Soloviev Vladimir, isazi sefilosofi: biography, usebenza

UVladimir Soloviev wayengomunye wabacwaningi bezinkolo ezinkulu baseRashiya bekhulu le-XIX ngasekugcineni. Waba umlobi wezinkomba eziningana (imibono yobuNkulunkulu, i-panmongolism, njll), okwamanje isacwaningwa kakhulu yizazi zefilosofi zaseRussia.

Iminyaka yokuqala

Isazi sefilosofi sesikhathi esizayo uSolovyov Vladimir Sergeevich wazalwa ngoJanuwari 28, 1853 eMoscow, emndenini wesazi-mlando esidumile uSergei Solovyov (umbhali we-multi-volume "History of Russia kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo"). Umfana wafunda esikoleni sokuzivocavoca sesihlanu, futhi kamuva wangena eMnyangweni WezeMpilo Nezibalo zeMoscow State University. Kusukela ebusheni bakhe uSoloviev ufunde imisebenzi yama-idealists aseJalimane namaSlavophile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayethonywa kakhulu abantu abadinga izinto ezibonakalayo. Kwakuyintando yabo eyayiholela intsha ekufundeni i-physics ne-mathematics faculty, nakuba, emva konyaka wesibili, wathunyelwa esikhungweni somlando nesiprofetho. Ehlatshwe umxhwele izincwadi zokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, uVladimir Soloviev osemusha waze waxosha isithonjana ngaphandle kwefasitela ekamelweni lakhe, okwamcasula kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, umbuthano wokufunda kwakhe wawuhlanganisa uKhomyakov, uSylling noHegel.

USergei Mikhailovich wafaka indodana yakhe ngenkuthalo nokukhiqiza. Unyaka ngamunye yena ngokwakhe wayezishicilela njalo ngokusho "Umlando" wakhe futhi ngale ndlela waba isibonelo esicacile ngendodana yakhe. Sekukhulile, uVladimir wabhala nsuku zonke ngaphandle kokuhlukile (ngezinye izikhathi ngezingubo zephepha, lapho okwakungaphezu kwalokho kwakungekho lutho).

Umsebenzi weYunivesithi

Useneminyaka engu-21 ubudala, uSolovyov waba yiprofesa oyinhloko nomsizi. Umsebenzi ayewakhuthaza wawubizwa ngokuthi "I-Crisis Western Philosophy." Le nsizwa yanquma ukuthola i-degree hhayi eMoscow, kodwa eSt. Petersburg. Yayiyini iphuzu lokubuka emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala wesayensi uSoloviev Vladimir wavikela? Isazi sefilosofi sigxekeza lowo owawuthandwa kakhulu e-Europe positivism. Ngemva kokuthola i-master degree, wahamba ngohambo lwakhe lokuqala lwangaphandle. Umlobi we-novice uvakashele i-Old World namazwe aseMpumalanga, kuhlanganise neGibhithe. Uhambo lwalungumsebenzi nje kuphela - uSoloviev waba nesithakazelo ekukhulekeleni okungokomoya naseKabbalah. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakuse-Aleksandria naseKairo ukuthi waqala ukusebenza ngombono wakhe kaSophia.

Ebuyela ekhaya, uSolovyov waqala ukufundisa eNyuvesi yaseSt. Petersburg. Wahlangana futhi wasondelana noFedor Dostoyevsky. Umlobi we "The Brothers Karamazov" wakhetha uVladimir Solovyov njengomfanekiso ka-Alyosha. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwavela enye impi yaseRussia-Turkish. Soloviev Vladimir wasabela kuye? Nokho, isazi sefilosofi sasihamba phambili njengesivolontiya, ngomzuzu wokugcina washintsha ingqondo yakhe. Ukwethembeka kwakhe okujulile nokwenqaba impi kwachazwa. Ngo-1880 wavikela umqondo wakhe waba udokotela. Nokho, ngenxa yokungqubuzana nomqondisi weyunivesithi - uMikhail Vladislavlev - Solovyov akazange amukele isikhundla sikaprofesa.

