Imithetho inzuzo nokukhulisa. izimo Inzuzo nokukhulisa

I inzuzo kuyinto ngenjongo iyiphi usomabhizinisi, ucabangela ukuthi ukukala ukusebenza umsebenti wetemnotfo. Abakhiqizi uhlose ukukhulisa yi zezimali, okuyinto kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi: izindleko, ivolumu ukukhiqizwa, inani imithombo, futhi inhlanganisela yawo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko zezomnotho ngesikhathi inkampani - ekutholeni ivolumu lapho imiphumela yezezimali kuyoba egculisayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuzomele ulandele imithetho inzuzo nokukhulisa, okuncike isilinganiso semali engenayo abekelwe emaceleni kanye nezindleko.

Imali engenayo kanye inzuzo

Lwezezimali imithombo okusalayo at anawo kwamabhizinisi ngemuva kokubanjwa kwanoma ezomnotho izindleko kwemali engenayo, kufanisa ezinzuzweni. Intengo imikhiqizo kanye nenani kunomthelela oqonde ngqo inani lemali engenayo noma semali isiyonke (TR). Lokho nomholo (P) ibhizinisi umehluko phakathi TR futhi TC, lapho TC - bemibono (inani) izindleko.

Efanisa izibalo okwedlulele engenayo kanye nezindleko, sithola amanani angalingani inzuzo:

• nge ngalo mbandela wokuba leyo TP> TC inzuzo ngenhla 0;
• uma, kunalokho, TR
• uma TR = TC ke P = 0 (isimo lapho inkampani ayenzi inzuzo, kodwa engatheli umonakalo).

Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla (izimpahla namasevisi), isihloko ivame ukwandisa inzuzo kwezomnotho. Inzuzo nokukhulisa - kwencazelo elikhulu ivolumu ukukhiqizwa lezi zinto.

Ukunqunywa lemali elilungile

Kukhona 2 tindlelanchubo ukuhlonza inani mikhiqizo / amasevisi lapho umsebenzi ezomnotho inhlangano zizosebenza. izimo Inzuzo nokukhulisa:

1. Khiqiza imikhiqizo kangangokuthi umehluko phakathi indices of TP TC ifinyelela inani layo esiphezulu.
2. Lapho eqhathanisa amagugu nokukhawulela isivuno (MP) kanye nezindleko (MS) kumele ubambe ukulingana kwazo.

Ukuqonda yesibili isimo, kubalulekile ukuba khumbula noma ufunde incazelo abekelwe emaceleni izindleko kanye engenayo.

Revenue Asemphethweni Imifanekiso kanye nezindleko

ngenzuzo Asemphethweni - ezengeziwe (extra) umphumela inkampani kusukela ukudayiswa ngamunye iyunithi ezengeziwe lezimpahla. Lokho Okushiwo kunqunywa MR isilinganiso semali isiyonke (ΔTR) okwengeziwe kudedelwa enhle - okuhle / isevisi (ΔV).

Asemphethweni izindleko ukucacisa kakhulu kangakanani intando isidingo ukusebenzisa izinsiza kukhishwe ezengeziwe iyunithi okukhiphayo.

Okusho ukuthi, ngamunye iyunithi ezengeziwe lezimpahla, izindleko abekelwe emaceleni okuyinto esingaphansi umkhawulo imali, kumele kwenziwe njengoba ngayinye iyunithi efana ithengiswe, inkampani uzothola imali mkhulu izindleko imithombo. Uma MP = MS Kufanele uyeke ukwanda umthamo ngoba ezifana ukulingana kufinyelelwe aphakeme inkampani inzuzo. izimo Inzuzo nokukhulisa ifinyelelwe.

ukunciphisa ukulahleka

okuxoxwe Ngaphambili nemibandela inzuzo nokukhulisa, okuyinto abathola isahlulelo lapho okukhiphayo elikhulu, nika omunye umphumela. Okusho ukuthi, uma ngokuqinile efanayo ukucacisa elilungile umthamo production, abese esebenzisa leyo lokuqala noma isimo yesibili, inani elifanayo ukubaluleka ifinyelelwe.

Phezu ukuthola kwezomnotho abakhiqizi ukulahlekelwa futhi baye Ukusetha ivolumu zokukhiqiza lapho ukulahlekelwa ephansi. Lokhu kungenzeka ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi umehluko phakathi izindleko Imininingwane nemali engenayo kuyoba esincane.

Ukunciphisa ukulahleka lenkampani kuba yipumelelo lokha zinyanga unit price ivolumu ekhiqizwa kulingana izindleko onganakiwe. Kodwa intengo kumele singeqi isilinganiso Imininingwane izindleko (ATC) futhi kufanele ingaphezulu kuka variable izindleko (ABC). Ngaphansi mncintiswano ephelele, lapho umenzi akakwazi ezithinta ukubaluleka izimpahla, MR (umholo abekelwe emaceleni) okulingana intengo (P) per unit. Khona-ke MR = MC = P uma ABC

Intengo emakethe futhi izindleko isilinganiso

Ngakho-ke, kokubusa inzuzo nokukhulisa kwezimo abasebenza ngaphansi kwazo ephelele mncintiswano libhekene ukulingana MR = MC = P. Esikhathini kwesibalo intengo livela, okuyinto kufanele kuqhathaniswa izindleko for the isizinda inzuzo kwezomnotho.

Izindleko Isilinganiso (AC) kuchazwa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali sina okukhiphayo. Eza ezintathu izinhlobo:

• ATS - okwedlulele;
• ABC - variable;
• APS - unomphela.

