Submarine ngoxhaxha Russia: Umlando

Ukudalwa isitsha lokuqala kwamanzi eMbusweni Russian akunakubangelwa emuva 1921. Khona-ke, ngo- esinqumweni uPetru mina Russian umbazi Efimom Nikonovym yayakhiwe ngwenya okokuqala ebingamazi umlando Russia. Underwater ngoxhaxha Russia, ukudalwa okuyinto kuhlelwe namakhulu eminyaka ezayo, wadala ikakhulukazi ephepheni, kodwa kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngakho, ngwenya 50, eklanyelwe yi-engineer Polish-Russian wakhululwa ngo-1879 kuya 1881 eRussia S. K. Dzhevetskim, nokho, yena wasebenza kuphela kusukela amandla kwemisipha. Umlando Russian ngwenya imikhumbi njengengxenye Navy yezwe kusukela ngo-1906. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho uMbusi uNicholas II ngemvume isimemezelo ku kwalophiko. Ngaleso sikhathi, Russian Empire, kwakukhona 10 ngwenya.

Ukudala imikhumbi ngwenya

Ekuqaleni kwawo-XIX-XX eminyaka. e kobuholi Empire Russian ngaqala ukuqonda ngokucacile isidingo ukudala siqu ngwenya yawo yezempi. Lokhu kwabangelwa isidingo ekukhuleni kahle umkhakha shipbuilding ezinjalo eYurophu e-United States. abaholi Ingxenye shipbuilding wayekholelwa ukuthi Russian ngwenya imikhumbi kumele wadala ngezithukuthuku ukukhiqizwa angaphandle. Ingxenye umqondo wokuthi uMbuso Russian kufanele abe ubuchwepheshe yayo kanye namabhizinisi ukwenziwa ngwenya.

Okunqumayo ekuphathweni shipbuilding, kwaba ukwehluleka kuthengiselana nokulethwa US ukulwa ngwenya eRussia. Ngemva kwalokho Kwanqunywa ukuba ukukhiqizwa ezifuywayo Russian ngwenya imikhumbi.

Lo mkhumbi ukulwa ngwenya okokuqala lusekelwa ngamandla injini uphethiloli, ke wethulwa 1904. Lokhu umkhumbi wawususukile umchithi "Dolphin", eyaziwa nangokuthi i-inombolo ngumbhubhisi 133. "Dolphin" fanele sizo nozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe. Wayephethe tonnage ka 113/135 m, athuthukiswe ijubane 9 ifindo phezu futhi amayunithi 4.5 emanzini. Uma ngaphansi kwamanzi emkhunjini ihamba ngezithukuthuku motor kagesi engenza kuphangwa uhla kuze kufinyelele 28 amamayela.

Nokho, kuyinto kusukela ngo-1906, lapho kusayinwa kombusi isimemezelo esikhethekile ku ukusungulwa kwesiGungu isigaba esikhethekile imikhumbi - ngwenya, futhi yanquma ukuthola okwengeziwe ukubala umlando wabo. Shipbuilding umkhakha yezwe kakhulu lakhula ngokushesha eminyakeni ezayo. Kakade ngawo-1917, Russian Navy sika ngwenya imikhumbi lalinabashumayeli 73 Subsea isitsha.

