okuvusa amadlingozi.
3. Okwesithathu. Ibhalwe siyinhlekelele lasendulo, le nhlekelele enkulu, inhlekelele elibuhlungu.
4. Okwesine. Shakespeare wadala idrama-tale.

idrama

Shakespeare (iminyaka yokuphila: 1564-1616) indisputably kubhekwe wemidlalo okukhulu kunakho konke emlandweni. Futhi akukho gama emhlabeni obengama ku-nokuwumisa alinganayo negama lakhe.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1590 sika ngendlela etemibhalo kwaba drama engokomlando. Le nkathi ihlanganisa play "uRichard III" futhi "UHenry Sesithupha."

Kunzima ukunquma periodization we nokudalwa kwemisebenzi ethile, ngoba idethi ngumlobi. Kodwa abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi enkathini yokuqala lokusungula yilezi:

• "Madoda Amabili Verona."
• "I Ukudambisa of the Shrew."
• "Tit Andronik."
• "Comedy of Amaphutha".

Futhi, enkathini yokuqala libhekene imisebenzi ikakhulukazi farcical futhi kuyindida. Ngokungafani esigabeni sesibili lapho imisebenzi kuqhame romantic. Ngokwesibonelo, "Midsummer Ebusuku IPHUPHO," "I-Merchant of Venice."

Nge ngamunye isiqephu esisha izinhlamvu kaShakespeare abe eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinzima ezithakazelisayo.

Sesinamandla lokusungula we wemidlalo kufanele ngokubhala izinto ezizwisa ubuhlungu. Lezi zihlanganisa "Hamlet," "Othello," "iNkosi Lear."

Shakespeare wayehlala kumahamba ekhulwini egcwele amathuba lokusungula, samuntu imibono yabo, bhala into entsha, ezintsha. Esikhathini kudlala kwesikhathi lokugcina amakhono olusankondlo kombhali yafinyelela umvuthwandaba. Yingakho ilunga amadrama ezifana "Antony futhi Cleopatra," "Coriolanus" kubhekwa enhle.

Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inani kudlala kaShakespeare zalotshelwa ngokubambisana omunye umlobi. Ngenxa yaleso sikhathi kwaba umkhuba ovamile futhi ezivamile.

"Romeo and Juliet"

Mhlawumbe lokhu iyona edume kunayo love story emhlabeni. Kwakukhona eziningi ezenziwe waseshashalazini - ungabali, futhi inani ezincwadini nayo abatelekile (phezu amahlanu). Kodwa isimanga futhi iqiniso ukuthi, naphezu ukudlula eminyaka, le ndaba namanje othinta umphefumulo futhi lisenza sicabange ngayo umnyombo wokuba.

Uzungu drama ngokuqinisekile kwaziwe yibo bonke abantu abafunda. Isenzo iqala edolobheni Italian of Verona. Ngo what century ayephila uShakespeare, kule ndawo, futhi wachaza izenzakalo.

Montagues futhi Capulets - Imindeni yomibili, abalwa iminyaka eminingi futhi cishe kakade ukhohlwe isizathu inzondo yabo. Destiny elahla ukuze izingane kukhona abaholi falling in love. Romeo and Juliet banquma ukushada ngasese. Kodwa le nsizwa ngesikhathi sokushisa kwemini ulwa ubulala umzalwane othandekayo nesikhonzi axoshwe edolobheni.

Ukusuka ekuphelelweni ithemba intombazane uya ngiphuze ubuthi, kodwa indela emnika Potion ukuthi nje lulls wakhe. Umndeni enquma ukuthi Juliet kwesokunxele kuleli zwe, futhi basibeka ethuneni.

Romeo, asikwazanga usinde ukulahlekelwa othandekayo, iziphuzo ushevu, uvuka, ayibone ngasezinyaweni zakhe esidunjini. Unquma ukuzama ukuyeka ukubhuqa ulandele intandokazi yakho futhi ugwaze yena.

Ukufa kwezingane kuye kwaholela ekupheleni inzondo ngekutsi emindenini emibili.

"Hamlet"

Uilyam Shekspir esiye sabhekana nazo ekuphileni kungaba inhlekelele enkulu - ekufeni kwendodana yakhe. Hemnet ushone eneminyaka engu-nanye, mhlawumbe ngokuthi esuka ubhadane lwesifo sezimbilapho.

Njengoba umlobi wemidlalo yaseshashalazini esebenza eLondon, wayengekho isivakashi njalo ezweni lakubo futhi ngesikhathi ngokufa kwendodana yakhe eceleni kwakhe wayengekho lapho. Shakespeare kakhulu bahlushwe lesi simo.

Kungenxa nalesi senzakalo abacwaningi nokwakhayo exhumene ukudalwa angabhekani nosizi lokukhulelwa Hamlet, okuhlanganisa yokufana kwawo lwamagama.

Kulo mfanekiso, Yiqiniso, akukho uxhumano ingengaakwazi. Isenzo yenzeka isimo Denmark. Prince okuthiwa Hamlet ihlangabezana ghost kayise efile, inkosi. Utshela nsizwa ukuthi wabulawa inkosi samanje, umalume Hamlet sika - uKlawudiyu. Ubuta ghost okuziphindiselela ngenxa yalokho akwenza ngayo.

Hamlet is udidekile, wahluleka ukwenza isinqumo. Ukuze avikele yena, ezenza crazy. Kodwa umalume wakhe ngisho simple, angayikholelwa ku farce lomshana wakhe. Inhloko uKlawudiyu ziceba ukubulala Hamlet ozalwa.

Ekugcineni, Hamlet aphuze Ubuthi, bengazi. Kodwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, isikhathi ukuziphindiselela uyise.