Ukuqedwa kwemisebenzi yokufundisa

Ukuguquka komcabango kwaba ngo-1881. Khona-ke izwe lonke lashaqeka ngokubulawa kwabavukeli bakaTsar Alexander II. Wenzani uVladimir Solovyov kulezi zimo? Isazi sefilosofi sifunda inkulumo yomphakathi lapho yathi khona kwakudingeka ukuxolela amaphekula. Lesi senzo sibonise ngokucacile imibono kanye nezinkolelo zikaSoloviev. Ukholelwa ukuthi umbuso awunelungelo lokubulala abantu, ngisho nokuphendula ngokubulala. Umqondo wokuthethelela kobuKristu wawuphoqa umlobi ukuba athathe lesi sinyathelo esiqotho kodwa esingenasici.

Inkulumo yaholela ekuhlaselweni. Yaziwa phezulu. UNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi uLoris-Melikov wabhala inkulumo entsha kuTsar Alexander III omusha, lapho ekhuthaza ozimele ukuba angajezisi isazi sefilosofi ngenxa yenkolo ejulile yalokhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhali wenkulumo wayeyindodana yesazi-mlando esihlonishwayo, kanye nomqondisi weMoscow University. U-Alexander ekuphenduleni kwakhe wabiza u-Solovyov ngokuthi "psychopath", futhi umeluleki wakhe osondelene kakhulu, uKonstantin Pobedonostsev, wayebheka "inkohliso" enecala phambi kwesihlalo sobukhosi.

Ngemva kwalokhu, isazi sefilosofi sashiya iYunivesithi yaseSt. Petersburg, nakuba ngokusemthethweni akazange akhishwe. Okwokuqala, kwakuyi-hype, futhi okwesibili, umbhali wayefuna ukugxila kakhulu ezincwadini nasezihlokweni. Kwakusekupheleni kuka-1881 ukuthi isikhathi sokuqala sokukhula sakhula, okwashiwo uSolovyov Vladimir. Isazi sefilosofi sabhala ngaphandle kokuyeka, ngoba kuye kwakuyindlela kuphela yokuthola imali.

Monk Knight

Ngokusho kwemibono yabantu besikhathi sakhe, uSolovyov wayehlala ezimweni ezimbi. Wayengenayo ikhaya elihlala njalo. Umlobi wahlala emahhotela noma nabangani abaningi. Ukungahleleki komndeni kubonakala kabi empilweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sefilosofi sasihlale sinomsebenzi oqinile. Futhi konke lokhu kwakuhambisana nezifundo ezijulile. Okokugcina, uSolovyov wayevame ukusebenzisa i-turpentine. Kulolu ketshezi, waphathwa njengokwelashwa nokucabangela. I-Turpentine yayibanjwe nazo zonke izindlu zayo.

Ukuphila okungaqondakali kanye nedumela lomlobi kwagqugquzela imbongi u-Alexander Blok ukuba ambize ememori i-knight-monk. Ubunye be-Solovyov buzibonakalisa ngokoqobo kukho konke. Umlobi u-Andrei Bely uyakhumbula izinkumbulo zakhe lapho, ngokwesibonelo, kuthiwa isazi sefilosofi sasihleka ngokumangalisayo. Abanye abangane babembheka njengama-homeric futhi bejabule, abanye - amademoni.

UVladimir Solovyov uvame ukuhamba phesheya. Ngo-1900 wabuyela eMoscow okokugcina ukunikela ngokuhumusha kwakhe kwemisebenzi kaPlato endlini yokushicilela. Umlobi wabe esegula. Wathunyelwa kuSergei Trubetskoi - isazi sefilosofi esingokwenkolo, umbhali, umphakathi nomfundi kaSolovyov. Umndeni wakubo wawuyingxenye ye-suburban estate u-Uzkoe. Lapho, odokotela bafika kuVladimir Sergeevich abathola ukuthi ukuxilongwa okudumazayo - "ukushisa kwezinso" nokuthi "ukuhlasela kwesifo somzimba." Umzimba womlobi ukhathele ukulayisha ngokweqile edeskini. Wayengenalo umndeni futhi wahlala yedwa, ngakho akekho owayengayilandela imikhuba yakhe nefuthe uSolovyov. Manor Uzkoe futhi waba yindawo yokufa kwakhe. Isazi sefilosofi sashona ngo-Agasti 13, 1900. Wangcwatshwa eMathuneni kaNovevicvic, eduze noyise.

