Inethiwekhi Thermal: ukwakhiwa, ukulungisa kanye nokusebenza kwemithetho

Ukusatshalaliswa kanye ezokuthutha kokupholisayo phakathi abasebenzisi kwenzeka inethiwekhi ekhethekile ezishisayo. Kuyinto esinye sezici eyinhloko yonke isakhiwo ngezidingo. On ukuthi isebenza kanjani, encike ngqo kwi nokwethenjelwa ukudluliswa izinga. Pipelines ukushisa amanethiwekhi - ungeyena izakhi kuphela isakhiwo. Ngaphandle kwalezi, futhi kuhlanganisa ezihlukahlukene izindawo. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa mpintsha futhi futha iziteshi, ukushisa amaphuzu.

isakhiwo

Ukushisisa inethiwekhi esekelwe eyodwa ukunikezela scheme, oyiyo ihlukaniswe yaba amazinga ezimbili: kwamakhamera ocingo ikota (district). Eyokuqala siqukethe izici yokuxhuma imithombo ukushisa wasendaweni (rayon) netindzima ukusatshalaliswa kubasebenzisi bokugcina. Ezimweni eziningi basuke looped tubing (ubukhulu 500-1400 mm) kanye nezakhiwo zobunjiniyela. Lezi zici zitholakala kulo lonke idolobha enikeze ukuthembeka ukuwudlulisa ikhono ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo ukusetshenziswa. Ngenxa ngokwahlukana lula kakhulu ekusebenzeni ukushisa amanethiwekhi. Ngokwesibonelo, dala ukulawula izikimu ezahlukene ukuthi ukwandisa nokwethenjelwa yokusebenza okwandisa izinga ukunikezela. Design kanye ukufakwa ukushisa supply amanethiwekhi we izinhlobo ezinkulu zenziwe ikhumbula ukungasebenzi kungenzeka kwanoma iyiphi isici Subsea. Kule ndaba, lusekelwa izibopho. Basuke exhunywe kwi-imithombo ukushisa supply. Nale ndlela kudala ukuphathwa enobunye. It uyakwazi kahle ahlinzeke ukusebenza kushiwo imibuso ezishisayo kanye wokubacindezela. Lapho lo msebenzi wenziwa ngisho ngaphansi kombandela ukwehluleka omunye izakhi zalo (kokunikeza umthombo, amagatsha umugqa). kokupholisayo ukusatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwalezi zimo isifika ngokuyimpumelelo, encishisiwe ukudluliswa ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yalokho, fuel Umnotho siyenzeka.

ukuphathwa

Imigomo amanethiwekhi ezishisayo zihlanganisa khona yezici ezithile, nge okuyinto isakhiwo control. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa izindlela ukukhiya - esangweni. Ngosizo lwabo jikelele inethiwekhi ukushisa kuhlukaniswe ehlukene. Imiphumela valve evumela zihlanganisa (vimbela) umugqa encane izingxenye futhi wahlela kwi ukudonsa kanye nobunzima esiteshini. amadivaysi eziningi zanamuhla zinama-drive kagesi. Basuke etholakala cishe njalo onguthelawayeka 1-3 km. Jikelele ukuphathwa inethiwekhi kufaka umbuso ukulawula kanye isimo timphawu tesakhiwo, ekuvimbeleni eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa kungenzeka. Ekuvikeleni amanzi okhanda e amaphuzu endawo lo mvimbo setha idivayisi ekhethekile.

District bafudumale inethiwekhi. Izici

Lezi netakhi branched uhlelo abayizimpumputhe. Basuke exhunywe kwi-Ukushisa iyunithi. Ilawulwa kokubili mathupha futhi imodi ezizimele. isakhiwo esinjalo has a ububanzi of 400 mm, Ngakho-ke ukuphazamiseka supply abathengi nge energy ezishisayo ngenxa ngokwehluleka lenethiwekhi kubhekwa eyamukelekayo. Nokho, ngenxa jikelele idivayisi ukunikezela wesifunda uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka ke ehlupheka kuphela ingxenye encane abasebenzisi bokugcina. Ukulungiswa Ukushisa amanethiwekhi kulokhu akuthathi isikhathi esiningi. Amaphuzu okuyothi ngalo yenethiwekhi ingena ohlelweni ezenzakalelayo. Lokhu kuvumela ukonga bachitha energy ezishisayo.