Ukuze sobukhosi kuza Frontinbras umbusi Norwegian.

Tinkondlo sonnets

Ngo what century ayephila Shakespeare? Ngo engu-ubudlelwane kwezomnotho kanye nokuthuthukiswa yashesha yezwe. Kwenzeka isimanga ukuthi eNgilandi ran main imizila yezohwebo ulwandle. Umphumela uba ukuthi e 1593 izwe kuye kwathonya isifo, eyathatha iminyaka ethi ayibe mibili.

Yiqiniso, ezimweni ezinjalo ayisebenzanga, akukho nezikhungo zomphakathi, kubandakanya Shakespeare Theatre. Wemidlalo waphoqeleka ukuba ahlale esephelelwe umsebenzi. Wafunda okuningi, futhi liphefumulelwe "metamorphoses" ka-Ovid wabhala izinkondlo ezimbili imizwa.

Eyesithathu kwakungu "A yezikhalazo Usomabhizinisi," okwakubekelwa zibhaliwe izikhathi eziningana phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe.

Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke Uilyam Shekspir liyaziwa sonnets yakhe. Yabo imbongi - 154. Sonet simele amavesi imigqa nane yokutholwa lapho umlolotelo ezifana: Abab cdcd efef GG.

sonnets umjikelezo is evamile ihlukaniswe yaba ngamaqembu nambili weendawo, kuhlanganise:

• eklabalasa nezinye;
• usizi nokwesaba;
• injabulo futhi ubuhle nothando.

isitayela Shakespeare

Uilyam Shekspir, iminyaka yakho yokuphila ezisohlwini inhlolovo, kakhulu siguqulwe ngokuya izincwadi. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala zabhalwa ngolimi abavamile, hhayi ukugqama esixukwini wemidlalo Hacks efanayo. Ukuze ugweme isimiso emisebenzini yazo kaShakespeare baye ukulayishwa izingathekiso yabo ngokoqobo ukugxilisa kubo ngokumelene nomunye. Lokhu wamvimbela ukuba sembule izithombe namaqhawe.

Nokho, maduzane nje, imbongi kuziwa isitayela ngendlela yakudala, kube uvuma-ke. Standard iba ukusetshenziswa yevesi elingenalutho (abhalwe pentameter iambic). Kodwa is zihlukaniswa izinga yayo, uma iqhathaniswa ukusebenza kokuqala nokulandelela.

I engavamile of isitayela kaShakespeare wukuthi Wabhala okugxile yaseshashalazini. Ezinkondlweni zakhe ngezinga elikhulu lisetshenziselwa Enjambment, mklamo ongavamile ngokuthi nobude imisho. Ngezinye izikhathi wemidlalo umema umbukeli ukuba ucabangisise kahle ngezinselele ekupheleni ibinzana, ufaka khona kokuhlaba ikhefu isikhathi eside.

ukugxekwa

Shakespeare, neminyaka yokuphila, Biography emfushane ka aziwa zonke izibalo etemibhalo ababenolwazi kunethonya elikhulu endleleni abalandeli bakhe emsebenzini bomlobi.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe akuzange kuthathwa njengesibikezelo omkhulu wemidlalo. Futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu lesikhombisa, ngisho wagxeka ngenxa neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela ngokuxuba nezikulu okuhlekisayo ngemisebenzi yakhe.

Nokho, kakade ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, lokhu kubukwa ziye ukhohliwe, setha etemibhalo mayelana balifundisise umsebenzi wakhe. Futhi ngokushesha waba ezashiwo iqiniso owaziwa manje ukuthi uShakespeare - imbongi lesizwe laseNgilandi. Ngemva kwalokho, ukunakwa ivuliwe ngesikhathi sokuphila kaShakespeare.

Yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kwaphawulwa ukudluliswa mass lokudlalwayo kaShakespeare kwezinye izilimi. Ikakhulu, eyingoduso Avgust Shlegel.

Nokho, a baxgeki zisabalulekile. Ngakho, Bernard Shou ukuthi uShakespeare kuqhathaniswa Ibsen akasebenzi futhi engawuqondi lokhu nokukhonza izithombe.

Ukuba khona amakhono okukhulu bangabaza Shakespeare kanye Lev Tolstoy.

Kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, waphinda eyayimfuqa ukuba stardom lapho Expressionists kanye Futurists aqala ukuyibheka njengengcono kudlala yakhe, futhi imbongi TS Eliot ukuthi udlala kaShakespeare zihlale kuze kube yimanje.

eminyakeni yamuva

Eminyakeni yokugcina impilo kaShakespeare okwenzeka ezweni lakubo. Nakuba ngokuvamile waya eLondon ebhizinisini. A wemidlalo induna inkampani yakhe kuphumelele John. Fletcher. Abanye abacwaningi bathi, naye osebenza wabhala kudlala zokugcina.

Shakespeare wahlala iminyaka lapho ungaboni kwenzakaleni umuntu. Kodwa imibhalo asele wayebona ukuthi wesandla lashintsha, kwaba engaqinisekile futhi ukusho ngesibindi. Ngesisekelo kulokho izazi-mlando baye baphetha ngokuthi Uilyam Shekspir ubangwa nezibi.

ukufa

Shakespeare washona ngo-April 23, Ngo-1616. Kukholakala ukuthi kwaba usuku lokuzalwa kwakhe. Ngokusho intando, zonke impahla wemidlalo lidlule namadodakazi nozalo lwabo oqondile.

I last ozalweni le mbongi umzukulu wakhe u-Elizabeth, owashona ngo-1670.

Lapho Shakespeare wachitha iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, a ngokudayisa imbongi.