Uhlelo emakethe umnotho. izakhiwo Market: izinhlobo kanye nezici belinganisa

Umnotho emakethe usebenze ngaphansi kohlaka onobuhle eziningana ukuthi kufanele, kwezinye izimo izimpawu ngempela nezingahlobene. Yini nenqubo kulungele kusengaphambili umehluko? Yikuphi onobuhle nkinga ivame kakhulu imiqondo theorists owayephila?

Izimpawu umnotho emakethe

Uhlelo emakethe umnotho ngokuvamile libhekene izici ezilandelayo esemqoka: a predominance kwempahla yangasese izimali zebhizinisi, inkululeko wokuncintisana, elinganiselwe kokungenela uhulumeni izinqubo zezomnotho. Le modeli izitshela ukuthi izinkampani abafuna ukufeza inzuzo okusezingeni eliphezulu, ukukhulisa ukusebenza yayo, ngokuyinhloko isici ukwaneliseka amakhasimende. Omunye izindlela ayisihluthulelo ezinjengokungcoliswa uhlelo emakethe lomnotfo kumiswa khulula kwaneliswe isidingo. Ithola, okokuqala kunakho konke, ezingeni amanani kwezimpahla, futhi ngenxa yalokho inani capital inzuzo. Intengo nokudayisa izimpahla - kuba njalo inkomba ebonisa indlela ngokufanele eyakhelwe ukunikezela funa.

Market umnotho: theory kanye umkhuba

Izimpawu ngenhla agcwele emakethe isimiso sezomnotho, sasuka ezingeni theory. Ekusebenteni, elilungile kakhulu supply okufunekayo ibhalansi, ochwepheshe abaningi bathi, ingekho kaningi kakhulu. Izimakethe emazweni amaningi, okuyinto, ngokusobala, 'zinezikhathi inkululeko ngokuphelele aspect ibhizinisi, musa njalo simondzawo lapho amabhizinisi ngempela amathuba alinganayo. Njengengxenye nomnotho wamazwe of amazwe athuthukile zomhlaba, ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, ingaqala umfuziselo oligopoly noma monopolistic ukuthambekela okungalungile.

Ngakho, emakethe ngendlela emsulwa noma omunye angathatha babe ukuthambekela uguqule kusuka imvelo yemincintiswane nge khulula zamanani uhlelo lapho amanani esabekwa amabhizinisi ngobukhulu, futhi kuthinte okufunekayo zabathengi okuthandwa ngokusebenzisa ukukhangisa, ukukhuthazwa kanye nezinye izinto zokusebenza. Market isimiso sezomnotho akuyona self umqondo kungase kuzwakale ngemcondvo. Nokho, amandla zezikhungo zomphakathi izakhiwo zalo eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze isibonelo esiphelele, okuyinto zichazwe imiqondo theory. Umbuto ukutsi indlela efanele ukwakha uhlelo wesi emakethe.

Izigaba nekutfutfukiswa kwemnotfo emakethe

Ukuze uhlole okukhethwa kukho ithonya isimo emnothweni khulula, sizame, eziqala isifundo lwamaphethini komlando ekusebenzeni kwenqubo kwezomnotho. Yini kungaba periodization kwetinhlavu emakethe? Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa komnotho (uma sikhuluma amamodeli kwavela namuhla emazweni athuthukile) senzeka ngezigaba ezine eziyinhloko - okubizwa ngokuthi capitalism classical, isikhathi indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho okuxubile, kanye emphakathini-ngamakhasimende emakethe onobuhle.