Ukuthuthukiswa ngoxhaxha ngwenya eU.SSR

Iminyaka Revolution futhi kulwiwa ophoqelelwe konke umkhakha shipbuilding wezwe cishe stagnate iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Kuphela ngo-1926, ke wazitholela uhlelo okuhloswe ngaso ukuba avuselele owawuke waba namandla Russian ngwenya imikhumbi. Kuyinto kusukela kulesi sikhathi iqala ukubuyiselwa onobuhle ubudala, kanye nokwakha amasha. Ngakho kuqala kukho konke-ke kuhlinzekelwe ngwenya-uhlobo zikebhe ngokuthi "Decembrist". Eyisithupha imikhumbi zakhishwa eminyakeni ezayo. Bafaka "Libhala" ubudala futhi ngaleso sikhathi izici ingabe akusizi ukusebenza onobuhle angaphandle. Ngakho, umkhumbi-ngwenya i-Soviet ongafinyelela ngesivinini kuze kube ifindo 14 futhi babe sihamba ibanga nesigamu kuya amamayela ayizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwadingeka eziyisithupha torpedo amashubhu futhi angazamukela abantu 53. Lingesona isici okungenani e ekukhuleni kahle shipbuilding kuleli zwe, futhi wamiswa esikhundleni sokuba inhloko umklamo bureau unjiniyela abanamakhono B. M. Malinina.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-Soviet Union bekulokhu nokubambisana asebenzayo emkhakheni shipbuilding ne Germany. Ngakho, ukuhlomisa ngwenya "Decembrists" ezivela eJalimane zilethwe diesels. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe German abahlinzeke usizo lwezobuchwepheshe e inqubo yokudala umkhumbi-uhlobo S. Banezinhliziyo okusezingeni eliphezulu ukulwa izici, futhi ngenkuthalo yethulwa kuleli Navy Soviet. Ngaphezu displacement esikhulu - izimpahla ezingamathani angu-1073 - ngwenya ekilasini C ayikwazanga ukufinyelela ijubane 19.5 ifindo bese wenze sihamba ububanzi 8.200 amamayela. Baphinde babe izilungiselelo eziyisithupha torpedo.

impumelelo ezikhethekile shipbuilding yasekhaya ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwe-ngwenya uhlobo K. It has an arsenal umxhwele, ehlanganisa eyishumi torpedo amashubhu kanye isiteshi somsakazo enamandla kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhumbi-ngwenya i-K-hlobo kwadingeka othomathikhi elawulwa kude uhlelo ukucwiliswa futhi emersion. Kungaba ukufinyelela isivinini kuze kufinyelele 21 ifindo, futhi uhla ukubhukuda yayo kwamethusa abatshuzi ngisho abanolwazi - ukuze 14.040 amamayela.

ngemva kwempi

Ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha shipbuilding e ngemva kwempi libhekene gxuma esikhulu imishini yobuchwepheshe ngwenya, ukuba ngcono okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwabo. Imikhumbi-ngwenya ukukhiqizwa post-yimpi possessed ngesivinini eside ukucwiliswa ukujula yanda, inani elikhulu torpedo amashubhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, tonnage anda ngwenya kanti isikhathi navigation ezizimele.

Nokho, inkinga enkulu kwaba ingenakukwazi kagesi kudivayisi izikebhe. Ngamanye amazwi, nabaqambi kwadingeka ukwakha motor olulodwa kokubili ukubhukuda freeboard futhi kwamanzi.

Noma kunjalo, kulesi sikhathi saqala ukuthuthukisa ngwenya wasolwandle kabanzi. Wona, kanye nawo ayengasolwandle ezimbili izinhlobo izitsha ekhona ngwenya. ngwenya Soviet bakwazi ihlinzekwe nganoma yingasiphi izilwandle zomhlaba futhi ukuqhuba imisebenzi intelligence khona.

Nokho, namanje inkinga yaxazululeka nge ikhono bethonya isikebhe ngesivinini, kanye nesidingo Yokwenyuka njalo ibhethri futhi ulawule air. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ngemva kwempi, iSoviet Union ibe inzuzo ekhethekile phezu kwamandla, okufaka eyabangani-United States, ikhwalithi kanye nenani elakhiwe izitsha kwamanzi. Ngakho, ukuphakama osekuzuziwe e ezifana izici ezibalulekile njengoba isivinini, ukucwiliswa ukujula, bomsebenzi kanye nezisebenzi ukukhuthazela.

Kusukela engxenyeni 50s yesibili. izwe kuqala isigaba esisha kakhulu ekuthuthukeni ngwenya shipbuilding. Manje iwumgomo oyinhloko embonini shipbuilding is dalo kanye nokuthuthukiswa olwandle uya yenuzi missile ngwenya. Lezi zikebhe ongokomfanekiso, kusukela kuphi izilwandle zomhlaba, imbangela zenuzi missile kuhlaselwa the osendaweni ezibalulekile izikhundla isitha. Babephinde babizwe ifakwe izindlela zokuvikeleka torpedo.

Olunye uhlobo ngwenya uyisitsha esisetshenziselwa ukuthi esedalwe ukuze wenze kwesimo endaweni kanye patrol imisebenzi, kanye ukubhekana ngwenya yenuzi, ukuze afeze ukubhujiswa imikhumbi isitha nezitsha ezokuthutha.