Ukufaneleka kwemali ekhokhwayo ngemali:

1. P> ATC - kunjalo lapho inzuzo kwezomnotho kule nkampani. izimo inzuzo nokukhulisa kukhona yokuthi izimali ezingenhla izindleko.
2. P = PBX. Le nkampani ihlanganisa izindleko zalo, hhayi inzuzo yemali.
3. P
4. ABC

Inzuzo ku nemibandela mncintiswano abangaphelele

Esimweni emakethe lapho abakhiqizi ungalawula intengo, funa kuyehla, bese imithetho inzuzo nokukhulisa zinjalo. Ngaphambi nomkhiqizi uphakamisa lo mbuzo: ukwehlisa intengo noma ukunciphisa okukhiphayo.

Kodwa nge mncintiswano abangaphelele, kulapho yokuthengisa, ephansi intengo lezimpahla, futhi ngamunye iyunithi esingeziwe okukhipha okuthengiswa ngemali ephansi. Okungukuthi ukuba ethengisa i eyengeziwe iyunithi, nomkhiqizi kunciphisa intengo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, idala umphumela ukwanda yokuthengisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkampani lisheshe ngoba abathengi akhokhe kancane.

Ukulahlekelwa Isihlobo kunciphisa ngenzuzo abekelwe emaceleni (MR), okuyinto akufani njengoba intengo ukudayiswa. Izindlela inzuzo nokukhulisa ngaphansi ephelele futhi, kunalokho, umncintiswano abangaphelele evame MR = MC. Kodwa esimweni ngasinye has izici zayo siqu, okungase kubhekwe ekuhloleni abangaphelele izinhlobo umncintiswano emakethe.

Inzuzo ngaphansi ayitholwa

Imakethe lapho umakhi ethengisa izimpahla abangenaso amasampula efanayo neqoqo ezifanayo izici ubizwa ngokuthi esinakho. I nokungabikhona kokuncintisana - isimo eyinhloko esinakho. Ekusebenteni, ikakhulukazi ezingeni global kanye kazwelonke, ezifana imodeli emakethe akuvamile, kodwa kwenzeka ezingeni lendawo.

Ohlukile umkhiqizo uphoqelekile ukuba wenze umthengi ukuthenga ngemali ephansi setha ngumkhiqizi noma ukuphuma kuso. Kodwa uma intengo siphezulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke amandla okuthenga kuzoncishiswa. Ngakho-ke, umgomo we monopolist ukukhulisa inzuzo akuyona kuphela ekutholweni ivolumu, kodwa futhi ukusungulwa intengo kwezimpahla, lapho yonke imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ibhizinisi siyogcwaliseka.

Ukuze yamazinga aphezulu okungabi inzuzo isimo saziso: P> MR = MC. Okokuqala, ukulingana owaziwa MR = MC ngokuqinile ayitholwa usetha lemali kahle ukukhululwa ezinhle, bese uqhathanisa umkhawulo imali ukuze intengo, linikeza ukubaluleka ezothando P> MR.

Inzuzo ngaphansi oligopoly

Idlanzana izinkampani ezinkulu ukuncintisana nomunye, kuyisici sobuntu i oligopoly. Ubuhlobo obuseduze amafemu kuthinta ukuziphatha kwabo ukubeka amanani. Isu izimbangi '- factor eliyisisekelo ekunqumeni izinzuzo kanye umthamo okukhipha amanani.

Njengoba emakethe isakhiwo uhlobo engathathi isinyathelo kwesibalo MR = MC, lapho okungukuthi elilungile lemali kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu inzuzo litholakala. Inzuzo nokukhulisa ngaphansi oligopoly:

• kwamangqamuzana umkhiqizo;
• eseqophelweni;
• design esiyingqayizivele;
• ngokwenza ngcono ukusebenza.

esikhathini eside

Ekusebenzisweni inzuzo ngokuhamba iDemo ethulwa sibonile ezibonelweni ezingenhla. Ukuze eside, kukhona inzuzo izici ukwanda:

• isici isikhathi;
• amathuba ukuvela amabhizinisi amasha noma, kunalokho, ukunciphisa zabo;
• intengo ushintsho.

Isimo lapho ukubaluleka izimpahla ngenhla avareji Imininingwane izindleko (ATC), ukuheha izimbangi amasha umkhakha. Nokho, ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi amafemu kuholela ekwandeni umthamo izimpahla emakethe, futhi lokhu kuyindlela oqondile ukunciphisa amanani, elehla ezingeni ATS. Ukwesaba incurring ukulahlekelwa kuphumele i outflow izinkampani abasuka, futhi ithuthukisa umkhuba reverse.

Falling amanani kuholela zokulinganiswa we-gross engenayo kuze ezingeni izindleko isamba, inani net iholo liyancipha, kodwa ezimali inzuzo yaqhubeka iba ngcono. Lokhu kuvumela izinkampani ukuqhubeka nokusebenza esikhathini eside ngaphandle kokushintsha ukukhiqizwa, ekunyukeni ngokufunwa, okuzokwenza ukudweba a rise in amanani bese udala nemibandela inzuzo nokukhulisa: P> ATC.

Esimeni umkhakha esibonakala by izindleko ezikhulayo, kuhlukile: kuvele kubadumaze amabhizinisi amasha ngiqome imikhiqizo yabo emakethe, uma intengo ukulahlekelwa. Endabeni kokusetha intengo ephakeme kunaleyo izindleko isilinganiso Imininingwane nokuqinisekisa funa ezinzile, kukhona wonke amathuba ukugcwalisa imithetho inzuzo nokukhulisa.