Kanjani uhlelo yasebhange wezwe: ukwakheka kwazo, imisebenzi ukuthuthukiswa

Uhlelo yasebhange - isethi lokulawula credit izikhungo ezisebenza ngaphansi indlela eyodwa. Isici esiyinhloko kuba Bank of Russia (CBR). Imisebenzi yonke isakhiwo kulawulwa uMthetho "Ngo Amabhange Banking Umsebenzi".

izinhlobo

Ingqikithi uhlelo yasebhange, ngenhloso yokudala kwakhona ku ekuqongeleleni imali ezisalayo kanye isizinda inzuzo ngokusebenzisa ukutshalwa kwezimali. Le nqubo ibizwa eyenziwa emazingeni eziningana.

Izinhlobo zezimiso:

• Duplex;
• monobankovskaya;
• uhlelo yonkana.

Ngo emazweni asethuthukile, isimiso ezimbili abaphuma. It libhekene khona umlamuli ngaphakathi the bombo of Central Bank futhi silalele commercial credit izikhungo e ezingeni lesibili. Kodwa kunokuningi okungakhulunywanga ngakho. E-Fulansi, isilawuli umsebenzi wenza Ministry of Finance. Ongaphansi kuye konke amabhange, kuhlanganise Central Bank. I-US usebenza uhlelo lwayo endlalekile, lapho Imisebenzi esemqoka Federal Reserve System. Ngesikhathi kubusa amaSoviet isinyathelo monobankovskaya isikimu. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlelo yasebhange yezwe namuhla.

umlawuli

Central Bank of the Russian Federation sidalwe ngesimo inhlangano esemthethweni, kodwa akanawo isimiso futhi hhayi kulawulwa iziphathimandla zentela. Kungaba ukukhipha imali, ahoxiswe, ukukhulula imali yamaphepha entsha. Inzuzo isikhungo iqondiswe ekwakhekeni izinqolobane, izimali idluliselwe isabelomali. Imithombo engenayo:

• izinzuzo ku ukwabelana;
• Isithakazelo engenayo loans kanye imali;
• inzuzo kusukela imisebenzi nge izinsimbi eziyigugu, amalungelo ezinkampani, nezinye izibambiso, nabanye.

Izinjongo umsebenzi yilezi:

• inhlangano kohlelo yasebhange;
• ukuqinisekisa nokusimama lwemali kazwelonke (amandla wokuthenga we Yiqiniso);
• ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle uhlelo.

Instruments:

• amazinga wokusebenza Central Bank sika;
• izidingo reserve;
• refinancing;
• isilawuli exchange;
• umumo zokukhula yemali.

Ngaphansi komthetho, inhlokodolobha ogunyaziwe umlamuli nezinye izimpahla zayo impahla kahulumeni. I Bank of Russia kuphela bachithe kubo. Umbuso Central Bank obangela zalowo nomunye.

Isitho obuphakeme Central Bank - eBhodini Labaqondisi, ebheka isiqondiso sikhungo. Siqukethe usihlalo namalungu 12 Central Bank. Bank of Republic, okuyizinto indawo amagatsha Umlawuli akakwazi ukukhipha iziqinisekiso, ukuzibophezela ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhodi.

Amabhange zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili amakhulu: izinhlangano commercial futhi okungezona ebhange credit izikhungo. Nakhu ukuthi ukwakha uhlelo yasebhange ezweni ngo ezingeni lokuqala.

izikhungo commercial

Injongo ukuba khona credit izikhungo - ukuthola inzuzo. Ukuze wenze imisebenzi kumele uthole ilayisense kusukela Regulator. zikhungo kungadalwa amafomu ahlukene impahla: omphakathi, azimele, kamasipala, njll ...

Amabhange Unelungelo ukwenza imisebenzi elandelayo:

• ukuheha ezifakwa ngabanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho;
• ukwaba izimali egameni lalo;
• ukwenza izinkokhelo egameni besithathu;
• sifeze inkonzo iqoqo;
• ekuzuzeni;
• livule futhi ligcine akhawunti;
• ukukhipha iziqinisekiso nokunye. d.

Amabhange kungenziwa ukuboleka nomunye, afeze izibalo ngokusebenzisa akhawunti elihambisana nokwenza ukuthengiselana ukuthi ingangqubuzani umthetho. Credit izikhungo emhlabeni wonke alungele ukunikela amakhasimende ethu mayelana 200 izinhlobo zamasevisi. Kodwa uMthetho "Ngo Amabhange Banking Umsebenzi" wanithwesa ukuvinjelwa zozine: kwezohwebo, izimboni, umshwalense, okunguye yedwa. Ngaphansi yokugcina libhekisela imisebenzi okuhloswe ngaso nokukhawula mncintiswano.

