Tungsten Valence. Izakhiwo kanye nesicelo of tungsten

Izihloko ezengeziwe kuzovumela ukuba bajwayelane ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali izakhiwo tungsten ubone imininingwane elapho e ubunjalo, indawo zokukhiqiza, ngokusobala ukuvulwa kwaleyo indaba, nokuningi.

Tungsten (W)

Tungsten - liyisici we Periodic Table of Mendeleev has ayisikhombisa inombolo wesine e-athomu sifana Latin uhlamvu W. Ngo izimo evamile uba nombala ompunga-esiliva, shiny, kanzima. Kuzo zonke tungsten metal iyona refractory kakhulu. Kunakunoma W, iphuzu ukuncibilika kuphela non-metal - carbon. It has a high chemical ukumelana. Valence of tungsten - onhlobonhlobo.

Umlando yokutholakala

wemithi Swedish Carl Wilhelm Scheele ngo-1781, wahlanganyela ukucutshungulwa scheelite nitric acid, ongaveza tungsten trioxide - "itshe elisindayo" ophuzi. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, kakade 1783-m, abazalwane ababili abangamaphayona Eluard, osokhemisi odabuka eSpain, umphakathi waziswa ukuthi babengathola kusukela wolframite metal entsha bese oxide - tungsten.

Modern United States, France, Britain wasebenzisa igama tungsten ngoba tungsten okuyinto uhumusha kusuka IsiSwidi njengoba "itshe elisindayo". Ekuqaleni, igama elithi kwakusho wolframium amaminerali wolframite. Kamuva wadlulela metal uqobo.

Tungsten ngokwemvelo

Ngokusho izibalo Vinogradova, uqweqwe inombolo clarke tungsten emhlabeni imayelana 1.3 g / t. Okuqukethwe isilinganiso emadwaleni izintaba, r / t: amatshe esidi - 1.9, isilinganiso - 1.2, i-basic - 0.7 ultrabasic - 0.1.

Ezigcina elikhulu le metal bagxila eChina, US, Canada, Kazakhstan, amazwe anjenge Bolivia, Portugal, Uzbekistan, eRussia nase-South Korea abe lincane uma liqhathaniswa eshiwo ngenhla States amasheya. Ngonyaka ukhiqiza cishe abayizigidi ezingu-49-50 wamathani, zazo 41 ekhiqizwa yi-China, yabelana waseRussia oluhambisana amathani 3.5, Kazakhstan - 0.7 ne-Australia - amathani 0.5.

Ngo umkhakha, indima esemqoka kunikezwa wolframite futhi scheelite. Minerals wolframite ngokuvamile bagxila rocks granitic futhi ingqondo isilinganiso oluhambisana elilodwa noma amabili per cent. Amazwe amaningi esikhiqiza Ikhiphela Tungsten. . Intengo yaleli metal kunalokho okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ingahluka kuye sha futhi uhlobo lapho bayidayise (kusuka 2172 kuya 6250560 deda.). Ukuthutha eyinhloko tungsten kubhekwe UK, China nase-Australia. Kungeniswe inqwaba United States, eJalimane, eNgilandi futhi Japan.

Izindlela ukulungiswa

Ukulungiselela of tungsten - inqubo ehlanganisa izinyathelo ezimbalwa ekhuphukayo. trioxide Okokuqala angawodwa Wo ₃ kusukela ore ugxilisa inqubo yokutakula ngemva kokuya powder lensimbi hydrogen ngaphansi kwezimo abangu-700 ° C. Ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu ukuma Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola lolu metal kuyizindlela powder yokusansimbi. In the isinyathelo sokuqala powder tungsten icindezelwa ke ibekwe esimweni hydrogen ne sintered ngaphansi kwezimo mayelana 1200-1300 ° C. Ngaphezu kwalokho ngaphansi kagesi futhi izinga lokushisa Ukushisa esinamandla amadigri ayizinkulungwane ezintathu, le nqubo kuhambisana sintering, kanye metal liphenduka dwala. ukulungiselela ezalandela tungsten kanye ukuhlanzwa yayo kusukela materials Monolithic okuholela zenzeka nemibandela zone ukuncibilika. Nokho, i-tungsten powder - lokhu akukona kuphela indlela ukulungiselela ukuthi metal. Ekulungiseleleni W kusukela pyrolysis ka chloride ke ingatholakala kakade ifomu metallic, kodwa hhayi ngendlela compact kanye powder.

