Sparta - lena ... Umlando Sparta. Amaqhawe Sparta. Sparta - Rise of an Empire

Eningizimu-mpumalanga, inhlonhlo ye-ngobukhulu Greek - yePeloponnese - the Sparta owawuke waba namandla sasikhona. Lesi simo kuyinto endaweni Laconia, esigodini olunothile emfuleni Eurotas. Igama layo esemthethweni ngokuvamile ezishiwo izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe - Sparta. Kuyinto kusukela kule isimo waya imiqondo ezifana "Spartan" futhi "Spartan". Wonke umuntu oye wezwa kuBaba futhi futhi mayelana ngokwezifiso nesihluku eliye lakhula kule Polis lasendulo: ukubulala izinsana ababuthakathaka ukugcina pool isakhi sofuzo se-isizwe.

Umlando nesenzakalo

Ngokusemthethweni, Sparta, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i Sparta (kusuka Leli zwi lalilihle futhi igama nome - Laconia), umsuka ekhulwini leshumi nanye BC. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile yonke indawo, okuyinto elibamba edolobheni-isimo wahlaselwa ngezizwe Doric. Labo kufakwe ne Achaeans bendawo baba spartakiatami ngomqondo othile, namuhla, futhi izakhamuzi zangaphambili yaphendulwa izigqila, eyaziwa ngokuthi helots.

Doric kunazo zonke zithi ayeyazi Ancient Greece, Sparta, kwaba ngasentshonalanga osebeni Eurotas, esakhiweni se-Idolobha lanamuhla igama elifanayo. Igama layo lingase lihunyushwe ngokuthi "zihlakazeke '. Lalinama Manors futhi izigodi ukuthi bahlakazekela Laconia. Isikhungo kwaba egqumeni elincane, eyaziwa kamuva ngokuthi i lalinjengenqaba. Ekuqaleni, Sparta yayingenalo udonga, futhi wasigcwalisa lesi simiso kuze kube ekhulwini lesibili BC.

Uhlelo isimo Sparta

Sisho kwaba isimiso ubunye zonke izakhamuzi nenqubomgomo amalungelo aphelele. Ngenxa yalesi, isimo kanye ilungelo Sparta ukuphila ngokuqinile regimented nokuphila kwezikhonzi zakhe, ubambe babhekane nezinga elikhulu zabo. Basics efana ohlelweni social babekwa phansi inkontileka we Lycurgus edume. Ngokusho kwakhe, imisebenzi iSparta kwakungamadodana ezemidlalo kuphela noma karate, kanye yezandla, ezokulima kanye nezokungcebeleka ngokuthi ukuhweba zazingumsebenzi helots futhi periekov.

Ngenxa nokusebenza zokuhlola ezasungulwa Lycurgus, zishintshe spartiatskuyu intando yeningi samasosha oligarchic e slaveholding republic, okuyinto kuleli cala wawusanamathele ezinye zezimpawu kohlelo zamaKhosi. Kube kwakungavunyelwe ubunikazi eyimfihlo ezweni, ngalo lahlukaniswa laba izabelo ezilingeneyo, okuyinto ezibhekwa impahla mphakathi futhi ngeke lithengiswe. Izigqila helots kanye mlando zikholelwa, kwakungekaNkulunkulu isimo, hhayi izakhamuzi ezicebile.

Sparta - lena kwelinye lamazwe ambalwa, eholwa esifanayo kwakunoFakazi ababili yenkosi, ababebizwa ngokuthi ama-arhagetami. amandla wabo kwakuwukukhuthaza sitholwa njengefa. Amandla emimoya zonke inkosi yase Sparta, sebehlala hhayi kuphela amandla ezempi, kodwa futhi ukuze inhlangano lomhlatshelo, kanye iqhaza isigungu samadoda amadala.

