Uhlobo eziphuthumayo yemvelo: izibonelo. Ukwahlukanisa eziphuthumayo

isimo ephuthumayo kwachazwa ngokuthi isimo esiyingozi linqoba endaweni ethile. Isizathu sokuba ivela khona kungaba izinhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu, izenzakalo zemvelo elilimaza noma ezinye izici okusongela abantu asemrarweni. Sifaneleka ikakhulu ezikhathini zamuva kunenkinga angewona inhlekelele yemvelo emhlabeni wonke.

definition

Ngo ukwakheka lolu hlobo inhlekelele endaweni wokuphila kwabantu, ukuba khona izilwane ezifuywayo kanye nezitshalo sengozini enkulu, ababhubhise zokuziphilisa kanye nemisebenzi.

Imithombo imvelo yemvelo ngezimo ezisheshayo izinhlobo ngokuvamile ezahlukene zezifo ezithathelwanayo. Lapho kukhona ukuqapha enganele ukusabalala igciwane noma kancane ekuthatheni ukuqeda igciwane izinyathelo zone ngeke kancane kancane ukwandisa, okusho ukuthi ngeke onakaliswe amagciwane engeziwe.

indaba

Phakathi khona isintu kwakukhona izibonelo eziningi obangelwe amagciwane adala izifo: Ephakathi, isifo yesulwe cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu abaMhlophe, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ingxibongo yabulala abantu abangaphezu phakathi nezimpi ezimbili zomhlaba. Minyaka yonke kunezinhlobo esisha esiyingozi izifo human ezithathelwanayo, futhi ezinye zazo, ososayensi baye akakwazi ukubhekana nesimo:-HIV, isifo saseLyme, njll ...

ERussia, ukukhomba izinkinga, zokuvimbela nokuqedwa ngezimo ezisheshayo ezifana umthwalo begazi Ministry of ukuqapha impilo, izikhungo zokwelapha kanye nesikhungo sezimo eziphuthumayo.

Izinhlobo eziphuthumayo. inhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu

Eziphuthumayo ihlukaniswa ngokuya ngomthombo lendabuko. Namuhla isinqumo ukwaba lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

1. Manmade.
2. Environmental.
3. Yemvelo.

man-made eziphuthumayo, okungukuthi, lapho senzeka ngesikhathi zezimboni, amandla nezinye izinto. Sici Its main - kwaba ingozi.

Ngokuvamile inhlekelele kubangelwa amaphutha nje omuntu noma nokusebenzisa kabi imishini ukukhiqizwa:

• yemoto, lapho kuphahlazeka indiza, izitimela, ezokuthutha amanzi;
• imililo izakhiwo zokuhlala kanye izindawo zezimboni;
• ingozi ejection usongo chemical futhi enemisebe;
• nciphisa sobukhulu bezakhiwo;
• breakages, ukulimala amandla izinhlelo;
• ingozi ezakhiweni ohlanganyelwe obhekene impilo yomuntu (indle ukuphumelela, amanzi, ukushisa off, ukuphazamiseka e igesi supply);
• idamu ikhefu.

Zonke izinhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu zenzeka ngenxa kokuqondisa noma ukunganakwa singenele ukusebenza noma izidingo zokuphepha sikhungo ezimbonini noma uhlelo.

eziphuthumayo Environmental

Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka isintu besilokhu uzama yokulawula lokhu ezweni elikuzungezile, ukubeka imvelo kusevisi izidingo zabo, okuyinto ngokuvamile kunethonya elonakalisayo zonke ekuphileni emhlabeni. Eziphuthumayo zinhlobo kwemvelo ahlobene nezinguquko sina futhi ngokuvamile engelapheki imvelo:

• amanzi ezindaweni, beyizidlova amazinga ukungcola;
• ekushintsheni indlela yokwakheka imvelo emoyeni: ngaphambilini uncharacteristic sezulu ukweqisa, okuqukethwe ngokweqile of ukungcola emkhathini, ngentuthu ezisemadolobheni, ngokweqile amazinga umsindo "-ozone imbobo";
• nezinkinga ezihlobene ukungcola hydrosphere, okungukuthi Ukwakheka aqueous of emhlabeni: unsuitability ukuphuza imithombo, amanzi, izindawo eziphenduka ugwadule, ukukhululwa imfucuza olwandle.