izinga Chemical izici

Tungsten iyona Valence yohlamvu variable, ezimbili kuya kweziyisithupha. Ifomu esitebeleni kunazo ithatha valency lesithupha. amafomu likaNkulunkulu futhi trivalent zezakhi akusazinzile futhi abanalo anencazelo ekhethekile, practice ayisetshenziswa. Tungsten linamandla kakhulu ukugqwala of izinsimbi. lokushisa Igumbi kuyivumela ukulondoloza isikhundla njalo ngaphandle kokuba kuncike ukugqwala; ifinyelela incandescence lokushisa uqala oxidize, ukwakha i-nitrous tungsten (VI). Singesesibili uchungechunge ukucindezeleka futhi izindleko ngemuva hydrogen. Cishe zingaxazululeki hydrofluoric futhi alulaze sulfuric acid. Nitric acid aqua imbangela regia ebusweni namachibi inqubo. Ukuhlakazwa kungenzeka i-hydrogen peroxide.

A ingxube acid hydrofluoric futhi nitric ancibilikisa tungsten kahle:

2W + 4HNO ₃ + 10HF e WF ₆ + WOF ₄ + 4NO (igesi kwemvelo) + 7H ₂ O.

Ephambi kwezinduna oxidants kungenziwa asabela ngayo nge alikhali oncibilikisiwe:

2W + 4NaOH ₃ + 3o ₂ à 2Na ₂ Wo ₄ + 2H ₂ O.

Izibonelo ezingenhla ukusabela ukuqhubeka kancane kakhulu, kodwa ekufinyeleleni ezingeni 400 ° C no-tungsten self-Ukushisa yenqubo ukuphendula yanda, kanyekanye ukwakha semali ukushisa. Ukusabela ezihilela-mpilo funa ukufinyelela uphawu 500 ° C, onesigqi wedwa waqala ashisise.

Chaza ngengxube acid hydrofluoric futhi nitric kuholela acid ukwakheka geksaftorvolframovoy - H ₂ [WF _6]. Kuzo zonke tungsten compounds eyaziwa ezibhekwa ezibaluleke kakhulu anhydride tungsten trioxide noma tungsten tungstate, ekhuthaza peroxy nami ₂ WO _X, into ethathwe S, C, Halogen iqembu izakhi.

I izakhiwo engokoqobo

Tungsten kuyinto ukukhanya grey metal shiny. Tungsten lokushisa phakathi ukuncibilika ukubila ifinyelela ukuphakama kwendawo eliphakeme Celsius iqhathaniswa nezinye izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Kukhona kokuqagela ukuthi seaborgium has elikhulu nakakhulu ukusebenza ukuncibilika ukubila amaphuzu, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi "ukuphila" lincane kakhulu, akunakwenzeka ukuba ngokuqiniseka, njengoba hhayi kungase kutholakale by ukuhlola. Tungsten iqala igcwale amanzi at 3695 K, kuyilapho sivutha, ukufinyelela 5828 K. W Net ukuminyana iseduze igolide - 19,25 amagremu ngamunye isentimitha cubic. Waziwa izimfanelo paramagnetic. Ngokuhambisana nesilinganiso imingcele Brinell ubulukhuni kuyinto 488 kg / mm ^2. Ngezinye degrees amabili Celsius has a resistivity ka 55 × 10 ^-9 Ohm * m, kodwa imibandela lokushisa 2700 ° C resistivity Inkomba kwandisa kuze kufinyelele 904 x 10 ^-9 Ohm * m. Umsindo kubonakala kusukela tungsten uhamba ngesivinini 4290 m / c.