Kugcine wabiza Gerus futhi lalinabashumayeli ezimbili arhagetov amabili nesishiyagalombili Gerontopsychiatry. Abadala akhethwe yiSigungu Sikazwelonke wokuphila kuphela kusukela izikhulu Spartan, safinyelela eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha. KuyiGerousia e Sparta wenza eminye uhulumeni umzimba imisebenzi. Walungiselela imibuzo okufanele kuxoxwe ngakho emihlanganweni yomphakathi, kanye nomgomo wezangaphandle oqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isigungu samadoda amadala cabanga emacaleni obugebengu, kanye nobugebengu obuthinta isiqu ekuvukeleni uMbuso, okuhloswe, phakathi kokunye, ngokumelene arhagetov.

enkantolo

zomthetho kanye ilungelo Sparta lasendulo nemithetho ephors ebhodini. Ngokokuqala ngqá leli umzimba uvele ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili BC. Lalinama izakhamuzi ezinhlanu uyakufanelekela iningi isimo, lapho inhlangano kazwelonke akhethwe unyaka owodwa nje. Ekuqaleni namandla ephors yayiba ngempahla ekuqhutshweni. Kodwa ekhulwini kwelesithupha BC, amandla awo negunya lawo ukuze ikhule. Kancane kancane baqala ukuba azixoshe Gerus. Ephors banikezwa ilungelo abize umhlangano wezwe lonke futhi kuyiGerousia, ulungise inqubomgomo angaphandle ukuba afeze ukuphathwa yangaphakathi Sparta futhi izinqubo zalo. Lokhu umzimba bekulokhu kubaluleke kangaka oda social isimo, umyalo wakhe ukulawula izikhulu, kuhlanganise arhageta.

inhlangano Yabantu

Sparta - yisibonelo isimo ahlukile. Ukuze sinqobe labantu oyisicashalala kabani abamele nabizelwa helots, eyayenziwe madolonzima ukuthuthukiswa yangasese, ukuze kulondolozwe ukulingana phakathi iSparta ngokwabo.

Apella, noma LoMhlangano Yabantu, e Sparta efakiwe passivity. Ilungelo lokubamba iqhaza kule sidumbu izakhamuzi besilisa kuphela umnyuziki abaye efinyelela eminyakeni yobudala amathathu. Ekuqaleni, inhlangano kazwelonke obize arhaget, kodwa kamuva khaphi them futhi idluliselwe ibhodi ephors. Apella ayikwazanga nixoxa ngemibuzo ukubeka phambili, kuba ngenqaba noma ngamukela isixazululo yayo ezihlongozwayo kuphela. Ukuvota amalungu esiShayamthetho sikazwelonke bakudala kakhulu: ukumemeza noma amalungu division ezinhlangothini ezihlukene, bese iso kanye uzimisele kakhulu.

labantu

Izakhamuzi isimo Lacedaemonian kwaba njalo ekilasini ukungalingani. Lesi simo wadala uhlelo social Sparta, ezazihlanganisa emahlangothini amathathu: periekov elite - abakhileyo mahhala emizaneni eseduze, akudingeki ilungelo lokuvota, kanye uhulumeni izigqila - helots.

ISparta ababengenabani izimo nelungelo, wahlanganyela kuphela empini. Ayekude ukuhweba, obuciko nezolimo, lokho kwakulungile njengoba kwesokunxele kuya periekam isihe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izigodi elite iSparta ayephatha ngayo Helots, ngubani zokugcina okuqashiswe isimo. Phakathi nenkathi yokudlondlobala yezikhulu isimo kwaba kancane kahlanu ukwedlula periekov futhi eziyishumi - helots.

Umlando Sparta

Zonke nezikhathi bokuba khona omunye uthi iningi lasendulo zingahlukaniswa zibe inkathi komlando, lasendulo, classical, yamaGreki namaRoma. Ngamunye wabo zashiya izibazi hhayi kuphela kumiswa isimo Sparta lasendulo. Greece uye waboleka eziningi kule ndaba ekwenziweni.

prehistory

Lacaune ku emazweni ekuqaleni wahlala Leleges, kodwa emva ukuthunjwa Dorians yePeloponnese, kule ndawo, okuyinto ubulokhu kubhekwe inyumba kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile ezincane, ngenxa yokukhohlisa waya amadodana amabili ezincane edume yinkosi Aristodemus - Evrisfenu yathuka.

