Oluthandwayo - inketho. Amafomu izintandokazi

Inani lamagama, barbarisms (waboleka kwezinye izizwe) e isiRashiya njalo ziyanda. Manje ake sixoxe ngalokho okuthandayo.

Umsuka wegama elithi

Igama elithi "okuthandayo" ku ntandokazi isiZulu I, ekuqaleni ukuba kabanzi ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka, sokuthuthwa kwempahla inqubomgomo wamakoloni lamazwe ngobukhulu wedolobha. Okusekelwe kuzo le ebolekiwe praefero Latin (khetha). Ngakho-ke, le ntandokazi - le ntandokazi. Awu, lokho kuzwakala kamnandi. Vele ngaso sonke isikhathi esifanele. Ngakho-ke, kulesi noma ukuthi mkhakha womsebenzi kubhekwe umqondo lingavumelani lalo. Igama ukuhlolwa ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa e ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba, ubudlelwane zezimali kanye namasiko. Njengazo cishe bonke emagama labolekiwe, babe "izintandokazi" kukhona "amawele" abaningi. Umusa, umusa, amalungelo, okubalulekile, futhi ezihamba kahle ngayo isimiso sokuzivikela ezifweni - konke bomcondvofana, noma amagama asho okufanayo lucebe.

Izindawo nokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi

Nge ukutolika eziningi kangaka, akusiyo isikali ngokumangalisayo ukusetshenziswa amazwi wathi. It is kabanzi kule ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, zomthetho, zezenhlalo, ezomnotho, kodwa ikakhulukazi - emasikweni amagama. Kukhona ukwabelana oyithandayo, izikweletu, izimali, izindlela, duty umehluko. Kukhona ivoti oyithandayo, ukukhishwa kwamalayisense izivumelwano zohwebo oyithandayo. Okungukuthi okuthandayo - kungcono indlela yabo yokukhuluma, yena wagcizelela lesembili okuthile, noma into ebaluleke nakakhulu. Ngakho, izikweletu ezihlobene izikweletu oyithandayo, zidinga ukubuyiswa kwemali ngokushesha. Lokho, kulesi isiphawulo ugcizelela igunya kulandelwa ibizo.

Eyokuqala esisebenzayo izintandokazi isicelo

Ngokuvamile, okuthandayo kubhekwa njengento edingekayo amasiko tariff inqubomgomo. Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, le nqubomgomo kusebenza amazwe-amadolobha ngokuphathelene amakoloni zabo yokweba lakamuva. Ukuze uvimbele emakethe yangaphakathi lamazwe lwesithathu, okungase ukuvumela amandla satellites noma amakoloni ukuthengisa izinto zabo engahluziwe imikhiqizo ngamanani kangcono. Ngamanye amazwi, preference - akusiyo kuphela izinzuzo kanye izintandokazi, kodwa futhi Ukulawula amatomu ukuhlinzeka ngobulukhuni we imibuso emikhulu yezwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba eNgilandi, eFrance, eJalimane Belgium, emazweni inqwaba amakoloni.

Esikhathini sethu, lapho kukhona inani elikhulu emphakathini kwezomnotho, ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukuthi ukuhamba kwezimpahla ngaphandle ohlelweni inzuzo noma amasiko izaphulelo engenakwenzeka. Zonke lezi zinyathelo ukudala izimo ezikahle ukuze ukuqhubeka uthi baziwa "njengelinye nokuvunyelwa izintandokazi." I Customs Union esungulwe ngo-2010 phakathi Belarus, Kazakhstan neRussia, it is wabonisa kahle izinzuzo nemisebenzi ekhethekile futhi yamanani.