Ukuxhumeka amapayipi

Ixhuma amanethiwekhi ukusatshalaliswa ohlelweni jikelele kwenzeka kusetshenziswa amaphampu noma labathaki bamafutha (ukuxuba-isiyingi), okungenani ngokusebenzisa amanzi ashisayo. Isicelo yokugcina kwenza uhlelo nezimo nethembekile. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa wokubacindezela ngokwahlukana izindlela isiqu nokusatshalaliswa izinhlelo. Inkampani yenethiwekhi ngokufaka inethiwekhi ezivamile ezivela emithonjeni ehlukene ungaba okushisa ahlukene okwedlula lokho okunikwa kakade iphayiphi. supply system ifakwe amaphampu, ukuzehlukanisa wokubacindezela ngakususi olayini izikimu wokusabalalisa. Ngenxa yalokho, nzima ukulawula abafanele alamu kwimodi. Kulokhu, kuba nokwenzeka ukuba balondoloze futha ezimele nge inethiwekhi ukusatshalaliswa izimo isiyingi bese lokushisa ukuthi zehluke backbone.

Split-level umbono kohlelo

Isikimu ezinkulu isakhiwo inethiwekhi ezishisayo unohlobo ezimbili-level. Phezulu imelelwa onguthelawayeka indandatho. Dedani legatsha wakhe ukushisa yasesiFundeni. Indlela ngokujoyina esetshenziswa abavamile. Endabeni ka ukwehluleka umugqa ingxenye lapho heater unamathele, abasebenzisi ekupheleni beswela energy ezishisayo. Eduze iphuzu abasebenzisi K uxhumeke nge izinhlelo zendawo - sezingeni leliphasi.

ukuthengisela redundant

The backbone of abezindaba ukungena CHP futhi kubhayela wesifunda. Kulokhu kungenzeka ukuqaliswa supply inqubo yokusekelayo uma zokugwema ukuphuka of omunye amaphuzu Ukushisa ophansi. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokubeka kuwebhu yokuxhuma ku ukugeleza futhi ukubuya. Kumiswa isiqalo nesigcino lezi zinto is ngudokotela oyedwa annular Ukushisa inethiwekhi. I ububanzi esivezwa izici conductive izinhlelo ibalwa ngendlela ezifana ukuqinisekisa edingekayo komkhawulokudonsa abezindaba, ngisho nasezimweni eziphuthumayo. Esitebeleni ikhanya kokupholisayo kushukumisa bonke inethiwekhi Ukushisa iphayiphi. Kulokhu, ukusetshenziswa jumper ilahlekelwa nencazelo yalo. Ukuze ekusetshenzisweni ngokugcwele amabhuloho futhi ukunciphisa kokupholisayo Ukushisa izindleko usebenzisa indlela "ithule". Kulokhu, kukhona ukugqagqana ephelele Jumpers. Ukuvula webs Kwenziwa kuphela lapho izakhi inethiwekhi zokugwema ukuphuka ezishisayo.

ukushisa amapayipi amanethiwekhi

Ngu lezi zinto kwenziwe yenethiwekhi ukunyakaza, okuyinto ethatha njengoba amanzi. Heat amapayipi efakwe aboveground futhi ngaphansi komhlaba. Esimweni sokuqala, gasket has eziningi eziwusizo: ukuphila inkonzo kakhudlwana, kulula ukulawula isimo uhlelo, kufinyeleleka inkinga. Nokho, ukufakwa ngenhla-umhlabathi ukushisa umqhubi nemibandela emadolobheni nasemazweni anamuhla cishe akunakwenzeka ngenxa ukulinganiselwa yezakhiwo. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, iningi izinhlelo - ngomshoshaphansi. Ukufaka amapayipi enjalo wakhipha iziteshi ekhethekile.