Kuze emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, lezi zinkinga kudinga cishe akukho, kodwa manje, ngemva kwale nhlekelele eChernobyl, shallowing yoLwandle Azov futhi umehluko eziphathekayo okushisa yangezinkathi ezithile, isimo emhlabeni banesithakazelo zokuvimbela futhi nenhlekelele lokuvikela. ERussia, imali eningi esibekelwe ukwenza lokhu unyaka ngamunye.

eziphuthumayo Yemvelo

inhlekelele yemvelo kubangelwa yini kangaka nge imiphumela yezenzo zesintu, izenzakalo eziningi zemvelo. Nakuba kwezinye izimo esintwini ngokungaqondile ehilelekile okuvela kuyo izinhlekelele ahlukahlukene.

Ukwahlukanisa inhlekelele yemvelo inikeza kule mikhakha elandelayo:

• Ukuzamazama komhlaba noma nokuqhuma kwezintabamlilo.
• Phenomenon kubangelwa izinqubo Geological: kwenhlabathi, mudslides, iziphepho zesihlabathi, ukuguguleka komhlabathi, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, njll ...
• Ukwahlukanisa inhlekelele yemvelo sihlanganisa izinkinga Meteorological: iziphepho, izivunguvungu, isichotho, imvula enkulu, isithwathwa, iqhwa, isithwathwa snowstorm, ukushisa kakhulu, nesomiso.
• izingozi Marine: izikhukhula, ama-tsunami, iziphepho, ingcindezi noma ukwehlukana iqhwa, nokunye ..
• imihlola kwamanzi: ukhulisa izinga lamanzi, isiminyaminya sezimoto.
• Umlilo wequbula.

Eziphuthumayo yemvelo umsuka tiyasebenta zemvelo njengoba imbangela izifo ezithathelwanayo lasakazekela abantu, izilwane kanye nezitshalo wezolimo. Ngenxa yalesi sigaba, izincazelo ezilandelayo: okuvela endaweni kwemizi ukutheleleka, Amagciwane bukhoma, ubhubhane, epizootic nokucubungula epifitotichesky.

izizathu

Ukuze oluphuthumayo ngamunye labelwe imithombo yayo yenkinga. Ngakho, leyo nhlekelele yemvelo walesi izifo ezithathelwanayo. Basuke okubangelwa Ukungena umzimba eziphilayo alien, ababiziweyo Amagciwane.

1. Ukuze abantu, izilwane kanye nezitshalo nokucekela phansi kunazo igciwane lohlobo. Eshumini leminyaka elidlule kwaba emikhulu ukusakaza umkhuhlane ngeendlela ezihlukeneko, futhi njalo ngonyaka igciwane iyaguquguquka futhi uvuma yimuphi izidakamizwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuhlanganisa kwesibindi, inkukhu Pox, futhi phakathi izifo isilwane - unyawo nezifo umlomo kanye glanders.
2. Isizathu esilandelayo ohlotsheni eziphuthumayo yezinto eziphilayo - Isifo esibangelwa amagciwane (meningococcal, enteritis, uhudo). Kutfutfukiswa imithi kula mashumi eminyaka amuva kuye kwaholela ukwehla izinga yokungenwa yizifo ngokucindezela Amagciwane yalolu hlobo. Ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa kwama-antibiotic, ukukhuthaza ukuvimbela nokunakekela izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane akunjalo ezimbi esintwini.

Lokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele incike ekuboneni izimbangela komlilo. Ukutheleleka - inqubo okwenzeka umzimba ahlukene; ubhubhane - lapho ukutheleleka isuka umzimba eyodwa kuya kwenye.