izinzuzo kanye izintandokazi International

Ezingeni international, kungase kuqashelwe generalized Isimiso Sokuthungatha Izintandokazi, bamisa e-1971 ngenhloso yokwenza isimo yezimpahla akhiqizwa emazweni asathuthuka futhi ithengiswe emazweni athuthukile kwezomnotho. Yini, ekugcineni, kufanele kunikelwe ekuthuthukiseni umkhiqizo kanye nokukhula umnotho we ekuzaleni. Lona ekahle. Ngakho, izimo ezikahle zadalwa ngoba eBulgaria, eHungary, eCzechoslovakia, amazwe eziye iphuma Warsaw Pact atheleka. Bese kuthi-ke izintandokazi kwezomnotho sebeqala ukuthola olwalusikisela zezombusazwe. Ezingeni international, lokhu kwenzeka kaningi impela. Ngakho ngezinye izikhathi okuthandayo - isimiso izinzuzo anikezwe ngaphansi kwezimo esiqinile kanye nokuhlinzeka okuyinto lolubekwe. Kungaba abaqotho ngaphezulu emazweni ukusebenzisa ukwelashwa isizwe lokwamukelwa kakhulu, futhi kungenzeka futhi okungenani. Igebe phakathi lezi zilinganiso libizwa ohlangothini ntandokazi.

Kodwa igama elithi "okuthandayo", njengoba sekushiwo, zisetshenziswe ezihlukahlukene izimboni, kubandakanya ukwakhiwa. Ubani ongathi ukhululeke ukwakhiwa-Olympic izindawo kwakungasuki uhlamvu ekhethekile kuzo zonke izici? Noma rearmament, noma ukuthuthukiswa Ekude, noma ngcono uhlelo lwezemfundo? ..

Uphiko kwesakhiwo izinqubomgomo oyithandayo

izinqubomgomo noku kungaba kazwelonke, esifunda noma kamasipala. Kodwa njalo okubhekiswe. Njengoba isibonelo, cabanga izintandokazi ngo-2013: Minenergorazvitiya baphakamise 15% isaphulelo for the abakhiqizi ezithaka imithi. Ngawo lowo nyaka zezinkonzo ezimbili - Ministry of Labour and eMnyango Wezemfundo - ahlinzekwa uhlelo "Izintandokazi omama abasebasha." Abesifazane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-engu-23 ubudala onezingane eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, banikezwa ithuba (nemibandela cwaningo noma kabusha e izifundo ezikhethekile wadala). Kusengozini uhlelo isimo yezibalo. Abesifazane kumele banikezwe ithemba ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha lapho bona eziphonsa ngemva kwekhefu lokuyobeletha. Umnyaka imidiyeni abesifazane abaye anquma ukuba azale ingane yabo yokuqala, bathuthela engu-25. Futhi uthi wobulili bubuhle sibalela ngokwabo kuphela. Ochwepheshe bathi - kubalulekile ukuba ikhumbule zonke ubuqili udaba, futhi ngaphezu enhlokodolobha womama kanye nezinye izinkokhelo, okuyinto zinikezwa isimo, kubalulekile ukwakha zonke izimo ngoba abesifazane ukukholelwa ukuphepha kwabo.

umqondo futhi injongo uhlelo wemali izintandokazi Evamile

Kusukela kokuncamelayo ngamazwe ngo-2013 uye wakuphatha impatho ekhethekile yezimpahla Russian ingeniswe ku kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu zomphakathi. Ngo-2014, le ntandokazi izokhanselwa. Ensimini ka-European Union, owasungulwa ngo-1993, esebenza System generalized of Imali ekhokhelwa Izintandokazi (GSP), ithuthukiswe ngo-1964 futhi evunywe 2 nd ku yezokuhwebelana kanye Development United Nations Conference (UNCTAD) ngo-1968. Lolu hlelo lufaka ilungiselelo esiyisibopho wonke amazwe anezimboni wemali izintandokazi amazwe asathuthuka ngesimo ezivuna eyodwa emaceleni. Phakathi kwayo yonke leminyaka le Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo CAP akazange zishintshe ngendlela ephawulekayo. Kushintsha njalo ezweni kuphela okuyinto inika izintandokazi, noma izwe umzuzi kushintshile njengoba inani izinzuzo, lula umbuso. Ukuthuthukisa kwamangqamuzana eMibuso qobo lwabo eziye zabhekana, ukukhomba amazwe ampofu kakhulu. Eqoshiwe nezinsongo kwemvelo.