Ngokushesha kwaba umuzi omkhulu Lacedaemon Sparta isistimu ukuthi amaphi isikhathi eside akusho ivelele phakathi nezinye izifundazwe Doric. Wayengumngane eziphikelelayo izimpi zangaphandle kanye nemizi angomakhelwane Argos futhi Arcadia. Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kakhulu emhlabeni isikhathi wokubusa Lycurgus - drevnespartanskogo lesishaya, okuyinto izazi-mlando zasendulo ngazwi linye chasiselwe isakhiwo sepolitiki ke elanqoba Sparta emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka.

inkathi Antique

Ngemva kokunqoba ezimpini okuthatha 743 kuya 723 futhi kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 685 kuya 668. BC, Sparta wakwazi ekugcineni ukunqoba awuthumbe Messenia. Ngenxa yalokho izakhamuzi zakhona lasendulo baye bancishwa izwe labo ziphenduka helots. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha, Sparta iwine benane ngazo nemizamo ezinkulukazi kanye Arcadians, futhi 660 BC. e. Tegea baphoqeleka ukuba bavume hegemony yayo. Ngokusho isivumelwano, egcinwe kwi iqoqo eziseduze Alpheus ikholomu, yena wamphoqa ukuba angene ubuhlobo lempi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, Sparta emehlweni ezizwe wafika kubhekwe isimo kuqala ngesiGreki.

Umlando Sparta kulesigaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamizi zayo ziye kuqalile ukuzama ukuketula omashiqela, eliphuma lwesikhombisa yeminyaka BC. e. cishe zonke zithi ngesiGreki. Owasiza iSparta sokuxosha Kipselidov eseKorinte, Peisistratus ase-Athene, kwaba negalelo ekuchithweni yokukhululwa Sicyon futhi Phocis, kanye iziqhingi eziningana e-Aegean Sea, ngaleyo ndlela nizuza ezifundeni ezehlukene abasekeli sibonge.

Umlando Sparta zangenkathi classical

Umfelandawonye ithegi futhi Elis, le iSparta waqala ukuheha ukuze ohlangothini lwawo, futhi eminye imizi Laconia kanye nezindawo ezizungezile. Ngenxa yalokho, edala Peloponnesian umbimbi hegemony okuyinto wathatha phezu Sparta. Lezo kwakuyizikhathi omangalisayo ngokubekezelela kwakhe: ebonisa ubuholi ezimpini, kwaba maphakathi emihlanganweni futhi yonke imihlangano Union, ngaphandle siphazamise inkululeko uthi umuntu ukugcina ukuzimela yabo.

Sparta ngiza- ukusabalalisa igunya ezabo yePeloponnese, kodwa izinsongo eziyingozi kwaphoqa zonke ezinye izifundazwe ngaphandle Argos, ngesikhathi yamaGreki Persian izimpi hamba ngaphansi ukusekelwa wakhe. Ukuyeka ingozi ngqo, iSparta, eqaphela ukuthi abakwazanga ukulwa impi namaPheresiya kude imingcele yabo, akazange amelane lapho i-Athens uhlaziyo okunye isiqondiso mkhulu impi, elinganisela kuphela nhlonhlo.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, thina waqala ukubonisa izimpawu zesifo umbango phakathi kwalezi ezimbili uthi ke vylivsheesya Lokuqala Peloponnesian neMpi, okwaphela emhlabeni Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu. Ukulwa hhayi kuphela waphula amandla Athens, futhi wasungula hegemony ka Sparta, kodwa futhi kwaholela ekulahlekelweni kancane kancane izisekelo zalo - Lycurgus umthetho.

Ngenxa yalokho, ngonyaka 397 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu kwenzeka Kinadona kuvukela, Nokho, okuyinto, akuphumelelanga. Nokho, ngemva ukwehluleka ezithile, ikakhulukazi izilonda e Battle of eKinidu ukuba 394-m n. e, Sparta elahlekile e-Asia Minor, kodwa waba umahluleli nomlamuleli ezindabeni ngesiGreki, ngaleyo ndlela ubeka izaba inqubomgomo inkululeko kuwo onke amazwe, futhi wakwazi ahlinzekele ubuqhawe e umfelandawonye yasePheresiya. Kuphela eThebes abazange balilalele nemibandela ebekiwe, ngaleyo ndlela ekwenqabeleni izinzuzo Sparta ehlazisayo ngoba izwe lakhe.