Asiqale ne-capitalism zakudala. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi uhlelo esebenza isikhathi eside impela isikhathi eside - kusukela ekhulwini XVII kuya emashumini yokuqala yekhulu lamashumi amabili. imphawu letibalulekile yohlobo ehambisana wemakethe zazimi kanje:

- ogxile ubunikazi yangasese lasisekelo izinsiza zokukhiqiza;

- cishe mncintiswano khulula, ukungena lula ku emakethe labadlali abasha;

- ubuncane izithiyo kokuqondisa ngokukhululeka kwemali;

- the predominance abakhiqizi amancane naphakathi, kuqhathaniswa wavuma uzwakalise ukuhlanganiswa kwabo;

- nokungathuthuki yomthetho zabasebenzi;

- simo esishubile okusezingeni eliphezulu e ekhokhwayo (ngaphansi kwethonya kwaneliswe isidingo);

- ubuncane ingxenye zokucabangela-aspect of ukudayiswa kanye lokuthenga amasheya;

Isimo koMnotho kulesi sigaba cishe akazange aphikisane. Sekuyisikhathi eside capitalism Classical kube imodeli sasivumela yimpumelelo. Ngenxa izindlela yokuncintisana, inkampani ngenkuthalo ukwethula intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, ngcono ikhwalithi yezimpahla nezinkonzo. Nokho, njengoba kuqale unyaka ka-XX-capitalism classical ekhulwini akazange ngokugcwele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo umphakathi asathuthuka. Lokhu ikakhulukazi siphathelene izici zikamazisi. Iqiniso lokuthi esinye sezici ebalulekile emakethe isicebi - zinhlekelele ezivukayo ngenxa Ukungadli kwaneliswe isidingo, amaphutha noma izenzo ngenhloso abadlali emakethe, okuhloswe ngazo destabilization kwezinye izingxenye emnothweni sinombono inzuzo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwezebhizinisi uvele umlamuli - isimo. It ayakha lokho okuthiwa iziqondisi.

Sici Its main - indima ebalulekile lomkhakha womphakathi kwezamabhizinisi, kanye kokungenela uhulumeni ngokugcwele ekuthuthukisweni emakethe. Ikakhulu labo izingxenye ezidinga izisetshenziswa abalulekile - ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha, imigudu yokuxhumana, komkhakha wamabhange. kokungenela Uhulumeni kusikisela ukuthi emakethe ukuncintisana usazoba khona futhi kuhambisane nenkululeko ubudlelwane, kodwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele ukuthi kuchazwa kwi vumelekile ezingeni, okungukuthi, osomabhizinisi ayikwazi ukusetha izintengo kakhulu eliphezulu kakhulu noma eliphansi ngendlela monopolistic ukulondoloza kubasebenzi amaholo noma ukwenza noma yisiphi isenzo sabo izithakazelo engalimaza isimiso sezomnotho kazwelonke. Amabhizinisi iziqondisi babé ethanda kakhulu ukuhlobanisa - ukuze izinkampani, trust, nombimbi. Yaqala ukusakaza izinhlobo ubunikazi lilonke amafa yangasese - ngokuyinhloko ngesimo nokwabelana.

Capitalism - balingisi nomphakathi

Esigabeni esilandelayo sokuthuthuka komnotho - ukuvela emphakathini ngamakhasimende indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho. Iqiniso liwukuthi uma capitalism okumsulwa kanye imodeli okuxubile wamabhizinisi namanje kubuswa isimiso yokutakula esiphezulu ukuze inzuzo kumnikazi webhizinisi, utshalomali kuqala emafeni. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abadlali emakethe athoma ukulemuka bona kuzuzisa ngaphezulu izinto eziza kuqala ezinye izinto eziyigugu. Njengokuthi nje, isibonelo, intuthuko kwezenhlalo kanye utshalomali e ithalente. Capital ingxenye esuselwe kulezi zingxenye. Esikhathini umnotho emakethe kwezenhlalo kanye nokugcina emakethe ukuncintisana. Nokho, umbandela lobuholi kwaba hhayi kuphela inhloko-dolobha, kodwa futhi ukubaluleka komphakathi yezenzo yenkampani. ukukhuluma kuqhathaniswa, elichumayo sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi ayizuzisi kuphela umuntu ne izimali ephakeme kanye nokwenza inzuzo, futhi lowo wenziwa indima eziphathekayo nomphakathi - isibonelo, ukwakha umkhiqizo ushintshe izintandokazi abantu nokwenza ukuphila kwabo kulula.

