Zokuziphilisa kanye nesakhiwo ulwelwe. Izici isakhiwo ulwelwe

Indlela enhle emangalisayo ezweni kwamanzi, njengokuba yena engaqondakali. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bethola ezinye izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo ngokuphelele futhi engavamile isilwane watadisha izakhiwo Amazing izitshalo, ekwandiseni emkhakheni kwesicelo.

I izitshalo olwandle, nasemachibini, imifula, amachibi namaxhaphozi akuzona labamihibahiba ezweni, kodwa futhi eyingqayizivele futhi emuhle. Sizozama ukuthola ukuthi yini kukhona lezi ezimangalisayo kwamanzi izitshalo, ulwelwe futhi yini isakhiwo ukubaluleka kwabo ekuphileni kwebantfu kanye nezinye izidalwa.

isikhundla izinhlelo ohlelweni ezweni organic

Ngokusho amazinga olwamukelwa, ulwelwe ezibhekwa iqembu izitshalo aphansi. Bayingxenye umbuso Cell Izitshalo umbuso futhi izitshalo subkingdoms Lower. Empeleni, lokhu kuqhekeka kusekelwe izici isakhiwo yalezi abamele.

Igama bevuka ukuze ukukwazi zikhula futhi siphile ngaphansi kwamanzi. Igama Lesi'Latin - ulwelwe. Ngakho kwakheka it is futhi igama isayensi, abahileleka ukutadishwa la magciwane, value abo kwezomnotho kanye nesakhiwo, - phycology.

Ukwahlukaniswa ulwelwe

idatha esimanje asisiza ukuba sikwazi zihlanganisa konke ukwaziswa okukhona mayelana izinhlobo ezahlukene abameleli neminyango eziyishumi. Ngesisekelo ukwehlukana isakhiwo umsebenzi ezidingekayo futhi ezibalulekile ulwelwe.

1. Oluluhlaza owumphumela, noma cyanobacteria. Abamele: ikhayeni, Monera, mikrotsistisy nabanye.
2. Diatoms. Lezi zihlanganisa pinnulyariya, Navicula, plevrosigma, melozira, gomfonema, sinedra nabanye.
3. Igolide. Abamele hrizodendron, hromulina, primnezium nabanye.
4. Porphyry. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa porphyry.
5. Brown. Kelp, Sargassum, cystoseira nabanye.
6. Ophuzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amakilasi ezifana Ksantopodovye, Ksantokokkovye, Ksantomonadovye.
7. Red. Gratsillyariya, ahnfeltia, whelk.
8. Green. Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella nabanye.
9. Evshenovye. Ziyakwazi abameleli bakudala iningi oluhlaza.
10. Stoneworts. Hara njengoba ummeleli oyinhloko.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa akuvezi nokwakheka ulwelwe, futhi ibonisa ikhono lazo photosynthesize ekujuleni ezahlukene, okubonisa lesikhumba othize kuphela. Okungukuthi Umdwebo isitshalo kuwuphawu ngawo kungokwalabo emnyangweni othile.

Ulwelwe: izici kwesakhiwo

main esiwuphawu sici wabo - wukuthi umzimba akuyona umahluko ibe izingxenye. Lokho, akukho ulwelwe, afana nezitshalo ephakeme, i-ocacile wendlela yokuphunyuka, ehlanganisa isiqu, amaqabunga kanye flower, futhi uhlelo impande. ulwelwe ekwakhekeni nasekumeni komzimba emelelwa thallus noma thallus.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo impande naye olahlekile. Kunalokho, ngo-kuba khona kwathishelanhloko losebenta ayevumela mncane ezihlobene ekhethekile ngentambo-like, ngokuthi rhizoids. Zenza umsebenzi okunamathiselwe ku substrate, ngaleyo ndlela wenzisa sucker.

Thallus ngokwako kungase kube ezihlukile kakhulu nemibala. Ngezinye izikhathi, abanye amalungu kakhulu sifana ukubaleka izitshalo ephakeme. Ngakho, ukwakheka ulwelwe sicaciselwe kakhulu emnyangweni ngamunye, ngakho esikhathini esizayo kuzoxoxwa kabanzi ngezibonelo abameleli.

izinhlobo thalli

Thallus - isici esiyinhloko iyiphi ulwelwe ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Izici Ukuklanywa komzimba itholakala lokuthi ukuthi thallium kungaba ezahlukene.