Ukudalwa ngwenya yenuzi-powered

Ukudalwa a ngwenya yenuzi ngo-1958 wavula isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando entsha ekuthuthukiseni-ngwenya shipbuilding. Ngenxa inkinga shipbuilding Nuclear ngokuphathelene ukungakwazi isitsha kwamanzi ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esiningi liye kakhulu ixazululwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa ngwenya yenuzi baye bavumela ukwandisa ijubane ngenqubekela phambili yabo njengenhlangano phezu kwamanzi futhi ngaphansi kwamanzi.

Njengoba ezothatha isikhundla motor amandla esikebheni bekulokhu uthuthuva isikhathi eside. Imikhumbi-ngwenya babe ukuyifeza eziningi diving kwamanzi ngenxa yamandla ephansi motors yayo kagesi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi bahlale ngcono. I izinjini likaphethiloli kwakungezona ngempumelelo kakhulu umsebenzi wabo. Futhi nje, isidingo Yokwenyuka njalo kwabangelwa nesidingo njalo ubuyise air.

Okokuqala umkhumbi ngwenya yenuzi wadala yiSoviet Union ngo-1958, kwaba k3 "Leninsky Komsomol". Bookmark isitsha senziwa ngo-1955. Wawunodonga inqwaba zamehlo. Abaningi izingxenye nomklamo walo Kuye kwenziwa ikakhulukazi wakhe. Ngakho, indinganiso engakaze esetshenziselwa ngwenya sikebhe, kodwa lwenzelwe ukuze ngabe ukukhulisa izici zayo imikhumbi ngoba. Ngenxa yalokhu, kanye, yebo, lo enuzi, ukuhlola isikebhe ifinyelele ijubane 28 ifindo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mphumela yayingeyinhle kungenzeka, njengoba isikebhe zavezwa isetshenziswe at zigcwele. Ngamkhumbula, njengoba kuye kwaphawulwa, kanye zamehlo, nezici unreasoned. Ngakho, umkhumbi-ngwenya babengenalo amahange, esikhululekile udizili ugesi kanye namathuba ukuze bazivikele. Futhi nje, ayenakho ikhuluma elinganiselwe.

Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi wadala ngokukhethekile izakhiwo sezimvumela ukuqeqesha amalungu angesikhathi esizayo iqembu ngaphambi yanyatheliswa siziguqule ochwepheshe, ukuze ngwenya yenuzi-powered wakwazi ngokushesha ngemva kokudalwa ukufeza imisebenzi yayo. Russian ngwenya yenuzi imikhumbi asinikeze amandla ukugcina isikhundla omhlaba anothile eU.SSR ukuvikela sesithola uzibuse ngo-90.

Ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha ku-yalolucwaningo 70-90.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-60 - ekuqaleni 70-yalolucwaningo. Saqala ukuthuthukisa ngwenya lesibili isizukulwane. Basuke izimpawu nenani elikhulu isivinini, ngcono ukusebenza bukhoma. Underwater izitsha isizukulwane sesibili ziye ifakwe i-electrochemical emoyeni ukupholisa uhlelo esikhundleni amakhemikhali akusebenzi enobungozi. Baphinde babe i izikhali electronic ezithuthukisiwe.

Esikhathini kusuka 1967 kuya 1992 at izitshalo ezintathu ngwenya yenuzi 48 izwe yayakhiwa. Kusukela ngo-1973 kuya ku-1982, iSoviet Union yase ekhiqizwa 18 ngwenya ingenakukwazi kagesi, kokuba iraba umsindo-iyavuleka izindlu camera. Lokhu emisha kuye kwanda kakhulu amahloni abo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze umsebenzi uhambe kahle kubo yesimanje ngezindinganiso sikhathi, diesel efakiwe.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-80-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule, saqala ukwakha nokuthuthukisa isizukulwane sesithathu izitsha kwamanzi. Eyingqayizivele izici zabo eziyinhloko izikhali ezingcono futhi khudlwana tonnage bomkhumbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi kwenziwa, futhi ukuthuthukisa ngwenya ethule cwaka, futhi ukuthuthukisa ukuthola kwabo lesitha. Ijubane izikebhe enjalo kungaba kuze kufinyelele 35 ifindo. izimo ezithuthukisiwe eziphilayo laselikhala. Futhi-ngwenya elibizwa ngokuthi ifakwe wokutakula emakamelweni, esangenza uma eziphuthumayo ukufeza esiphuthumayo ingqikithi amatilosi esikebheni, etholakala isimo kwamanzi.

