Stanislaw Lem futhi inoveli yakhe "Solaris"

1961 th kwaphawulwa hhayi kuphela indiza bokuqala emkhathini, kodwa futhi iqiniso lokuthi kule noveli "Solaris" yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngonyaka. Umbhali kwalo mkhiqizo fantastic kwaba a umlobi wasePoland Lokudabuka Jewish Stanislaw Lem. "Solaris" lwaluyoba hhayi kuphela edume kunazo imisebenzi umbhali, kodwa futhi ushiye i uphawu ongenakucimeka wokulingwa izincwadi kumnandi zomhlaba.

Stanislaw Lem - umbhali kule noveli "Solaris"

Stanislaw Lem, noma njengoba ukuyibiza ku NguStanisław Lem lenkaba, wazalelwa emzini Ukraine Lviv, ngaleso sikhathi yayingaphansi kwe Poland. Ebuntwaneni yomlobi esizayo kudlula. Ngemva kokuqeda isikole, lo Stanislaw abasha abakhethiwe nabezokwelapha waqhubeka bayofundela ubudokotela e-University of Lviv. Nokho, lapho kugqashuka seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, Lem waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye esikoleni bese uthola umsebenzi wokuba UWelder.

Umlobi futhi abazali bakhe kwakunguMariya abangamaJuda. Nokho, bakwazi bangadingiswa nokuboshwa okuhlushwa ngoba kwemibhalo kokuzihlanganisa.

Ngemva kwempi, Lviv baba ingxenye yase-USSR, futhi Lem, a Pole, waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye edolobheni lakubo futhi athuthele Krakow. Lapha Waqhubeka izifundo zakhe lo Jagiellonian University.

I esindayo post-yimpi isikhathi amaholo avela Stanislaw Lem zisezincane. Ukuze uthole imali eyengeziwe esikhathini sabo esikhululekile, umsebenzi olusemthethweni, waqala ukubhala tindzaba letimfisha eqanjiwe. Ngokushesha Lem ithalente bayazisa, ingxenye eyengeziwe isibe umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko.

Ngo-1951, umlobi ishicilela ezinkulu umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala - inoveli eqanjiwe "osomkhathi". Lo msebenzi wenza Lem nje kuphela ePoland, kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke. "Astronaut" ihunyushwa nezinye izilimi futhi ngokuvamile ishicilelwe.

Eminyakeni eyalandela, kukushiya eziningi umbhali. Inoveli "Magellanic Google", "uphenyo", "Edene", "Buyisela kusukela Stars", "Umlando Found kubhavu", "Invincible," "Izwi likaJehova", "Qatar" nabanye. Umjikelezo izindaba ezihlekisayo mayelana "I-Star Diaries," ukuzidela usomkhathi, iqoqo tindzaba, "Tinkhulumiswano", indaba ezihlekisayo "I Invasion kusukela Aldebaran." Uchungechunge "Tales amarobhothi" izindaba, "I Cyberiad," "Tales Pirx Pilot", "yize ngokuphelele" nokunye okuningi. Phakathi imisebenzi umbhali njengenhlangano inoveli kwakhe ngokukhula e Lviv "High Castle" futhi edume kunazo zonke emhlabeni zefilosofi eqanjiwe inoveli "Solaris".

Umlobi washona ngo-March 2006, kusukela izinkinga inhliziyo wangcwatshwa Krakow.

Isifinyezo noveli "Solaris"

Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, isintu ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni isikhala. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-likhulu nemashumi lamatsatfu ngaphambi iplanethi lelandzisako Solaris kutholwe ososayensi. Ekuqaleni, abantu babecabanga ukuthi kwaba abantu abahlala kuyo. Nokho, maduzane nje, isintu wathola ukuthi kiseleobrazny ocean, esehlanganise bonke ubuso iplanethi - isidalwa esiphilayo. Abantu bajabula futhi waqala ukufuna indlela yokwenza contact nale engqondweni. Kodwa ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka, futhi ukukwenza kube njalo futhi kuhlulekile.

Esikhungweni sokucwaninga ku Solaris kuza a isisebenzi esisha - wezengqondo Chris Kelvin. Ukuziphatha kwezinye izisebenzi esiteshini - Snauta futhi Sartorius - kubonakala engajwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye yesithathu okuthiwa Gibaryan isikhulu ngokushesha ngaphambi kokufika Chris wazibulala.