1. Amoeboid.
2. Monad.
3. Kapsalny.
4. Coccoid.
5. Filamentous noma trihalny.
6. Sartsinoidny.
7. Lozhnotkanevy.
8. Elizenzekelayo.
9. Psevdoparenhimatozny.

Zakhe zokuqala ezintathu ziphathelene isici iningi amafomu abaphathi bamakoloni unicellular, enye okuthuthukile, multi-amaselula, inhlangano kuyinkimbinkimbi.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuyisigaba eseduze kuphela, ngoba uhlobo ongakhetha zesikhashana ngamunye ayatholakala, bese ukuhlukanisa komunye nomunye cishe kungenakwenzeka. Umphetho kwamangqamuzana lisuswe.

ulwelwe cell, oyiyo

I engavamile kulezi izitshalo ekuqaleni kule nokwakheka wesitokisi sabo. Kuthi sihlukile abameleli eliphakeme. Ungakwazi likhethe amaphuzu ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo lapho amaseli abelwe.

1. Kwezinye abantu ziqukethe ezikhethekile isakhiwo isilwane - organelles ukunyakaza (flagella).
2. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona inhlamba.
3. Izikhumba akuzona nsé esiku isitshalo cell. Avame ifakwe ezengeziwe carbohydrate noma lipid izingqimba.
4. Nemibala kuthiwa ebiyelwe umzimba ekhethekile - le chromatophores.

Ezinye izindaba zika-isakhiwo amaseli ulwelwe angaphansi imithetho jikelele ukuthi izitshalo ephakeme. Baphinde babe:

• nucleus futhi chromatin;
• chloroplast, chromoplasts, nezinye sombala-equkethe isakhiwo;
• vacuole nge cell ubisi;
• iseli udonga;
• mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes;
• ama-apharathasi Golgi, reticulum endoplasmic , nezinye izakhi.

Kulokhu, isakhiwo solwazi ulwelwe unicellular oluhambisana ukuthi yezidalwa prokaryotic. Lokho futhi awanayo i-nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, kanti ezinye nezinye izakhiwo.

Isakhiwo yeselula ulwelwe ezinamangqamuzana amaningi okuhambisana ngokugcwele ukuthi ka ephakeme izitshalo eliwumhlaba, ngaphandle izici ezithile eziqondile.

UMnyango ulwelwe Green: Sakhiwo

Kulo mnyango zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• oluncane;
• ezinamangqamuzana amaningi;
• wamakoloni.

ezingaphezu kuka nantathu ayizinkulungwane zilwane zonke khona. The main amakilasi:

• Volvoxes.
• Conjugates.
• Ulotriksovye.
• Elizenzekelayo.
• Protococcal.

Izici isakhiwo owumphumela itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ngaphandle kwe-cell ngokuvamile imbozwe enamathela ezengeziwe wenza umsebenzi uhlobo skeleton - pellicle. Lokhu kulivumela ukuthi ukuvikelwa emathonyeni zangaphandle, ukugcina phezu umumo othile kanye isikhathi ukwakha amaphethini amahle ngokumangalisayo metal ion nosawoti.

Njengomthetho, isakhiwo oluhlaza ulwelwe uhlobo unicellular ngempela kufaka phakathi noma yimaphi ukunyakaza organelle, ngokuvamile msila ekupheleni ezingemuva umzimba. Elingasebenzi izakhi - isitashi, uwoyela noma ufulawa. abameleli Key: Chlorella, chlamydomonas, Volvox, hlorokokkum, protokokkus.

Very interesting yizona ezimelela elizenzekelayo njengoba Caulerpa, kodium, atsetobulyariya. thallus wabo - ukuthi akusi ezaziseshweni ipuleti uhlobo, futhi iseli giant ukuthi wenza yonke imisebenzi eziyisisekelo zokuphila.

Ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ungaba lamellar noma isakhiwo filamentous. Uma kuziwa kumumo ipuleti ke ngokuvamile basuke multi-egqinsiwe hhayi kuphela isendlalelo esisodwa. Ngokuvamile isakhiwo ulwelwe yalolu hlobo kakhulu efana amahlumela ephakeme izitshalo eliwumhlaba. Amagatsha ngaphezulu thallium, aba maningi ukufana.

abameleli Key - amakilasi alandelayo:

• Ulotriksovye - ulothrix, Ulvi, monostroma.
• Stseplyanki noma conjugates - zigonema, Spirogyra, muzhotsiya.

amafomu Colonial - ekhethekile. Isakhiwo lolu hlobo ulwelwe oluhlaza ukuxhumana okukhulu phakathi olwenzeka enkulu abameleli unicellular united ngokuvamile isikhwehlela imvelo yangaphandle. Laba bameleli be-main kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha Volvox, protococcal.