Kuyaphawuleka ngwenya Project 941 "akula", okuyinto izitsha ngobukhulu ngwenya emhlabeni. Ukukhiqizwa kwaqala ngo-1981, futhi ekuqaleni '90s inombolo yabo kwaba 6 izicucu. Ngesisekelo izikhali yabo kwakungama-20 kunayo yonke eyake okuqinile-fuel ezicitshwayo yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi-ngwenya elibizwa ngokuthi ifakwe eqinile multi-level izindlu.

oyisizukulwane sesine ngwenya, ithuthukiswe kusukela ngasekupheleni 70-yalolucwaningo., e 90. hhayi athuthukiswe kahle ngenxa ngokuwa eU.SSR futhi zezimali Inkinga 1998. Udlame ayibekela isakhiwo sabo kunezinzuzo abalulekile, okwakukhona obonakalayo ukucwiliswa (kufika ku 400 metres) futhi umsindo operation ongaphakeme ukujula.

Modern Russian ngwenya imikhumbi

Russian ngwenya imikhumbi manje liqukethe 76 ngwenya zezinhlobo ezahlukene nezinjongo. Endaweni kwesicelo sabo njengengxenye ukubhujiswa Okuqondiwe kwamanzi kanye nemikhumbi, ababhubhise phansi osendaweni amaphuzu abalulekile lesitha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ngwenya idizili, kanye zenuzi esisetshenziselwa ngwenya, futhi ballistic missile ngwenya, kanye ngwenya injongo ekhethekile.

Ngesisekelo kuyiphi ilungu Russian ngwenya imikhumbi, wenze izikebhe ezakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamaSoviet. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngemva kwesikhathi nzima kuleli zwe kuze ekuqaleni kowezi-2000 uqala ukuvuseleleka Russian zenuzi ngwenya imikhumbi.

Missile Cruisers kwenjongo amasu

Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi amandla ezempi, elimelela Russian ngwenya imikhumbi, kuze ngwenya yenuzi 667BDRM iphrojekthi "Dolphin". Ngo insiza lizwe njengamanje has izitsha ezinjalo eziyisithupha. Bonke basonta Northern Fleet. Futhi usongo omkhulu izikebhe isitha kukhona 667BDR iphrojekthi "Kalmar". Ngeshwa, manje arsenal isiRashiya, kukhona ngwenya ezifana ezintathu kuphela, yakamuva ka eyakhishwa emanzini ngo-1982. Lezi ngwenya efakwe kule zindawo Pacific.

Russian ngwenya mikhumbi 2014 futhi inama khona e oyiyo, okungenani ingxenye etholakala esiqiwini, ngwenya yenuzi amaphrojekthi 941 futhi 941UM "Shark." Ngokwesibonelo, e-Northern Fleet has TC-208 impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Dmitry Donskoy".

ngwenya yenuzi yezinhloso eziningi

Ukwakheka Russian ngwenya imikhumbi sihlanganisa kakhulu ukulwa ekwaziyo multi-purpose ngwenya yenuzi. "Pike-B" elikhanyayo ababamele kukhona ngwenya Project 971. Umsebenti wabo ukubhubhisa ngwenya, imikhumbi surface futhi phansi amatshe. I kwezikhali siqukethe torpedoes yabo futhi uhambe ezicitshwayo. Ingabe lezi ngwenya eNorthern Fleet (6 izicucu) nePacific (5 izingcezu).

Obalulekile amandla esisetshenziselwa ngwenya yenuzi we Russian Federation ezakha project ngwenya 949F "Antey". Okwamanje basuke basakaza phakathi Northern kanye mabutho Pacific. Isibalo sawo sifinyelela 8 izingcezu.