UbuNkulunkulu

Ingxenye eyinhloko yefa likaVladimir Solovyov ngumqondo wakhe wobuNkulunkulu. Le mbono yaqala ukuchazwa yifilosofi "ekufundeni" kwakhe ngo-1878. Umyalezo wayo oyinhloko yisiphetho mayelana nobunye bomuntu noNkulunkulu. I-Soloviev yayibucayi ngokholo lwendabuko lobuhlanga besizwe saseRussia. Wacabanga ngemikhuba evamile "engumuntu".

Ezinye izazi zefilosofi zaseRussia, njengeSolovyov, zazama ukuqonda ngaleso sikhathi isimo seSonto Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Ekufundiseni kwakhe, umlobi wasebenzisa igama elithi Sophia, noma ukuhlakanipha, okwakuzoba ngumphefumulo wokholo olusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unomzimba - iSonto. Lo mphakathi wamakholwa kwakuzoba yingxenye yomphakathi omuhle ozayo.

U-Solovyov, ethi "Ukufundwa ngoNkulunkulu-indoda," wathi iSonto lalibhekene nezinkinga ezinkulu. Ihlukaniswe futhi ayinamandla phezu kwengqondo yabantu, futhi imibono emisha eyaziwayo kodwa engabazayo iwukuthi i-positivism ne-socialism. U-Vladimir Solovyev (1853-1900) wayeqiniseka ukuthi imbangela yalesi sengozi esingokomoya kwakuyi-Great French Revolution, eyashukumisa izisekelo zomphakathi waseYurophu. Kufundwa okungu-12 i-theorist yazama ukufakazela: kuphela isonto nenkolo evuselelwe kungathatha isakhiwo sokumisa, lapho ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX kwakukhona izinkolelo eziningi ezombusazwe ezishisayo. USoloviav akazange aphile ukuze abone ukuvuswa kokuqala eRussia ngo-1905, kodwa wazizwa ngempela indlela yakhe.

Umqondo kaSofia

Ngokomqondo wefilosofi, isimiso sobunye bukaNkulunkulu nomuntu singatholakala eSofia. Lesi yisibonelo somphakathi omuhle oncike othandweni lobuKristu ngomakhelwane womuntu. Ukuphikisana ngoSofia njengenjongo yokugcina yentuthuko yomuntu, umbhali we "Ukufundwa" naye wathinta umbuzo wendawo yonke. Wachaza ngokuningiliziwe inkolelo yakhe siqu yenqubo ye-cosmogonic.

Incwadi yefilosofi uVladimir Solovyov (ukufundwa kwe-10) inikeza isikhathi sokulandelana kwemvelaphi yezwe. Ekuqaleni kwakuyi-Astral Age. Umlobi wahlobanisa no-Islam. Okulandelayo kulandela inkathi yelanga. Ngesikhathi kuvuka ilanga, ukushisa, ukukhanya, magnetism nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo. Emakhakheni akhe imibhalo i-theorist yaxhuma le nkathi ngezinkolo eziningi zenkolo zasendulo zenkolo - ukholo ku-Apollo, Osiris, Hercules no-Adonis. Ngokufika kokuphila okuphilayo emhlabeni, ukugcina, inkathi ye-Telluric yaqala.

Lesi sikhathi sabheka ngokukhethekile uVladimir Soloviev. Isazi-mlando, isazi sefilosofi ne-theorist sigcizelele imiphakathi emithathu ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Lezi zizwe (amaGreki, amaHindu namaJuda) yilabo abaqala ukunikeza umqondo womphakathi omuhle ngaphandle kokuchithwa kwegazi nezinye izinto ezimbi. Kwakuphakathi kwabantu bamaJuda uJesu Kristu ashumayela. U-Soloviev akamphathanga njengomuntu ngamunye, kodwa njengomuntu okwazi ukuhlanganisa yonke imvelo yomuntu. Noma kunjalo, isazi sefilosofi sikholelwa ukuthi kubantu babeka izinto eziningi kakhulu kunezophezulu. U-Adamu waba yindlela yokwenza lokhu.