ngenkathi yamaGreki namaRoma

Kuzoqalwa nge leminyaka, isimo isibe fast ngokwanele ukuba wenqabe. Bempofu futhi abadliwa izikweletu ezakhamuzi zayo, Sparta, uhlelo eyayisekelwe imithetho Lycurgus, abe ifomu angenalutho kahulumeni. umfelandawonye fokeyanami kuphothuliwe. Nakuba iSparta, waziyekela ukusiza, kodwa akazange anikeze wangempela wokusekela. In the ukungabikho Aleksandra Makedonskogo inkosi Agis nge ngomzamo balahle ijoka Macedonian senziwa uDariyu ethathwe imali. Kepha jeza bibizane empini ngoba lo muzi, wabulawa. Kancane kancane laqala ukunyamalala ngibe ngumoya yasendlini, okuyinto idume kangaka Sparta.

Sibonelo Yombuso

Sparta - isimo okwaphela amakhulu eminyaka amathathu yayiyifela umona wonke eGrisi lasendulo. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka phakathi wesishiyagalombili zekhulu lesihlanu BC, kwaba ekuqongeleleni amakhulukhulu amadolobha, ngokuvamile ngemali impi nomunye. Omunye Izibalo ezinqala ukuvela Sparta njengoba isimo esinamandla uqine baba Lycurgus. Ngaphambi ukubukeka kwakhe, wayengeyena ezahlukene kakhulu kusuka kwamanye ngesiGreki lizisho. Kodwa nge obhekwe Lycurgus isimo sesishintshile, kanye nezinto okumele zenziwe kuqala ukuthuthukiswa ubuciko impi banikwa. Kusukela ngalowo mzuzu kuqhubeke Sparta yaziphatha zishintshe. Futhi kwaba ngalesi sikhathi kuba nenkathi yakhe.

Kusukela ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili leminyaka BC. e. Sparta waqala ukuqhuba izimpi ukunqoba, unqoba ngemva kwenye komakhelwane yayo yePeloponnese. Ngemva uchungechunge yimpumelelo ezempi Sparta wathutha ukusungula izibopho zokubonisana izimbangi zawo esiqine. Wangena izivumelwano eziningana, Sparta wema ngasemnyango ikhanda we-Union of the Peloponnesian uthi, ubhekwa zokwakheka enamandla kakhulu yeGrisi yasendulo. Sparta ekudalweni kwalolu mbimbi ukukhonza ngenxa ibonisa ayehlasela WasePheresiya.

Inkulumo Echaza Isimo Sezwe Sparta kwaba imfihlakalo mlando. AmaGreki hhayi kuphela bayahlonishwa izakhamuzi zawo, kodwa besaba nabo. Omunye uhlobo izihlangu zethusi izingubo ebomvu ukugqokwa amaqhawe Sparta, ikhokhwe abaphikisi ukuba indiza, baphoqeleka ukuba lidele.

Hhayi izitha kuphela, kodwa futhi amaGreki akakuthandanga lapho ibutho, ngisho nencane, wabekwa eceleni kwabo. Incazelo silula: amaqhawe Sparta babenedumela ayenganqobeki. Buka phalanges yabo kwaholela ekutheni izwe liphathwe ukwethuka, ngisho baleyo. Nokho, Nakuba izimpi ngalezo zinsuku, ubuhanjelwe nenani elincane kuphela elihlanganyela fighters, abakaze eyathatha isikhathi eside.

Kusukela ekwindla ka umbuso

Kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesihlanu BC. e. ukuhlasela kwaso okukhulu, kwenziwa kusukela empumalanga, kwaba ukuqala ukwehla kwamandla Sparta. UMbuso omkhulu umbuso wasePheresiya, kwathi nhló nganginesifiso wokwandisa izindawo zabo, wathumela ibutho elikhulu ezweni lamaGreki. abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili ema ngasesivalweni imingcele Greece. Kodwa amaGreki, eyayibonakala iphethwe iSparta, baye bamukela inselele.

Leonid yinkosi

Njengoba indodana Anaksandrida, inkosi iphathwa Agiadov lwamakhosi. Ngemva kokufa abafowabo abadala, futhi Klemen Dorieya Okokuqala, ibhodi ithathe igama leonid. Sparta eminyakeni 480 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu ilwa yasePheresiya. Futhi igama leonid elihlobene ne feat engafiyo iSparta, Thermopylae Gorge ngesikhathi impi okwenzeka, wehlela emlandweni eminyaka.

Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-480 BC. e., lapho izindimbane ezikhungethwe inkosi yasePheresiya uXerxes Uzame ubambe ndima omncane ohlanganisa Central Greece nge eThessaly. Ehola amabutho, kuhlanganise Union, wayeyiNkosi Leonidas. Sparta ngesikhathi isikhundla bokuphakama phakathi kwezizwe enobungane. Kodwa u-Ahashiveroshi usebenzisa okukhohlisa awanelisekile wahamba Thermopylae Gorge futhi wangena ezingemuva amaGreki.

Sparta amaqhawe

Lapho ezwa ngalokhu, leonid, owalwa eceleni amasosha abo, ziyoncibilika amabutho azihlanganisa, abathume ekhaya. Futhi yena nedlanzana amasosha, Inani lawo amathathu namashumi kuphela, ume endleleni amabili senkulungwane ibutho wasePheresiya. Thermopylae Gorge kuyinto lwamasu amaGreki. Uma kwenzeka ukunqotshwa, bona wayezonqunywa esasisenkabeni yeGrisi, futhi isiphetho sabo kwakuyodingeka niye naphawulelwa.

Zingakapheli izinsuku ezine, namaPheresiya zehlulekile ukuphula amabutho kukhona engenakuqhathaniswa ezincane. Heroes of Sparta alwa njengamabhongo ezingonyama. Kodwa amabutho ukungalingani.

amaqhawe ababenesibindi Sparta babulawa yilowo nalowo. Ndawonye nabo kuze kube sekupheleni lokulwa futhi inkosi yawo Leonidas, ababengakholelwa ufuna ukulahla emzabalazweni.

Igama leonid wehlile emlandweni. Bomlando, kuhlanganise uHerodotus, owabhala: "amakhosi abaningi baye bafa futhi Sekuyisikhathi eside ukhohliwe. Kodwa leonid waziwa futhi ohlonishwa zonke. Igama lakhe bayohlale besikhumbula Sparta, Greece. Futhi hhayi ngoba wayeyinkosi, kodwa ngoba ngaphambi kokuphela umsebenzi wayo ezweni lakhe ukuzosifela njengomhlatshelo iqhawe. Lesi sigigaba ekuphileni amaGreki nobuqhawe wathwebula, izincwadi ezibhaliwe.

feat iSparta

Inkosi yasePheresiya uXerxes, elingazange ushiye iphupho ukuze uthwebule Hellas yahlasela Greece e 480, ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaGreki ubambe Olympics. ISparta zilungele ukugubha Carney.

Zombili lezi iholide ngesiGreki aphoqelelwe ukuba bahloniphe kuthula engcwele. Futhi lelo kwaba esinye sezizathu ezinkulu zokuthi kungani e Thermopylae Gorge namaPheresiya wamelana ibutho elincane kuphela.

Ekwenzeni yebutho elikhulu uXerxes ephethwe ihlukane ka iSparta ezingamakhulu amathathu, ayeholwa iNkosi Leonidas. Warriors abakhethelwa ngesisekelo ukuthi benezingane. Endleleni eya izidlamlilo leonid ujoyine izinkulungwane zabantu tegeytsev, Arcadians futhi mantineytsev, kanye namashumi amabili - of Orchomenus. LaseKorinte wathumela amasosha amane kusukela Phlius futhi Mycenae - anamakhulu mathathu.

Lapho akusiyo impi eziningi bafika Thermopylae yezinto futhi wabona eziningi namaPheresiya, amasosha amaningi ayenomusa wayethukile futhi baqala ukuba izingxoxo mayelana ukubaleka. Ingxenye oMfelandawonye ahlinzekwa ukuthuthela enhlonhlweni ukuba aqaphe Isthmus. Nokho, abanye baye bafinyelela ukucasula ngesinqumo esifana nalesi. Leonid, wayala ibutho ukuhlala endaweni, wathuma izithunywa ku-wonke umuzi isicelo ukusekelwa, ngoba kwadingeka amasosha ezimbalwa kakhulu ngempumelelo dudula namaPheresiya.