A sesikweletu Awukwazi uqobo ukushintsha amanani ukubolekisa, imali, elithi yesivumelwano. On imali nokubaluleka ikhasimende ziyothathwa ngokusebenzisa inkantolo. Izinhlawulo zenziwa kuphela ngesisekelo esiphezulu amadokhumenti, ukwephucwa - ngesisekelo okuyinto sacala kusebenta ka sinqumo senkantolo.

nonbanks

Lokhu zokuthenga ngesikweletu ukuthi angafeza uhlobo oluthile imisebenzi. Lezi zihlanganisa inhlangano:

• ukubolekisa oluvelele;

• ukugcina amagugu;

• ukuthengisa impahla ngamasimu.

Iphendula umbuzo kanjani ukwakha uhlelo yasebhange ezweni namuhla, singasho ukuthi liqukethe amazinga amathathu. Ngaphezu Central Bank kanye izikhungo bezentengiselwano ukuhanjiswa kwezimali abathintekayo izinkampani zomshuwalense, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye sempesheni, nezinye izinhlangano zezimali. Nakhu ukuthi ukwakha uhlelo yasebhange wezwe.

izimiso womsebenzi

1. Ukusebenza ngaphakathi imithombo ekhona, ngempela. Isithakazelo engenayo loans kanye imali iyona esemqoka kodwa akuwona wodwa owumthombo wenjabulo inzuzo ebhange. Endaweni ye-inflation, endaweni enenzuzo kakhulu kuyinto uhwebo emakethe. Bank dolobha ikhuthaza ukufunisela. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukuhlela Kwenziwa ngesisekelo izimali langempela ephakanyiswe.
2. Isibopho ukusebenza. Uhlelo yasebhange emnothweni has umsebenzi obalulekile - ukwaba kabusha imali phakathi imikhakha. Credit izikhungo bakhululekile ukukhetha amaklayenti abo ezindaweni utshalomali. Kodwa bonke amabhange ukuhlangabezana izibopho azithathele izindlela zabo, okuyinto nalokuvalelwa isigwebo.
3. Inhlangano lobudlelwane lamakhasimende nezimo zezimakethe. Ukunika ukubolekisa, iBhange iholwa izinkomba of impahla ibe yimali, ukwenza inzuzo kanye nokukwazi ingozi.
4. WokuLawula imisebenzi eyenziwa kuphela izindlela engaqondile. izenzo State kanye zomthetho yisisekelo ukusebenza, kodwa cha bizela imigomo kanye nemisebenzi.

Banking kanye neluhlelo lwetimali namuhla

Eminyakeni yamuva, izikhungo credit avame ukuba evulekile. Ngenisa ubuchwepheshe yesimanje (ibhange lokukhokha izinhlelo, ama-credit card, ibhange i-client-t. H.), izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene imali. Kodwa ngokuya kwezomnotho ezingeni yentuthuko kohlelo eRussia lags ngemuva izwe.

Ngo isakhiwo izinkampani utshalomali bathole nengxenye encane imalimboleko - 8-10% (Japan - 65%, i-EU - 42-45%, USA - 40%). akhawunti yasebhange 25% abaseRussia, futhi ikhadi plastic isebenzisa% 10 kuphela. Emazweni entshonalanga, cishe sonke sabantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-18 ine-akhawunti, futhi 1-2 credit cards.

Umbuzo ukugcwaliswa esifundeni uhlala amasevisi oyingozi. The main Russian ohlelweni Banking is bagxila kule ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Ukuze uthole mortgage noma loan imoto ezingxenyeni yasenyakatho naseningizimu yezwe can amabhange kahulumeni kuphela.

Izizathu ezingeni eliphansi ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo zimi kanje:

• isimo akusho ukunaka kakhulu kulo mkhakha;
• Izinga eliphansi imali emnothweni;
• nokwentuleka kwezingqalasizinda services yasebhange;
• ingxenye enkulu yemali engukheshe ekhokhiwe okwenziwa ngaphandle ohlelweni Banking;
• ukuntuleka ukuvikelwa eyanele kusukela wombuso.

"Bankopad» 2015

National Ibhange System njengoba of 01.01.2016 kuhlanganisa 681 sesikweletu. Bhalisiwe izinhlangano 947, kodwa 266 babo Ubuyise ilayisensi. Kuqhathaniswa 2015, inani amabhange lancipha amayunithi 102. Abahlaziyi ukubikezela ukuthi eminyakeni 2-3 lesi sibalo izomashela 500.