Kelvin akazange abe nesikhathi ukugaya zonke izindaba, akwaziwa lapho owayeyintombi yakhe ivela Hari. Nokho, lokhu kungenzeka kungabi-ke, njengoba ayenakho ukuzibulala kanye izimisele. Yonke imizamo ukuqeda Chris Hari akuphumelelanga - ibuyele kaningi. Ngokushesha sokusebenza kwengqondo uthola ukuthi ilungu iqembu ngalinye has a bengamenyiwe "isivakashi" ezifanayo esikhathini esidlule. It uphendulela libe isikhathi lapho abantu betadisha Solaris, iplanethi, futhi, waqala nokuqhuba "ucwaningo" phezu abacwaningi yabo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ke materializes izinjongo izinkumbulo ebabayo nebangela amahloni abantu ngokuhlala emhlabeni.

Calvin futhi abanale nkinga ayekanye nawo akhe ngifuna indlela balahle "izivakashi" yabo, ngokuthi Phantoms. Noma kunjalo, akazange asebenze. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, u-Chris uqala ziyabathanda Hari, okufanelekile nakulokho abantu athe xaxa ukuthi msinyana naye eqagela imvelaphi yabo. Eqaphela ukuthi uzama ukuzibulala, kodwa yena akazange aphume.

ngokushesha Kelvin iyeke ukufuna indlela ukuqeda Hari. Kodwa ozakwabo zakhe ne intombazane uqhubeke nocwaningo ngasese. Banakekela impumelelo futhi ukubhubhisa wonke izipoki esiteshini, kuhlanganise Hari.

Chris ecasukile kakhulu ngenxa yalokhu kushonelwa okushaqisayo. ozakwabo wesaba ukuthi kukhona azokwenza ukuqubuka - ukushaya up iplanethi noma ukuzibulala. Kodwa rethinking sina ngalesi sigameko, Kelvin enquma ukuhlala Solaris futhi ucwaningo olwengeziwe.

Umlando ubhala inoveli

Le noveli "Solaris" wayengeyena imisebenzi yokuqala enkulu eqanjiwe Lem. Nokho, waqala ukuthutha kude umbhali izithombe nakancane ngekusasa, okuvame ukuhlotshiswa ngayo irobhothi yakhe ngaphambili.

Ingxenye eyinhloko 'Solaris "kwalotshwa ehlobo lika-1959, lapho Stanislaw Lem iholidi baye eningizimu yePoland. Kodwa lapho ebuyela ekhaya, umbhali waphonsa lo mbhalo wesandla sidle Ngenxa yokuqhuma cishe unyaka. Ngo-1960, Lem enquma namanje uqeda noveli "Solaris". Kuze kube yimanje, eqeda kwesahluko sokugcina, kanye ukuhlela umbhalo obhaliwe ngaphambili. Ngo-1961, inoveli eshicilelwe ePoland, futhi eminyakeni elandelayo ke sebeqala ukuhumusha kwezinye izilimi.

Njengoba kamuva wabhala ezincwadini zakhe ngokuphila kwakhe Lem, eziningi izinto inoveli yakhe "Solaris" kwaba ofuna ukuphumela obala kuye. Nakuba abasebenza inoveli, umbhali ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala sengathi ukuphela omunye umtshela kanjani nokuthi yini ukubhala.

okufushane isikrini

Ngo-1963 wathunyelwa isiRashiya "Solaris". Le noveli wajabula ngakho abafundi Soviet ukuthi eminyakeni emihlanu nje ngemva kokukhishwa kwe-izisusa zakhe yathathwa TV nge Vasiliem Lanovym Starring.

Ngo-1972, u-Andrei Tarkovsky wathatha full movie phezu inoveli by Lem nge Donatas Banionis njengoba Kelvin. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, nombhali inoveli ngempela omubi asabela ngayo lapho rethinking ka "Solaris" Tarkovsky, zithi umqondisi omkhulu abazange baqonde icebo lakhe.

Ekuqaleni le senkulungwane ezimbili Stanislaw Lem ahlinzekwa ifilimu inoveli yakhe Hollywood. Ngemva ukwehluleka Tarkovsky umbhali waba manqikanqika, kodwa wavuma. Futhi ngo-2002 ezikrinini out lithathelwe yesithathu kule noveli "Solaris". Ngebhadi-ke, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi ngisho ezikude kakhulu kulokho eqale iyikho ezinyakazayo isithombe kunokuba 1972.

Ngo-2016 iqeda iminyaka engu 55 njengoba kunyatheliswa incwadi UStanislava Lema, "Solaris". Le noveli eminyakeni akalilahlile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo futhi iyaqhubeka ibangela isasasa izingqondo ezingasho izizukulwane esisha abafundi.