babafundisa ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe

ukuhlolwa ezishisayo amanethiwekhi ezishisayo abazenzi kuqaliswe ngaphambi kokuqala komsebenzi. izakhi Kufakiwe zigcwele amanzi ashisayo ngaphansi kwamazinga ahlukahlukene okushisa. Uketshezi ke kukhishelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe phakathi nokuphila kwaso. Ngenxa yalokho odongeni ipayipi amathonya yangaphakathi ukushintsha, ekhishwa lesi simo ukufaka amapayipi compensators. Ababili ekupheleni ingxenye fixedly kuvikelwe ukuba izisekelo. Beka phakathi compensator. piping Lwekwengeta fixedly kuvikelwe emhlabeni edlulisela ukushisa, kanjalo iphampa. Wenziwe elokususa umthwalo olunikezwa lokushisa ukusonteka. Ezisekelweni ezibekwe emakamelweni ekhethekile noma iziteshi. Komsele Amapayipi babeka ukusekelwa ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. Ukuze ngokuqhubekayo nokuqapha isimo izinhlelo lakhiwa indawana ekhethekile ngomshoshaphansi. Basuke ezibekwe valve ahlukahlukene, abakhwabanisi valve, emoyeni valve futhi ukunwetshwa amalunga omzimba. Kwezinye izimo (isibonelo, lapho ububanzi yokuphakela amanzi angaphezu kuka-500 mm) for the test amanethiwekhi ezishisayo kanye inkonzo ngokunethezeka phezu amakhamera phansi eyakhelwe emadokodweni. Indawo izikhungo kanye iziteshi uzotshala senzeka emakhiweni wahlomisa ngokukhethekile.

Ukukhethwa elilungile ukushisa amanethiwekhi

Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo lenqwaba Amacebo Ukushisa izinhlelo nezindlela ukufakwa yabo. Ngakho-ke, lapho besanda design it is ecabangela izindlela eziningana. Ukuqhathanisa zonke izimo kungenzeka, ukukhiqiza izibalo lobuchwepheshe kanye nezomnotho, ukhethe okungenani inketho abizayo nge izici engcono. Ngokusho la izibalo ke kunqunywa ubukhulu izici esetshenziswa, ukwahlukanisa izinto ukushuba yabo, amandla efakwe amaphampu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko kwemibiko Kwenziwa ukuze kwakhiwe noma kulungiswe umqhubi ukushisa ekulahlekeni ukushisa ngesikhathi sokudlulisa umthombo kumthengi.

Russian ukushisa supply system

bexhashazwa kakhulu okwamanje Ukushisa amanethiwekhi eRussia ezakhiwa eSoviet Union ngaleso sikhathi, ulandelwe ngokuwa ezezimali ngesikhathi zikusakaza kanye nokubuyekeza ukushisa amapayipi akhona liye lehla kakhulu. Siye okwamiswa ngalo ukuba wenza amasheke ukuphila kwabahlala kuwo amasistimu esikhundleni sabo njalo, ukulawula isimo kuphinde kusenze sibe buthaka. Isimo jikelele nge ukushisa amanethiwekhi kuleli zwe saqala ukwehla ngokushesha. Ezimweni ukonga eningi waqala ekunqabeni nezidingo izinga walezinto asetshenziswe zikusakaza izinhlelo ekhona. Savings kuholele nokuncipha intengo imisebenzi, okuyinto abathintekayo umphumela izinga yabo. Eyakhelwe eminyakeni uhlelo kwadingeka kwempilo aphansi futhi zidinga okuphindaphindiwe esikhundleni kungakapheli iminyaka 5-7. Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi inani izinkinga kuholele ekwenyukeni e nomthamo abezimo eziphuthumayo. Heat ukulahleka naphakathi ukudluliswa kulinganiswa ngaphakathi 20-50% nomkhiqizo Imininingwane esikhathini Ukushisa 30 ku-70% - ehlobo. Lezi zinombolo idlule ngo izikhathi eziningana imithetho yamukelwa amazwe athuthukile yeYurophu.