Stinks - kungcono indoda khulula emphakathini lasendulo

kwamiswa isimo Old Russian ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye, inqubo lasungulwa ukuthi isuke ibangelwa alo ubudlelwano bebhizinisi, isimo obengeziwe ngokuhlelwa komphakathi, kanye ongumlimi engcolile - ke ingenye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu kwenkathi.

Feudalisation emphakathini lasendulo

Ngakho, ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho ekuqaleni kwekhulu IX eRussia waya emvuthwandaba. ubudlelwane Nascent amakhosi asendulo, ukubaluleka eyinhloko okwakuwuphawu umhlaba kanye nabantu abasebenza kuso. Umphakathi wesizwe ngesikhathi ngenkuthalo ezidabula manje umndeni ngempela owathembayo ukuba akwenzele isiqephu sezwe, esikhundleni umphakathi komakhelwane. izinqubo ezinjalo ziye zenzeka maqondana ohlanganyelwe bomhlaba futhi umhlaba amalungelo, manje okungewakho emndenini owodwa. On co-ubunikazi amalungelo abantu bajabulele ezimfundeni, amahlathi kanye namadlelo. Nokho, abaningi kukhona ukuthambekela ukuze ujike lezi zibe yifa siqu. Ngakho uqala ukwakha lawela yangasese. Kule ndaba, phezulu isitebhisi yezenhlalakahle ukugibela leyo mikhaya lapho kwakukhona khona inani elikhulu lamadoda, ikhono ukwandisa umhlaba ubunikazi nemindeni yabo kakhulu. umndeni elifanayo esincane samadoda baphoqeleka ukuba axazulule ngokuncane. Ikakhulukazi abaholi-'ukubamba kuphumelele amaqhawe.

Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi elandayo senhlalo

Lokhu ukusatshalaliswa ezweni imithombo kwaholela babhekane nezinga elikhulu kwezenhlalo phakathi kwabantu khulula ekuqaleni. Umndeni yokuchuma okukhulu ingashintshwa ngokushesha kule mibandela entsha kwezomnotho, yamabhizinisi bahlale abalimi, ngakho lapho smerdy. Incazelo leli gama ungaboniswa isitatimende ukuthi abantu, ukuphepha ukuzimela siqu futhi kwezomnotho esikhathini yentuthuko okusheshayo ubudlelwane amakhosi asendulo. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi izinduna laba bantu babe iningi labantu emphakathini lasendulo. Nokho, nge ukuvela eminye kohlelo amakhosi asendulo, abaningi babo balahlekelwa lokhu isimo, kuphenduke ehlukile labantu nasekuthengeni. Ngesikhathi ongumlimi efanayo engcolile - akuyona isigaba homogenous emphakathini, phakathi kwabo kukhona kahle, ngokuthi amadoda kanye "maqhawe" ababekwazi okufanelekile kwakudingeka iqhaza empini (a sine qua non kwaba isidingo ukuhlomisa ngokuphelele ngokwabo isinyathelo sezempi).

ababagqilazayo abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila

Nge nasekuqiniseni isimo kuya kuqina futhi le kwezakhi nelungelo. Njengoba logic izinduna kudinga ngcono njalo sabantu bexhashazwa, abanikazi enkulu ezweni kancane kancane baba burdened nga ngalindelekile inombolo enkulu abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila. Ngakho-ke, ongumlimi engcolile - kwaba uhlobo usongo esikhathini esizayo inhlalakahle uJehova amakhosi asendulo, futhi esikhathini esidlule bazama izindlela eziningi ukuze ujike lokuqala kuya uthembele kuyo abantu. Futhi ngokuvamile kwenzeka, esizwa kanye izimo zezulu. ukwehluleka Nqampuna, izikhukhula, isomiso - zonke lezi zenzakalo zaholela yokuthi umnotho bachuma kanye of serfs abangu kuncipha. Ukuze bondle imikhaya yabo, ngakho baphoqeleka ukuba afune usizo izinduna, njalo yawela izigqila Bakwethu ocebile. Ukuze Ngaboleka imali, imbewu kanye namathuluzi kwadingeka bakhokhe.

Lokhu kungenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Omunye ingxenye abanamacala wangena isivumelwano umbolekisi ( "inombolo" in the Old Russian umbhalo) futhi wasebenza kuso ezinye isikhathi sabo abaqhuba ngakho izikweletu. Laba bantu babizwa ngokuthi "ryadovichi". Enye ingxenye nayo yokukhokhela izikweletu ( "Coop" e umbhalo lasendulo), kodwa akakwazanga ukuthola kude umbolekisi uze ngokugcwele buyisela impahla waboleka. Abantu abanjalo ngokuthi "Zákupy."

ngobutjha

Noma kunjalo, ngemva wokubheka umuntu waba khulula futhi. ongumlimi Filthy eRussia lasendulo - kulesi simo ikakhulukazi abantu libhekene isikhundla salo umphakathi amakhosi asendulo. Lokhu isimo ingase ilahleke phakade uma indoda wayengakwazi ukufeza izibopho zayo, khona-ke uba isigqila, ngiye disfranchised umuntu, kuphela notch ngenhla uyinceku. Ngemva kwalokho, nge ekuthuthukiseni zomlando, izwi ilahlekelwe incazelo yalo original. ERussia XVI-XIX eminyaka serf - igama elibi ngendelelo zabantu Lokudabuka othobekile, elisetshenziswa emibuthanweni yezikhulu umphakathi waseRussia.