Umnotho wanamuhla emazweni amaningi asethuthukile zomhlaba, njengoba ezinye izazi zikholelwa, ngokuvamile, has ukubonakala "sociality". Nokho, phakathi nesimiso sezomnotho yamazwe ahlukene, kunomehluko obalulekile ngenxa izici kazwelonke, amasiko ibhizinisi, inqubomgomo angaphandle ikakhulu. Kwezinye izifundazwe, emnothweni ungaba noma ukuchema kuzo abalulekile maqondana "capitalism oluhlanzekile ', kwabanye - ukuba njenge-imodeli okuxubile, noma inkulumo enamandla kakhulu" social ".

ukuze zezomnotho nezenhlalo

Kukholakala ukuthi emnothweni wanamuhla amazwe athuthukile kuyinto op ukunikeza ukulinganisela kahle emkhatsini izinto eziza kuqala ibhizinisi, kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi. Ukuxhumana phakathi lezi zinto, ngokuvamile obonakaliswe ngezindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga ezibhekene abadlali efanele - amabhizinisi, uhulumeni, izakhamuzi. Bonke bathambekele ngendlela ethile. Ochwepheshe ukukhomba izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ngakho - umnotfo kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo. Cabangela izici zabo.

ukuze Economic - iqoqo izikhungo kanye nokuthuthukiswa elawula imisebenzi umnotho phakathi izinqubo zebhizinisi. Izindawo ezisemqoka wesi lapha - ilungelo impahla, lwemali kanye komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali, umncintiswano, nokubambisana angaphandle kwezomnotho. ukuze Social - lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, ama-izikhungo kanye nemithetho ethinta isimo nomphakathi wonkana kanye namaqembu zalo ehlukile, ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Izindawo ezisemqoka wesi kuleli cala - iphasi lomsebenzi, usizo lomphakathi, impahla, ezezindlu, umthetho kwemvelo.

uhlobo Ngakho, isimiso sezomnotho emphakathini ngamakhasimende ihlanganisa lokho okuyizidingo eziseqhulwini abadlali main ekusungulweni kokubili ukuze umnotfo kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo. Esimweni sokuqala nendima evelele - ibhizinisi (iqhaza isimo zokulawula), okwesibili - ngumbuso (nge imisebenzi yebhizinisi asizayo). Umphakathi isihloko, alawula zombili izinhlobo oda. Yingakho emnothweni ibizwa ngokuthi umphakathi-ngamakhasimende.

Mayelana imitimba yemakethe

Naphezu indima ebalulekile umbuso indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho yesimanje, kanye nokulawula abalulekile kungxenye yakhe phezu ukugujwa kokuthwasa izithakazelo umphakathi, amandla main ukushayela, kokuqagela ukukhula, kuba ibhizinisi. abantu engumthengisi inquma yethula ukuphila kuyaqhubeka zobuchwepheshe. Ikakhulu imizamo ibhizinisi ezithinta imisebenzi emisha, futhi ezimweni ezithile ngisho impumelelo yenqubomgomo isimo angaphandle. Ngaphandle amandla osomabhizinisi kanye nomphakathi wayengeke akwazi ukwakha umnotho kahle khona futhi kunomoya wokuncintisana kazwelonke.

Amandla is nguMkhandlu izikhungo zikahulumeni, umphakathi usebenza ngaphakathi emphakathini. Amabhizinisi, esikhundleni salokho, kusekelwe izakhiwo emakethe ezahlukene. Lokho abayikho, ngokuvumelana imiqondo yesimanje theory? Yiziphi izici izakhiwo emakethe?