Naphezu esibucayi, ngesilinganiso 'yokuhlanza' wemboni akuyona ngokuwa. I loudest ngonyaka odlule bekulokhu ukubuyekeza yelayisensi ngesikhathi "Ezokuthutha" non-ukuhambisana nemithetho kahulumeni. Umthamo izinkokhelo DIA balinganiselwa ku irekhodi ruble 39 bhiliyoni.

Inani amabhange eRussia idlula izidingo emnothweni wesifundazwe. Cishe amakhaya angu 96% izenzo zezwe kucinisekiswe izikhungo 200 phezulu. I share izinhlangano amancane namanje 481 uwela 3.5% kwempahla. Uma nje isimo somnotho ingakuthuthukisi, ngesikhathi amabhange amancane ngeke unezinkinga zezimali kanye nokusentshenziswa kwe amazinga. Izinketho ukubhekana ezimbili kuphela: ukuthengisa izimpahla noma ushiye i kabusha.

Kunzima ukuthola zimali

Amabhange abafisa ukuhlala emakethe, okuningi. Kanye abathengi. Inkinga wukuthi izindleko yombono zombili izinhlangothi kuyahlukahluka. Ngemuva kokufaka inombolo unswinyo zimali Western njalo ngincipha. Manje ngifuna nozakwethu Ephakathi futhi eMpumalanga Ekude izimakethe.

Umsebenzi uhlelo yasebhange ukuze kube kuhle ngezithukuthuku izikhungo 300. Inhlangano kwenyanga yesine kule simo zamakhulu wezithunjwa, ukukhonza kuphela isibalo amabhizinisi. Ngomqondo ongokoqobo kungukuthi bazibandakanya emsebenzini owodwa owenziwe yasebhange.

Imiphumela 2015

Zonke ngonyaka odlule, amabhange baye bazama ukugcina nenzuzo. Kodwa akubona bonke baye baphumelela. Ngisho abalingiswa abayinhloko kule emakethe baye babonisa ukulahlekelwa irekhodi. Njengoba nje labantu libona ukuthi baphathe ezifakwa kule Savings Bank of the (pre-ushintsho ruble ngamaRandi), izikhungo credit kubhekene nezinkinga zezimali.

Mayelana Ngokuwa ruble, iphothifoliyo loan kwehle ngo-0.7% ngenxa ikota I 2015, zigcine - by 7,6%, imbuyiselo zaba ingqikithi ruble 6 billion. Yokusindisa ukuphila unyakaziswa Central Bank, eyethula impumuzo zokulawula. Ngenxa yalokho, i-share umlamuli kusho e nezikweletu amabhange 'ekupheleni April safinyelela irekhodi okusezingeni eliphezulu - 10.4%. Yezefundo Usungula nesabelo sokubolekwayo kabusha ngaso isikimu oyithandayo.

Eyesibili elithile ukwesekwa - ofeleba ezingeziwe namabhange ngokwandisa ruble 830 billion. OFZ isikimu. Uhlelo wathola engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka, ngakho ukusebenza kwalo ngempela angafakwa esikalini kuphela ekupheleni 2016-th. Kodwa ukumnika avunyelwe amabhange ukuba silondoloze dolobha nokwanela okungu futhi ubuyise izinqolobane ezingeni lokuqala. Khokhela Ukusekela kwakukukhulu ukuzinikela hhayi ukwandisa izindleko FOP futhi ukuthi ubeke umkhawulo izinzuzo iminyaka emithathu. izenzo CB basiza ekwandiseni share imali nge 0.7%, imali - by 10.9% kanye inzuzo ruble 265 billion.

Izinkinga lomcoka 2015

Inkinga eyinhloko - ukunciphisa umthengi abolekise ngama-12% uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhula elisonyakeni walo odlule 8.9%. Ngenxa yalokho, aye awela kuso iqembu amabhange ukuthi ezikhethekile kuphela emalini ebolekwe okungaphephile. Esigxotsheni 6 izikhungo ngobukhulu zaba 10% wesikweletu okudayisa kanye 20% imali embi. inkinga amafa abo inkomba (15%) izikhathi 2 kunangendlela isilinganiso ohlelweni (9%). Ukubuyisela izikhundla amabhange kuyodingeka babuyekeze lezo zinto ezidinga ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo jikelele.

isithiyo Okungalindelekile wayebuye ngokuwa kwenkampani "Transaero", iye efunde ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-250 izikweletu. izinkinga zayo amanga emahlombe ababolekisi kabani ukulahlekelwa uma ucabanga esiphathiswa emoyeni uzokwenza izigidigidi ruble. Okwakhona emkhakheni wezamabhizinisi kulindeleke ngo-2016. Zonke imikhakha yezomnotho wahlushwa funa aphansi. Amathemba ifake isandla ekubuyiselweni kwalo ngo-2016, cishe ayikho.