Izinga ekusakazeni

Kuye ngezinga lokubhubhisa kusizwe izisulu zesikhukhula kungenziwa labizwa ngokuthi elandelayo:

1. amagugu endawo eziphuthumayo, izinhlekelele noma abantu lapho lesi sifo singazange sande ngale endaweni encane, inani izisulu is hhayi ningi than eziyishumi futhi umonakalo impahla engazange kudlulwe ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu.
2. KaMasipala - PC elise endaweni ehlukile isifundazwe sikahulumeni noma idolobha abathintekayo abantu esingaphansi amahlanu, futhi umonakalo ngaphakathi ruble ayizigidi ezinhlanu.
3. Intermunicipal lapho endaweni ethintekile siye sakhula into emibili elandelanayo, kungaba emzaneni noma idolobha.
4. ukubaluleka Regional eziphuthumayo iba, uma inkinga ingahambi ngale kule ndawo.
5. Inter-zesifunda.
6. Federal, lapho isibalo izisulu abantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu, futhi ukusabalala endaweni ihlanganisa izindawo engaphezu kwemibili.

Imiphumela ngezimo ezisheshayo yomthelela begazi ngokuvamile okungadingeki esifundeni ngasinye. Ezimweni ezingavamile lapho izifo ezithathelwanayo encompass inani elikhulu kubantu kungaba kuthiwe inhlekelele ngesilinganiso sesizwe sonke.

izindlela zokusabalalisa

• izifo emathunjini. Kungenzeka uma ukusetshenziswa ukudla enobuthi namanzi, ukusetshenziswa izitsha efanayo.
• zokuphefumula ipheshana izifo. Imbangela yale ukutheleleka iba ukuxhumana ngqo umuntu ogulayo.
• Ukutheleleka nge isikhumba yangaphandle. Kuyinto ngenxa ukulunywa yizinambuzane, izilwane, namagundane, izibungu, ngesikhathi isilonda izingcezwana ehlanganisa Amagciwane ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Inkinga ehlukile iyona ukutheleleka ebulalayo ukusakaza empini. Naphezu yokuvinjelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezinjalo uyaca, imvelo yemvelo eziphuthumayo kuphakama ngezikhathi kwezinye izindawo ezishisayo zomhlaba.

isigaba zentuthuko

Environmental, izimo eziphuthumayo yemvelo kanye eyenziwe cishe njalo iphethini efanayo, okubandakanya izigaba ezilandelayo:

1. Generation esiteji, ekuqongeleleni kwezinso inqubo, okuvela kuyo izimo kanye izimfanelo for ukubukeka esiphuthumayo. Kuye umsuka nale nkathi kungabhebhethekisa kutsatse emaminithi, amahora, iminyaka kanye eminyaka. Izibonelo: umlilo ingozi emahlathini, amasosha omzimba buthaka, ukungabi ukulawula isimo epidemiological esifundeni, nokunye ..
2. Ukuqala esiphuthumayo. Nakwele lapho inqubo yokuqalisa senzeka. Ngokuvamile izinhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu iyisici wobuntu yemvelo - Umzimba zokuthelela.
3. Umvuthwandaba inqubo ngokwalo ukuba umcimbi inhlekelele. Kukhona esiphezulu longasimuhle labantu (isibonelo, ukusabalala igciwane umkhuhlane).
4. Isigaba sesine, inkathi kwamazinyo, lapho izinkonzo ekhethekile kuyaqedwa imiphumela eziphuthumayo, noma kukhona ngenxa yezizathu inhloso.

Ukumiswa iqala esigabeni sesithathu futhi, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo eziphuthumayo, kungase kuthathe izinyanga, iminyaka ngisho namashumi eminyaka. nzima Ikakhulukazi kunjalo nezimo eziphuthumayo begazi. Kwezinye izimo, kuthatha iminyaka ukuthuthukisa, ukuhlola kanye nokuqalisa nemithi edingekayo.

I-oda we ukuqedwa

uhlobo eziphuthumayo ababazalayo kuyingozi ngoba izifo ezithathelwanayo kusabalala ngokushesha okukhulu futhi ngenxa yokungathathi izinyathelo esijwayelekile kungenza umonakalo omkhulu empilweni yomuntu, kwaze kwaba sekufeni. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo olukhethekile isinyathelo zokuqeda isixhumanisi esisodwa amathathu inqubo ukusabalala kwezifo lakhiwe:

1. Umthelela on umthombo ukutheleleka kanye magciwane yayo.
2. Ukuthola nezindlela izinyembezi zokungenwa yizifo.
3. Kutfutfukiswa amasu ukuthuthukisa nokuvikeleka ezifweni ezithathelwanayo.

