I-Federal Reserve System

I-Federal Reserve System (FRS), eyasungulwa ngo-1913, imelela ngandlela-thile ukuhlanganiswa okungavamile kwezakhiwo zebhange kanye nezimele ezizimele.

Njengoba uhlelo lwebhange oluyinhloko olulawula amabhange e-United States, lwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko njengempendulo ochungechungeni lwamaphangi asebhange ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ikakhulukazi inkinga enkulu ye-1907. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindima nemithwalo yemfanelo yayo yanda, isakhiwo sathuthuka. Ezinye izenzakalo, ikakhulukazi Ukucindezeleka Okukhulu, yizici ezaholela ekushintsheni kuyo.

I-Federal Reserve ivela emlandweni wezezimali nezesikweletu eziye zahlelwa kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 futhi zasebenza njengebhange eliphakathi. Lokhu kuyinqubo yegolide yomthethosisekelo, amabhange ase-First and Second US, i-Independent Treasury, i-National Banking System, i -Clearing House Association, iNational Reserve Association. Ukubhangeka eMelika kwakungelula nakancane noma, kunalokho, kungathembeki. Ibhange lokuqala nelesibili kwakuyizithunywa ezisemthethweni zeMgcinimafa wase-US, eyakhishwa futhi igcina imali esemthethweni. Zonke ezinye izakhiwo zaphathwa yizizwe noma amaqembu azimele. Ibhange ngalinye likhishwe amabhange akhe. Izikhungo zomphakathi nezizimele ziphikisana phakathi kwazo. Abantu abahamba kuleli zwe babengazi kahle ukuthi bangayithola yini imali kusuka kunoma yiliphi ibhange elithile endaweni eyodwa noma enye. Njengoba ukwanda kwabantu, umsebenzi omkhulu wezomnotho wamabhange, nezinhlobo zemali, kwakukhona okungaphezulu okwakusongela izinkathazo kuzo zonke izinhlelo zezimali.

Ngo-1863, iCongress yamukela umthetho wokuqala kumabhange kazwelonke, ihlinzekela uhlelo olulawulwayo lwemabhange kazwelonke olunezinga eliphakeme lemithombo yebhizinisi kanye namabhizinisi kunamabhange asehulumeni. Umthetho wasungula amazinga okusebenza, ngokusho kwabo kwakunqunywe ukuthi ingakanani imali engatholakala kumabhange, nokuthi kufanele asebenze kanjani imali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho wabeka intela yezingxenye ezingu-10 emalini asebhange, ngaleyo ndlela iphumelele ekuqedeni imali engeyona federal evela ekusakazweni.

I-Federal Reserve System, njengoba ihlelwe ku-Federal Reserve Act, eyaqala ukusebenza ngoDisemba 1913, yayinezinye izinhloso ngaphandle kokuphendula emaphakathini asebhange. Phakathi kwalezi zinto eziyinhloko: ukuhlinzeka ngemali ezinzile nokulinganisa amanani entengo yesikhathi eside , ukubeka ukulawula okuphumelelayo ebhizinisini lebhange e-United States. Igama elithi "federal" lisho ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswa kulo lonke izwe, "ngokumelene" kugcizelela indima yesikhungo esisha njengomnikazi wokugcina. I-Central Central Bank yase-US, eyenza imisebenzi ye-Federal Reserve, ngokuhambisana nomthetho ovunyiwe nguMongameli Woodrow Wilson, ngumzimba ogunyaziwe ukukhipha i-FRS kanye ne-FRB ebhange njengamathenda angokomthetho. Noma yiliphi ibhange elisebenzisa incazelo "kazwelonke" kumele libe yilungu leFed.

Isakhiwo se-FRS sihlanganisa ibhodi labaphathi enhloko kanye nephini lakhe, okhethwe ngumongameli wase-US futhi avunywe yiSenate, ikomidi lesifundazwe lezimakethe ezivulekile, amabhange asezindaweni ezingu-12 ezigciniwe, amabhange amaningi angasese, amabhodi ahlukahlukene aneluleki. Ngakho-ke, i-US Federal Reserve System Kufaka kokubili isici sangasese nesesidlangalaleni. Yenzelwe ukusiza izinhlangano zomphakathi nezizimele. Esikhathini se-bank central system, kuthathwa njengesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele.

IBhodi labaPhathimandla ilawula imisebenzi ye-Federal Reserve Bureaus, amaningana amakomidi okucebisa ngezezimali kanye nabathengi kanye nezinkulungwane zamabhange (amalungu e-Federal Reserve System). Ibeka imingcele encane yokugcina yonke amabhange, ngamanye amazwi, inquma ukuthi ibhange lingakwazi kangakanani. I-Federal Reserve System ibhekwa njengesakhiwo esizimele sebhange ngenxa yokuthi izinqubomgomo zayo akufanele zivunywe ngumongameli noma yiliphi elinye igunya eliphethe noma lesigungu. Yize uhulumeni esebenzisa ukulawula okungaphezulu kwe-Fed, okungukuthi ngokuqoka nokubeka inkokhelo yabasebenzi bezinga eliphezulu ohlelweni.