Omunye izinsimbi ezisindayo kanye ubulukhuni okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ukuma ka omkhulu tungsten kubhekwe. I izakhiwo ukuthi esivela kuwo, ukunquma inani layo emakethe izwe bese unika amandla ukusetshenziswa ububanzi. Ikhono lokubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphakeme uvumela elikhulu ukusetshenziswa isikali tungsten. Wire, amashidi futhi abaningi abengeziwe ukuba ukwazi ukudala izindlela ukuthi ukukhonza iminyaka eminingi kakhulu. Ngaphandle esifana-platinum. In the state okumsulwa lapho eliwu 1600 ° C kungenzeka zakhiwa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi okumsulwa

Indlela eziyisisekelo zokusebenzisa i-tungsten - isisekelo njengendlela material refractory embonini Metallurgical.

izakhiwo Plastic futhi refractory - yilokhu ngoba tungsten ezaziwayo. Wire lokhu metal lubaluleke amadivayisi senzelwe ukukhanyisa. Isithombe amashubhu nezinye amashubhu nge cleaner nayo kabanzi W.

Argon arc Welding Awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle electrode enziwe tungsten. Umshini esithandweni ukumelana futhi esisebenzisa njengophawu Ukushisa isici, futhi lokhu ingxubevange metal isetshenziswa njengoba thermocouple rhenium.

I-high density ivumela ukuyisebenzisa njengesisekelo esindayo uhlobo ingxubevange esetshenziswa njengoba counterweight ngokuba udibi Ukubhoboza core Sabot futhi projectile sagittal wezikhali amagobolondo, core izinhlamvu udibi Ukubhoboza ngisho gyro eliletha ukuthula flying missile ballistic.

Tungsten ungakwazi ukukhonza njengomdala izindlela ezinhle kakhulu ionizing uhlobo yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Nakuba-ke lunesibalo ephakeme futhi, ikakhulu lapho uqhathaniswa phambili ezivamile, ngesisindo sezinti zifinyelele iqophelo elilinganayo ekuvikeleni izingubo noma imishini etholakala ukusetshenziswa yayo lula. Infusibility izakhiwo kanye ubulukhuni izinkinga ukucutshungulwa, ngakho-ke ezimweni ezinjalo ngokuvamile kukhona Alloys of tungsten futhi nickel, kanye iron, ithusi nezinye izinsimbi.

Esikhathini umkhakha ukudala ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo okuqinile usebenzisa tungsten. Ishidi, tungsten powder, Intonga-electrode - yezindlela ezivamile zokukhipha uW

Ukusebenzisa compounds

Machining ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, kanye izinto ezakha isimo sokungakhethi kwesikhwama metallic of takhiwo ubunjiniyela, ukubhola kanye inqubo izimayini usebenzisa Alloys eqinile futhi esiyinhlanganisela uhlobo izinto esekelwe tungsten Carbide, ingxube titanium Carbide, tantalum Carbide futhi tungsten Carbide. Izitembu tungsten ezenziwe ngale zinto zihlukaniswe T30K4, T5K10, VK25, VK8, VC 15 T15K4, BK2, futhi VK6 VK4. Izitembu TT iqembu esetshenziselwa izimo machining nzima kakhulu izinto zibe yinkimbinkimbi lenyuka kuphela. Isibonelo esiyinhloko singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela ukushaqeka-inqubo imishini yokunyathelisa perforator noma impahla eliqinile le yokukhiqiza ekwakheni steel nge high ukushisa ukumelana. W isetshenziswa njengoba isici alloying ngoba insimbi Alloys esekelwe yensimbi. "Esinejubane" steel lettered ilebula oqala P, ezingaphezu kuka-90% share yakhiwa tungsten.

Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene tungsten compounds ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo yelikhono noma zombala, ephezulu lokushisa uwoyela ukwedlulela amandla ukushisa ku ifomu kagesi.

Tungsten eziphilayo

Tungsten metal akubhekwa abalulekile emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ezinye amagciwane kanye archaea njengengxenye enzyme zabo le ngxenye, okuyinto kule site asebenzayo. imithombo Cishe ezijulile uhlobo ezingaphansi kolwandle archaebacteria bukhoma-hyperthermophiles, ezibhekwa sincike tungsten obligately. Ukuba khona kwalesi zensimbi Ukwakheka enzyme zithathwa njengeziNdawo ezingamaGugu esifuze Ngasekuqaleni isikhathi Archean, ngamanye amazwi, kungaba ukukhokhela ukuba singaphethi ngokuthi ukuvela ekuqaleni kokuphila emhlabeni okwenzeka iqhaza W.

Njengoba ingxenye eyinhloko nezinye izinsimbi, tungsten uthuli kubangela ukucasuka kwezitho zokuphefumula.

amafomu isotopes

¹⁸² W (26,41 %), ¹⁸³ W (14,4 %), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64 %) и ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41 %) . Tungsten odabuka yemvelo yakhiwa inhlanganisela izinhlobo ezinhlanu ezahlukene isotopes, okuyilezi: ¹⁸⁰ W (0,135 wt%.), ¹⁸² W (26,41%), ¹⁸³ W (14,4%), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64%) futhi ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41%). Valency tungsten variable, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi sifana inani 2 kuya ku-6, noma ngayiphi indlela ye IKhompyuthaYami.

Ngu 2016 kwakuvele kwaziwa amafomu yokufakelwa of tungsten ezikhonjwe radionuclides amathathu nesithupha eyenziwe umuntu mass izinombolo 157 ... 179, 181, 185, 187 ... 197. Vula tungsten zemvelo radioactivity kwaba ngo-2003, kodwa izinga layo uphansi kakhulu, okuhambelana cishe disintegrations ezimbili igremu ngonyaka, futhi isimo sale kwamazinyo kuyinto metal α-umsebenzi.

Ekuphetheni

Iningi metal refractory ekhona Tungsten. Izakhiwo esingokwemvelo, asivumela ukuba uthole indawo anhlobonhlobo imisebenzi womuntu zezimboni, kusukela ubunjiniyela ziphethe Ukuvikelwa emisebeni. Metal wavulwa cishe kabili, iminyaka emibili ngaphandle, kodwa futhi Scheele futhi abazalwane Eluard hhayi ngempela abathi sokunconywa behlonipha kangakanani lokhu ayekutholile. I Valence of tungsten kuyinto variable futhi kuthatha ukubaluleka amabili kuya kwayisithupha, kodwa, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ifomu esitebeleni kunazo has eziyisithupha Valence. Kuyinto ukumelana kakhulu ukugqwala, kungaba asabela nge alikhali futhi ziyoncibilika nenye acid hydrofluoric futhi nitric.

Izitembu Tungsten ihlukaniswe lenqwaba zinhlobo ngokwendlela indlela ngokubulawa, kwindlela kwensimbi, futhi ensimini yayo kwesicelo. Kukhona izinhlobo eziningi IKhompyuthaYami yayo, futhi sakhi imvelo ayiqondakali imakwe izakhiwo enemisebe futhi kancane kakhulu disintegrates. Isisekelo sebuningini izingxenye kanye izingxenye ezisele, anhlobonhlobo kumadivayisi futhi imishini esetshenziswa indoda, kuba tungsten. Ngisho intengo amakhilogramu metal ngayinye impela high, kodwa nokho ke akusenzi ifunwa kakhulu kwamanye, ngenxa izinga layo zivumelana ukubaluleka ukuthi ayicelayo.