Ukucabangela ngoSofia, uVladimir Soloviev walandela umqondo wokuthi imvelo inomphefumulo wayo owodwa. Wayekholelwa ukuthi abantu kufanele babe njengale myalelo, lapho bonke abantu benokuthile okufanayo. Lezi mbono zefilosofi ziye zathola enye indlela engokwenkolo. Wayeyingu-Uniate (okungukuthi, wakhuthaza ubunye bamasonto). Kukhona ngisho nombono wokuthi wamukela amaKatolika, nakuba aphikisana nabadlali bezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yemithombo ehlukanisiwe neyenembile. Noma kunjalo, kodwa uSoloviev wayengumsekeli osebenzayo wokuhlanganiswa kwamasonto aseWestern and Eastern.

"Ubuhle emvelweni"

Omunye wemisebenzi eyisisekelo kaVladimir Solovyov kwakuyisihloko esithi "Ubuhle Bendalo", eshicilelwe ngo-1889. Isazi sefilosofi sihlolisisa lesi sici ngokuningiliziwe, sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuningi. Isibonelo, wabona ubuhle njengendlela yokuguqula indaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Solovyov wabiza ukuthi uyakwazisa into enhle ngokwayo, hhayi njengendlela yokufeza umgomo ohlukile. Wabuye wabiza ubuhle ukuthi yiyiphi indlela yokucabanga.

U-Vladimir Soloviev, obunikazi bakhe obufushane okuyisibonelo sokuphila komlobi, owathinte cishe cishe zonke izigaba zomsebenzi womuntu emsebenzini wakhe, wachaza isimo sakhe sengqondo kwezobuciko kulesi sihloko. Isazi sefilosofi sikholelwa ukuthi wayehlale enomgomo owodwa kuphela - ukuthuthukisa okungokoqobo nokuthonya isimo nomphefumulo womuntu. Ingxoxo mayelana nenhloso yobuciko yayithandwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Isibonelo, uLobert Tolstoy ukhulume ngesihloko esifanayo, umlobi owenza ngokungaqondakali kahle. U-Solovyov Vladimir Sergeevich, ombongo lwakhe owaziwayo ngaphansi kwezefilosofi yakhe, naye wayengumlobi, ngakho akazange akhulume ngobuciko obuvela ngaphandle. "Ubuhle bemvelo" buye lwashukumisa kakhulu imibono ye-intelligentsia ye-Silver Age. Ukubaluleka kwalesi sihloko somsebenzi wakhe kwaphawulwa abalobi u-Alexander Blok no-Andrei Bely.

"Incazelo Yothando"

Yini enye eyenziwa nguVladimir Solovyov ngemuva? UbuNkulunkulu bombuso (umqondo wayo oyinhloko) wakhiwa ochungechungeni lwezihloko esithi "Incazelo Yothando", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1892-1893. Lezi zazingekho izincwadi ezihlukene, kodwa izingxenye zomsebenzi owodwa. Esihlokweni sokuqala, u-Solov'ev wenqabe umqondo wokuthi uthando luyisindlela kuphela zokukhiqiza nokuqhubeka komphakathi wesintu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlobi waqhathanisa izinhlobo zakhe. Wacacisa uthando lokubeletha , oluthandana , lobulili, oluyingqayizivele , uthando lwezwe laseYise, njll. Wathinta uhlobo lobugovu. Ku-Solovyov, uthando kuphela amandla angenza umuntu adlule kulo mzwelo.

Ukuhlolwa kwamanye amafilosofi aseRussia kubonisa. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Nikolai Berdyaev wacabanga ukuthi lo mjikelezo "uyinto ephawuleka kakhulu eyabhalwa ngothando." Futhi u-Alexei Losev, owabe engomunye wabalobi abakhulu bomlobi, wagcizelela ukuthi uSoloviev ubheke ukuthi uthando luyindlela yokufinyelela ubumbano obungunaphakade (ngakho-ke ubuNkulunkulu).

"Ukulungiswa Kokuhle"

Incwadi ethi "Ukulungiswa Kokuhle", eyabhalwa ngo-1897, iyisenzo esiyisisekelo sokuziphatha sikaVladimir Solovyov. Umlobi uhlele ukuqhubeka lo msebenzi nezinye izingxenye ezimbili futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, ashicilele izintandokazi, kodwa akazange akwazi ukufeza umbono wakhe. Kule ncwadi, umlobi wanikeza izingxabano ukuthi okuhle kuphelele futhi kungenamthetho. Okokuqala, ngoba isisekelo semvelo yabantu. U-Solovyov wabonisa iqiniso lalo mbono ngokuthi bonke abantu abazalwa ngokuzalwa bajwayele umuzwa wokuhlazeka ongafundiwe futhi ungeniswa ngaphandle. Wabuye wabiza ezinye izici izimpawu zomuntu - ukwesaba nokuhawukela.