Njengoba abantu abaningi kangangokuthi abane ezinsukwini zeNkosi u-Ahashiveroshi, enethemba lokuthi amaGreki wabaleka, akazange aqale ekulweni. Kodwa ngibona ukuthi lokhu akwenzeki, wathumela ngokumelene nabo amaMede noCassius ne ukuze athathe leonid uyaphila nililethe. Labo masishane ehlaselwa amaGreki. Ngamunye amaMede ukuhlaselwa yaphela nge ukulahlekelwa omkhulu, kodwa endaweni ye awile sekufika nabanye. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ukuthi iSparta namaPheresiya sobala ukuthi abantu Ziningi uXerxes, kodwa ambalwa amaqhawe phakathi kwabo. Le mpi yathatha usuku lonke.

Njengoba base bethole a wenqaba juqu, amaMede baphoqeleka ukuba ashona. Kodwa kwathathelwa indawo namaPheresiya, kwaholela Gidarn. UXerxes wababiza ngokuthi "ukungafi" isikwati futhi enethemba lokuthi kalula uyoqeda iSparta. Kodwa empini Melee futhi behluleka, kanye amaMede, impumelelo enkulu.

NamaPheresiya kwadingeka alwe at amakota abaseduze, futhi ngemikhonto emifushane, kuyilapho amaGreki babephila isikhathi eside, okuyinto kule Duel wanika aba ngcono kunezinye.

Ebusuku, lo iSparta aphinde ahlasela ekamu WasePheresiya. Bakwazi ukubulala eziningi izitha, kodwa injongo yabo eyinhloko ukunqoba kule ukudideka jikelele u-Ahashiveroshi. Futhi kuphela uma emini, babelingana namaPheresiya wabona ukusweleka Tsar leonid squad. Ngokuba yilowo nalowo waphonsa lo iSparta wakhawula nge ayimikhonto nemicibisholo.

Eya emaphakathi neGreece namaPheresiya wavulwa. UXerxes mathupha zihlolwe empini. Ukuthola yinkosi efile Spartan, yayala ukuba anqunywe ikhanda wawubeka esigxotsheni.

Kukhona legend ukuthi iNkosi Leonidas, uya Thermopylae, baqonda ngokucace ukuthi kufa, ngakho umbuzo nomkakhe lapho yokuvalelisa iziphi imiyalo yakho, wayala ukuthola umyeni okahle futhi ubelethe amadodana. Yileso isikhundla empilweni iSparta ukulungele ukufela izwe lakubo empini ukuze uthole umqhele wenkazimulo.

Ukuqala Peloponnesian War

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile lona ezilwayo ngesiGreki lizisho lwabuthana futhi bakwazi ukuxosha u-Ahashiveroshi. Nokho, naphezu ukunqoba ngokuhlanganyela phezu namaPheresiya, umfelandawonye phakathi Sparta futhi Athens akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. Ngonyaka 431 BC. e. Yephukela Peloponnesian neMpi. Futhi ambalwa nje emashumini bakwazi ukunqoba ukunqoba isimo Spartan.

Kodwa akubona bonke abantu eGrisi lasendulo wajabulela kokubusa Lacedaemon. Ngakho-ke, kamuva isigamu sekhulu leminyaka lokulwa entsha Kwagqashuka. Lesi sikhathi, izimbangi zakhe kukhona eThebes, lapho oMfelandawonye kuphumelele bahambe ukunqotshwa sina Sparta. Ngenxa yalokho, kulahleke amandla isimo.

isiphetho

Okunjalo kwakuyisici Sparta lasendulo. Wayengomunye kwabazabalazayo esiyinhloko igunya futhi supremacy umbono ngesiGreki zomhlaba. Ezinye mlando emlandweni we Spartan nalapho imisebenzi emikhulu ekhuluma, uHomer. Okuphawulekayo phakathi kwalezi oluvelele "Iliad."

Kodwa manje le nqubomgomo ekhazimulayo manje wahlala kuphela emanxiweni ezinye izinhlaka zayo nenkazimulo elingabuniyo. Ngaphambi besikhathi sakhe kwafika legend ubuqhawe of amasosha akuleli, kanye idolobha elincane elinegama elifanayo eningizimu yePeloponnese.