Asiqale nge definition kwethemu. Omunye obujwayelekile: isakhiwo semakethe - iqoqo izimfanelo nezici abonisa izimfanelo ukusebenza emnothweni iyonke noma yimaphi amagatsha alo ngokukhethekile. Kuye yini ngempela ethile sici iphethini izimakethe echaziwe. Yiziphi? Ngokusekelwe izindlela methodological aqiniswa ithiyori kwezomnotho yesimanje isiRashiya, kukhona onobuhle ezintathu eziyisisekelo emakethe: mncintiswano ephelele, okunguye yedwa, oligopoly. Abanye ochwepheshe bavame ukwaba enye imodeli. Lona okuthiwa mncintiswano monopolistic.

Enye incazelo okutholakala emphakathini uchwepheshe, lisikisela incazelo uhlukile ngakho. Kulokhu sikhuluma "izakhiwo emakethe" njengoba izici izakhi kanye abadlali of the izinqubo ezenzeka emnothweni. Lokhu kungase kube, isibonelo, inani nabathengisi, inani abathengi, kanye zici ezithonya izithiyo entry noma yiziphi izingxenye.

isakhiwo Market inhlanganisela property imvelo kwezomnotho lapho amabhizinisi isebenze. Kungenzeka, isibonelo, inani eliphelele izinkampani ebhaliswe umkhakha, imboni umfutho, inani amaklayenti okungase kube khona noma amakhasimende. Izici Zabantu izakhiwo abafanele kungathinta ibhalansi emakethe kwaneliswe isidingo isici. Ukuqoqwa uhlobo oluthile ukusebenza kungenzeka ukhombise ukuthi onobuhle ezine emakethe ngesikhathi esithile iphuzu imisebenzi - ezingeni umnotho wezwe esifundeni noma mhlawumbe endaweni ethile. Kodwa ngokuvamile, osomnotho ibalwa okulinganiselwa ku ezithile ipharamitha ukuzimisela izakhiwo isimiso sezomnotho kazwelonke.

monopolism

Imakethe libhekene izakhiwo emakethe monopolistic, nezinhlobo zalo ohambelana? Okokuqala kuyinto khona iqembu sasivumela emincane abakhiqizi ezinsiza, okuvumela ukuba nomthelela isimo jikelele ingxenye yomnotho (noma ezingeni likazwelonke, ke ngokuvamile). Abanye ochwepheshe shayela lolu hlobo ithuluzi "amandla emakethe", okuyinto aphethwe monopolies - ngokuvamile ibhizinisi elikhulu noma izinkampani. Kuye sihileleke ngezinga elingakanani emnothweni neziphathimandla, zingaba amathuluzi lesiyenta sisodvwa nobe embikwebantfu. Kepha mncintiswano monopolistic - yezindlela wemakethe, ngokugcwele ezintathu ezinkulu, lapho kucatshangwa ukuthi amabhizinisi abafakiwe isakhiwo "amandla emakethe", namanje nethuba okuthile okuthinta amanani. In practice, lokhu usukela ezingeni lapho ibhizinisi usebenza. Uma kunjalo, ukukhuluma, i-zokudla esitolo encane, kungangena intengo amaqembu athile umkhiqizo endaweni yangakini noma emgwaqweni. Uma kuziwa ibhizinisi online, ubukhulu umthelela yemali athengisa imikhiqizo adayiswa lungaboniswa kuze kube edolobheni noma esifundeni. Okusho ukuthi, kukhona umncintiswano, kodwa linikeza ubufakazi izici monopolistic. Equilibrium emakethe is cishe ayakhekanga lapha. Nakuba Yiqiniso, inqubomgomo uyakucabangela amanani yokwakha isidingo sakuleli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba isibalo amabhizinisi umkhakha, edolobheni noma endaweni ethile wokuncintisana yakhe futhi monopolistic izakhiwo emakethe, kufaneleka, iphenduka imodeli ezahlukene zomnotho.