Ukuhlola lezi zikebhe kweqiniso kabuhlungu acwiliswe 2000 ngwenya K-141 "eKursk". Kwakuwusuku nhlekelele enkulu yemikhumbi ngwenya, okuyinto uyazi entsha emlandweni Russian. Russian ngwenya imikhumbi, ngenhlanhla, lapho besanda samanje iyisimo eyizingqabavu okuningi kuka kowezi-2000 okuqala. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha kanye izinhlekelele zesikhathi esidlule ngeke kuphindwe.

Northern Fleet, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ine ngwenya Project 945 "Barracuda" futhi 945F "Condor", ngokugcwele amandla ezempi, okuyinto Russian Navy. 2014 wabona kusungulwe yesimanje K-560 "Severodvinsk". Le projekthi isikebhe 885 "Yasen" waba impumelelo yakamuva shipbuilding yasekhaya. Ngokusho izinhlelo lobuholi ezweni ngo-2020 lezi zikebhe sihlelelwe ukukhiqiza 8 izingcezu.

ngwenya Non-zenuzi

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke ngenani lokubukwa we ngwenya ingenakukwazi kagesi Project 877 ngwenya kukhona "i-halibut". Ziyakwazi enkonzweni neNyakatho, yePacific Black Sea mabutho. Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningana kule phrojekthi. Futhi, ngwenya Black Sea Fleet ohlela ubuyise iphrojekthi 636,3 - B-261 "Novorossiysk" siqukethe 5 izingcezu.

Ngaphambili, kwakukhona izinhlelo sibalulekile ukwethulwa ukulwa uhlelo design izikebhe 677 "Lada". Nokho, ukuhlolwa kwabonisa izikhala ezinkulu e ngwenya design, ukuze ochwepheshe kwadingeka benze izinguquko ezinkulu.

Ezinye izinhlobo ngwenya

Underwater US Navy neRussia, njengoba sazi, ekhuthaza we ngwenya ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Nokho, womabili la mazwe, ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa ukuklanywa kudalwa imishini ekhethekile ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngakho, entsha Russian ngwenya imikhumbi has wokutakula submersibles Project 1855 "Prize". Kuyaziwa ukuthi kuphela North imikhumbi kuhlanganisa submersibles eziyishumi izinkomba ezahlukene, okuyinto ziphathwa njengoba imishini khulula futhi ucwaningo.

Phakathi isikebhe kunazo owaziwa amadivayisi enjalo ingashiwo NJENGOBA-12 "Losharik" uyakwazi ukufinyelela ekujuleni eside kuze kube amakhilomitha ambalwa. Ngakho, le divayisi 2012 kwenziwa umsebenzi ucwaningo e-Arctic at a angu-2 ukujula.

Amathemba yentuthuko umkhakha

Naphezu yokuncipha kokubaluleka ezweni '90s, ezithinta kakhulu kakhulu shipbuilding kwamanzi, singasho ukuthi ekuqaleni kowezi-2000. Isimo saqala ukushintsha kancane kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona popularization yemikhumbi ngwenya, bagubha umkhosi izinsuku emnandi. Ngakho, ngo-2006, kwaba iminyaka engu-100 ubudala Russian ngwenya imikhumbi, ngemva kwalokho emadolobheni amaningi aphethwe imikhosi kanye wavula ku Ufa abasebenza ngemikhumbi-ngwenya-Monyumenti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izwe ngonyaka igubha ngwenya Russian ngoMashi 19. Umlando yemikhumbi Russian yawenza bese uba umphakathi. Umsebenzi diver edonsela abafundi abaningi.

Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa imboni sisonke ngokuyinhloko okufanele esekelwe design kanye ukudalwa izinhlobo ezintsha ngwenya. Ngakho, ngo-2020 sihlelwe ukudala kuze kube eziningi eziningana ngwenya emisha. It is kuhlelwe ukuklama inguqulo ebuyekeziwe ye-Project 677 "Lada" nokusetshenziswa yesimanje amandla plant. Ngakho-ke isinyathelo esemqoka ekuthuthukisweni non-zenuzi ngwenya shipbuilding.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ifa zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngesimo ngwenya ubudala kancane kancane ukwesulwa futhi zithathelwe indawo imiklamo entsha. Ngakho, ngo-Russian lasolwandle ngwenya Museum Iphrojekthi kabusha ngwenya B-396 CDB ME "Rubin". Wayengumngane ingxenye Russian Northern Fleet futhi wakhonza kuze 2000.