Lapho kwenziwe ngendlela efanele, lezi zinyathelo neqhaza kwasendaweni kokugqashuka ukutheleleka, bese wayifeza ekucwileni ezikweletini nemiphumela ngezimo ezisheshayo.

Imiphumela kungenzeka

Amagciwane namagciwane ufake umzimba, futhi ngokushesha saqala ngenkuthalo ziyanda, owabangela umonakalo empilweni abalulekile. Njalo ngonyaka emhlabeni, izinkulungwane zabantu ziyafa emirarweni ukusebenza okubangwa yileli gciwane umkhuhlane, noma elibhekene nemiphumela elimazayo kwesibindi kanye nezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane izitho zangaphakathi.

Isizathu kungaba yisiphi izimo eziphuthumayo. Izilwane ezifuywayo nezitshalo ipulazi nazo wadalula ezifweni ezihlukahlukene, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, ungase futhi akhonze njengephayona umthombo ukutheleleka. Abezindaba ngokuvamile livela ulwazi mayelana wezingulube noma bird flu, zabulala noma ngendluzula wabulala amanani amakhulu izilwane, kanye umkhakha uye wahlupheka umonakalo ebalulekile.

Izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuba eziphuthumayo

Ukuvimbela eziphuthumayo has imininingwane yayo, kuxhomeke kakhulu ezinyathelweni ukuthuthukiswa ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kuleli zwe, ukutholakala kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni. ERussia, ngenxa yomoya nokhahlo kunenkinga yokusabalala umkhuhlane virus unyaka ngamunye, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni.

Indlela engcono kakhulu engokomBhalo yokuvikela umqedazwe noma wenze Isifo esibangelwa umonakalo okuncane, - zokuvimbela asebenzayo. Uma amakhambi zethu kungasizi, kufanele ulandele imithetho yokuziphatha eziphuthumayo.

Kuye uhlobo isenzo ukuze silwe izifo sezingeni zokwabelana okulandelayo izindlela yokuvikela kubhubhane noma isifo esiwubhadane:

• Izinyathelo. Basuke njalo enziwa, ngisho e-ukungabi khona kwezifo. Muva nje eyenziwa lokugoma ngokumelene Umkhuhlane eRussia, eyenziwa tinhlelo tekufinyelela ebantfwini, kwandile, odokotela akhuthaza iziguli uyeke ukuhambela imicimbi nge inani elikhulu labantu bese bagcine sinemikhuba emihle yenhlanzeko.
• imisebenzi Anti-ubhubhane olwenziwa phakathi ukungena kubantu abaningi wokuphuthuma endaweni ethize.

Yisho ubunjalo izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze ukuqaliswa zonke izinhlangano kanye nezakhiwo, kuyilapho impilo yabo wonke umuntu oqhubeka yena.

Izibonelo eRussia

Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, i-flu elula okuthwala ngenkathi omunye ukuphila kwezinkulungwane zabantu, kodwa kokusungulwa immunomodulating nezidakamizwa namagciwane kanye izinyathelo zokuvimbela inhlekelele lokuvikela sekusebenza kangcono kakhulu. Kodwa namuhla izwe lethu esikhathini abandayo ibhekene bhubhane ezingeni wombuso, unyaka ngamunye nezilwanyana ezincane liguquke bese ukuzivumelanisa izidakamizwa, ngakho odokotela kufanele nifune amakhambi amasha.

Ngaphezu Ministry of Health, ukuhlakazwa kwezinhlangano ngemiphumela ubunjalo begazi eziphuthumayo iRussia ukwenza isakhiwo ezifana imithi eziphuthumayo. Le nhlangano akuyona kuphela ukuqapha isifo kuleli zwe, ukhiqiza ukulawula ekuvalweni imiphumela izifo mass, kodwa futhi okukhuthaza imithetho yomphakathi zokuziphatha phakathi Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, izibikezelo futhi ithuthukisa izindlela ezintsha zokubhekana ne izinkinga zokusebenza komzimba.

Ngalesi sikhathi izifo ezithathelwanayo eziyingozi ikakhulukazi - lesi sifo, ikholera,-HIV, i-yellow fever, viral nokohlobo A, uhudo, typhoid Umkhuhlane.