Uhlelo Monetary nesimo sezulu.

Kuze kube manje, akekho isimo esingokomthetho emhlabeni ngeke kube khona kungekho uhlelo yemali. uhlelo Monetary nesimo sezulu kukhona iyunithi kwegazi malini umnotfo wasekhaya wezwe, eyasungulwa phakathi kwamakhulu amahlanu eminyaka yomlando ne ukwamukelwa okwalandela oshayiwe kuhulumeni kazwelonke. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi izinhlelo yemali emazweni ahlukahlukene kuyinto lwemali jikelele.

Okwamanje, uhlelo okwenza imali izakhi zalo akhiwa izinhlobo ehlelekile, abathwali okuyizinto metallic lwemali ohlelweni, ngokusekelwe imali yangempela (isiliva, igolide, i-platinum zemali, njll) kanye isimiso esikweletu iphepha kwegazi (yemali ingxenye ngelinye ukubaluleka uphawu ). Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, uhlobo metal kohlelo umnotho wembulunga iwela bimetallism futhi monometallism.

Bimetallism libhekene ukusetshenziswa yemali nezindinganiso ezimbili okulingana - isiliva negolide. Lolu hlobo uhlelo yemali eziqhutshwa XVI-XVIII eminyaka kuselempi ayenza lezi khulula inombolo engenamkhawulo zemali usebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili metal. Lolu hlobo uhlelo imali kuye kwaholela ekushintshashintsheni isimo somnotho emakethe, ngoba ukusetshenziswa izinsimbi ezimbili kubangela ekushintshashintsheni inqubomgomo intengo izimpahla namasevisi. Ngakho-ke, ngo-ukuthuthukiswa capitalism, okuyinto edingekayo esitebeleni imali kwegazi, okuholela inguquko olulodwa ukuze monometallism. Monometallism libhekene usebenzisa kuphela insimbi (esiliva noma igolide), njengoba okulingana jikelele. With ukuthuthukiswa lolu hlobo uhlelo yemali igolide monometallism atholwe ushintsho olukhulu, ihlukaniswe Uhlamvu lwegolide, bullion negolide exchange ejwayelekile. Leligolide ejwayelekile lalisetshenziswa ngokukhululekile kuleli zwe, kodwa wawuvinjelwe imilayezo yokuthengisa zangaphandle. Ekupheleni kwe-eside nempi yezwe yokuqala, le ndinganiso kukhanselwe ngenxa kusilela izinsimbi ezincane ezicijile ngenxa izindleko zempi. On yayo sithathelwe indawo gold bullion kanye namazinga igolide exchange. Lezi zinhlobo ibeke exchange imali yamaphepha for gold bullion noma iziqubulo (imali izimali zakwamanye amazwe ukukhokha), okungase umklomelo wegolide. Nokho, lezi zilinganiso zikhanseliwe emva inhlekelele yembulunga yonke kwezomnotho, okwaholela ukwethulwa olulodwa iphepha-credit simiso ukwelashwa. Lolu hlelo kusekelwe endabeni eyiphepha ezivamile kuleli zwe. Uhlelo yemali eJalimane iyisibonelo esivelele ekuthuthukiseni zomlando lemali kwegazi.

International uhlelo okwenza imali izakhi zalo kwamiswa ngo-1944 emhlanganweni Wemali futhi lwezezimali lenkomfa we United Nations Organisation e-United States ngo-Bretton Woods, lapho yanquma ukwethula inter-state igolide exchange ejwayelekile. Kwavunyelwana futhi fixed imithetho:

• Igolide wayebhekwa njengoba izindlela oyinhloko ukubala phakathi kwala mazwe womabili, enza umsebenzi imali ezweni, futhi wakhonza njengephayona indinganiso kokuhlaziywa ingcebo nomphakathi.
• Dollar futhi Pound Sterling - kanye nokusetshenziswa igolide ekukhuleni komnotho wezwe lemali US kanye unit British yethulwa.
• Ukufaka inani lemakethe zegolide kwamiswa ngesisekelo ukubaluleka ezisemthethweni United States.
• zezimali National kungenziwa ngokukhululekile umklomelo zamaRandi yasebhange wezwe emaphakathi, bese ngegolide. Lokhu exchange nomthelela kungenzeka nemizana kubasekeli phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili.

Ngenxa buthakathaka isikhundla sangaphandle emakethe US ngenxa Ukuwohloka yegolide kuleli zwe, lo international uhlelo yemali kanye nezakhi zalo, eyayisekelwe lokuma dollar, wahlupheka ezikweletini. Esikhundleni dollar wafika lwemali reserve - uphawu isiJalimane, le SDR, ECU ne-yen Japanese, futhi intengo dollar zegolide kukhanselwe ngokusemthethweni.