Izici zokuphila

nokumilayo - kuyinto amanzi ahlanzekile futhi kolwandle, ulwandle. Ngokuvamile kubangele okuthiwa algal blooms, kuthiwa ingaphazamisi bonke ubuso. Chlorella kabanzi lisetshenziswe nemfuyo, njengoba oxygenates futhi uyazihlanza amanzi, futhi insali ezomile sidla ukuba imfuyo.

I unicellular ulwelwe oluhlaza ingasetshenziswa izimoto isikhala sokuthi kukhiqizwe i-oksijini ngu-photosynthesis ngaphandle kokushintsha isimo sawo futhi ukufa. Ngokusho ubude besikhathi yilo mnyango - omdala emlandweni izitshalo kwamanzi.

Division ulwelwe Red

Okunye igama umnyango - whelk. Kwakubonakala ngenxa abameleli umbala esikhethekile leli qembu izitshalo. Zonke daba zombala. Isakhiwo ulwelwe obomvu sisonke efeza zonke izici eziyisisekelo isakhiwo izitshalo aphansi. Zingabonisa owumphumela futhi amaningi, abe uhlobo oluhlukile thallus. Kukhona zombili abameleli ezinkulu nezincane kakhulu.

Nokho, coloration zabo ngenxa izici ezithile - kanye chlorophyll, lezi ulwelwe benezingane eziningi nezinye zombala:

• carotenoid;
• phycobilins.

Bona imaski sombala ezinkulu eziluhlaza, ngakho umbala izitshalo ziyahlukahluka kusuka ophuzi ukuze obubomvu njengegazi. Lokhu kungenxa ukumuncwa cishe yonke yamaza yokukhanya ebonakalayo. abameleli Key: ahnfeltia, phyllophora, gracilaria, porphyry nabanye.

Inani kanye yokuphila

Able ehlala amanzi aqabulayo, kodwa kakhulu - kodwa zasolwandle abamele. Isakhiwo ulwelwe elibomvu, ikakhulukazi ikhono ukukhiqiza ekhethekile izidakamizwa agar-agar, kwenza futhi bekholelwa kulokho-ke ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ukudla okunoshukela umkhakha. Futhi, ingxenye enkulu abantu kusetshenziswa imithi futhi lisetshenziswa ngokuqondile abantu ukudla.

UMnyango Brown ulwelwe: Sakhiwo

Ngokuvamile kukharikhulamu esikoleni ekutadisheni izitshalo aphansi, izitho zabo ezibangela uthisha ezahlukene ubuza abafundi: "Bala izici isakhi kelp." Impendulo: thallus ngokohlaka kuyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke izinhlobo ezaziwayo izitshalo aphansi, ku thallus, okuyinto evame usayizi umxhwele, ahlelwe kokuqhuba izitsha; thallus ngokwayo has a isakhiwo multi-ungqimba, ngenxa yalokho sifana kudivayisi Indwangu uhlobo ephakeme izitshalo eliwumhlaba.

Abamele ulwelwe cell akhiqiza lezi isikhwehlela ekhethekile, ngakho ngaphandle njalo embozwe ungqimba uhlobo. izakhi elingasebenzi yilezi:

• kelp carbohydrate;
• amafutha (amafutha ezinhlobo ezehlukene);
• utshwala mannitol.

Nakhu okudingeka ukuthi, uma ucelwa: ". Bhala izici isakhi kelp" Empeleni eziningi futhi ahlukile uma siqhathanisa nabanye abameleli izitshalo kwamanzi.

Ukusebenzisa ipulazi nokusatshalaliswa

Kelp - angumtfombo organic compounds abakhileyo herbivorous zasolwandle hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi abantu abahlala ogwini. ukusetshenziswa kwabo ukudla kangaka abantu ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. Kulezi ukuthaka imithi ekhiqizwa okulungiselelwe ufulawa nokumbiwa izinto, alginic acid.