oligopoly

Cabangela izici oligopoly. Lesi sakhiwo emakethe ngokwanele eduze esinakho. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi yesibili - yezindlela kuqala. Kunoma ikuphi, umehluko phakathi oligopoly futhi okunguye yedwa khona. Okokuqala ukunquma isakhiwo emakethe, uma sikhuluma nabo, okusho tincenye indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho, izimpawu nesenzakalo kaningi eyandulele, ezembula khona izimboni ezithile ezingukhiye futhi, njengoba umthetho, izakhiwo ezinkulu ibhizinisi. Okusho ukuthi, uma kukhona esinakho, ikakhulukazi isidlali eyodwa futhi enkulu, bagxila ezandleni zakhe "amandla emakethe." Esikhathini oligopoly kungenzeka eziningana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukubambisana phakathi kwabo akukhona ngempela ziyabonisa futhi ukulawula amanani. Kunalokho, ngo kohlaka isakhiwo emakethe enjalo, njengokungathi oligopoly, mncintiswano kungaba ngempela evelele. Futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwakheka ukubaluleka nokudayisa izimpahla - kuba mahhala. Isibonelo esimangalisayo - ngxabano ezingeni IT-emakethe Samsung imidondoshiya, LG, SONY. Uma ezinye zalezi zinkampani zinezikhathi izimpawu esinakho, intengo Isobho elihambisana ngabe kuzokuya ngesiko ke. Kodwa namuhla sinawo yokuncintisana kahle, njengoba izazi zikholelwa emakethe ngoba zobuchwepheshe, intengo iyunithi ngalinye zazo eminyakeni yamuva nje uma likhula, ngokuvamile hhayi ngaphambi emali. Futhi uma hhayi ngezinye izikhathi incipha.

mncintiswano ephelele

Okuphambene esinakho - umncintiswano ephelele. Lapho-ke akukho yezihloko isimiso sezomnotho ayinakho okuthiwa "amandla emakethe." Nakuba ngokuvumela sokuhlanganiswa izinsiza okwalandela ukuphathwa ngokuhlanganyela phezu amanani, njengoba umthetho, kulinganiselwe.

imitimba yemakethe Basic, uma siqonda kubo njengoba izingxenye eyinhloko izinqubo zezomnotho, libhekene mncintiswano aphelele izici ngokuphongoza leyo eziyizici ayitholwa futhi oligopoly. Okulandelayo sizobheka nobuhlobo babo ngamunye amamodeli we indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho.

Ukuqhathanisa imitimba yemakethe

Siye safunda nomqondo isakhiwo emakethe. Sabona ukuthi incazelo yalezi eside ngendlela ekabili. Okokuqala, ngaphansi "isakhiwo semakethe" kungaqondakala njengoba imodeli ezifana emakethe - esinakho noma, isibonelo, i-oligopoly. Okwesibili, leli gama lingase libhekisele yimuphi isici kuncike ehilelekile izinqubo zezomnotho. Asiphathanga ezimbalwa ongakhetha ejwayelekile uma kuziwa imiqondo kwezomnotho yesimanje: inani izinkampani elikhona emakethe noma izingxenye ezithile, inani abathengi, kanye izithiyo entry kokubili.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, kufanele kuphawulwe - nalabo nezinye nekuhumusha eside kungenziwa ahlobene eduze. Kanjani? Kusisiza ukuqonda indlela yokusebenza onobuhle noma izakhi ezakha isakhiwo emakethe, etafuleni, thina manje bahlelekela.

ngeso okunjalo kuyosenza abone ngokucace kakhudlwana ukuthi umehluko phakathi amamodeli we izinhlelo zezomnotho - ku ngezinga kazwelonke noma yenawo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uma sikhuluma idolobha noma umnotho zakule ndawo, kungase kuhambisane izici ezenza kube ezingafani nezinye izindawo. Futhi kulokhu kuyoba nzima ngokungananazi ukuthi yimaphi ama imodeli lisondele, esikhundleni salokho emnothweni kazwelonke.