Okuhle yingxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi wesintu, ngoba unikezwa futhi kuNkulunkulu. Solovyov, echaza le mqondo, ikakhulukazi wasebenzisa imithombo yeBhayibheli. Wafika esiphethweni sokuthi wonke umlando wesintu uyindlela yokuguquka kusukela endaweni yemvelo kuya endaweni yomoya (okungukuthi, kusukela ebubini bokuqala kuya kokuhle). Isibonelo esibonisa lokhu yikuziphendukela kwezindlela zokujezisa izigebengu. USoloviev waphawula ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isimiso sokuphindisela kwegazi sanyamalala. Futhi kule ncwadi, waphinde wamelana nokusetshenziswa kwesigwebo sokufa.

"Izingxoxo ezintathu"

Ngomnyaka womsebenzi wakhe isazi sefilosofi sabhala inqwaba yezincwadi, izifundo zezinkulumo, izihloko, njll Kodwa, njengabo bonke abalobi, wayenomsebenzi wakhe wokugcina, owagcina waba yinkambiso-yendlela yesikhathi eside. Yini uVladimir Sergeevich Solovyov ayeke kuyo? "Izingxoxo ezintathu ZeMpi, Intuthuko kanye Nokuphela Komlando Wezwe" - leli kwakuyigama lencwadi ayibhala entwasahlobo ka-1900, ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe. Yanyatheliswa ngemuva kokuthi umbhali ushiye ukuphila. Ngakho-ke, abalingiswa abaningi nabacwaningi baqala ukubheka njengesivumelwano sokudala somlobi.

Ifilosofi kaVladimir Sergeevich Solovyov, ethinta inkinga yokuziphatha kwegazi, isekelwe ezindabeni ezimbili. Impi ibibi, kodwa ngisho noma kungaba khona. Isibonelo, umcabangi wacacisa isibonelo semikhankaso yokuvimbela iVladimir Monomakh epulazini lasePolovtsian. Ngosizo lwale mpi, isikhulu sakwazi ukusindisa izakhiwo zaseSlavic kusukela ekubhubhiseni okubhubhisayo kwabantu base-steppe, kunokuba avumele izenzo zakhe.

Engxoxweni yesibili yentuthuko, uSoloviev waphawula ukuguquka kobudlelwane bamazwe omhlaba, owaqala ukwakhiwa ezimisweni zokuthula. Ngaleso sikhathi, amandla amakhulu kunawo wonke ayefuna ukuthola ukulinganisela phakathi kwezwe eliguquguqukayo. Kodwa-ke, isazi sefilosofi ngokwakhe asikaze sibone izimpi zezwe ezichitha igazi ezaqhamuka emanxiweni aloluhlelo. Umlobi wengxoxo yesibili wagcizelela ukuthi izenzakalo eziyinhloko emlandweni wesintu zenzeka eMpumalanga Ekude. Ngaleso sikhathi amazwe aseYurophu ahlukanisa iChina phakathi kwabo, futhi iJapane yaqala ukuqhubeka ngendlela ebukhali eNetherlands.

Engxoxweni yesithathu mayelana nokuphela komlando wezwe, uSoloviev, enokwethenjelwa kwakhe kwezenkolo, wathi, naphezu kokuthambekela okuhle, kukhona okubi ezweni, okungukuthi, Umphik'ukristu. Kulesi sigaba esifanayo, isazi sefilosofi sasebenzisa igama elithi "panmongolism", okuyinto abalandeli bakhe abaningi abaqala ukuyisebenzisa kamuva. Lesi simo sihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwabantu base-Asia ngokumelene nekoloni yaseYurophu. USoloviav ukholelwa ukuthi iChina neJapane bazohlanganisa amabutho abo, benze umbuso owodwa futhi baxoshe abantu abangabazi ezindaweni ezizungezile, kubandakanya iBurma.