Russian imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo zezindiza kanye nomlando wayo

Kancane engaphezu kweyikhulu edlule, uNicholas II ogunyaziwe kudalwa isigaba ndiza, "Ilya Muromets". Labe ozalwa imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo zezindiza ezweni lethu. Mayelana mlando ezinkulu emlandweni wayo uzokushisa ukufunda kule material.

Kodwa okokuqala, kufanele bakhokhe intela ukuze abantu ababehlalisana esiqongweni salesi legatsha. Ayengobani balawuli zezindiza yesikhathi eside? Ake zibhale:

• PV Androsov.
• AE Golovanov.
• P. S. Deynekin.
• AD Zhiharev.
• -IM Kalugin.
• AA novikov, kamuva owaba marshal.
• M. M. Oparin.
• B. Reshetnikov.

Lezi bamabutho baye bafeza okukhulu ukuze uthuthukise amakhono ukuzivikela wezwe lakithi.

"Muromets Ilya": konke kwaqala kanjani

Ekupheleni kuka-1914, umyalo eliphakeme sidalwe isigaba "Muromtsev" eliholwa Mihail Shidlovsky wavuswa. Ngokokuqala ngqá emhlabeni kwakukhona okufana ekhuthaza enkulu ezine-injini ekuhlaseleni futhi yesikhathi eside zezindiza wazalwa ezinjalo. Empeleni, "Umkhulu" lokuqala yayo wema iphiko ngaphezulu Disemba 23, 1913.

"Muromets", okuyinto engcono eyaziwa ngokuthi C-22, wadala edume Sikorsky ifektri YeRussia Balt. Okwesikhathi yayo, kwaba umshini Amazing izinjini kungaba phakamisa kahle emoyeni kakhulu ngendlela amathani ezinhlanu mass. Le ndiza yayisanda ezisekelweni ezimbili isibhamu, okuyinto kulabo izikhathi wayebuye abe ubuchwepheshe cutting edge.

Ukuhlanganyela kweMpi Yezwe I

Isimanga siwukuthi le isigaba lezi izindiza kwaba ifakwe esihle, okuyinto ngaleyo minyaka kwaba ngaphandle mnandi ibutho Russian. Eminyakeni emine kusukela ngo-1914 kuya ku-1918, indiza igcwaliswe nokuhlasela engaphezu kwamakhulu amane. Ukulahlekelwa zaba izindiza eyodwa nje.

Ngu-1917, Sikorski ngokuyisisekelo inguqulo entsha idalwe, "uhlobo F". izinhlelo Ubude ukwakha kuze kufinyelele 120 izindiza, kodwa ke kwafika lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso. Izimoto ashisiwe, ngakho musa ukuwela ezandleni isiJalimane, futhi okusele isikhathi kusetshenziswe njengendlela yokufundisa kanye nezimoto.

I Tupolev inkathi

Kodwa lokhu kwakuyisiqalo nje ekuqaleni. Ukuze ezingeni qualitatively entsha yesikhathi zezindiza wase-USSR lafika lapho TB-3 izindiza yadalwa. Ophethe ukuklama KB Andrei Tupolev. ukuthuthukiswa umshini yaqalwa ngo-1926. Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, ukukhiqizwa hhayi kuphela ezinkulu uqaliwe, kodwa futhi ekubumbeni umzimba zamabhomu ukuthi leyo minyaka kwakuyoba engacabangeki kunoma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni.

Esikhathini esifanayo 1934 indiza TB-4 sidalwe awasalayo umlando ngaphansi kwegama "Maxim Gorky". Kwakuyisikhathi umshini sephrofayela ububanzi, inqubo eyayingase isetshenziswe ngoba cishe zonke izinjongo.

Uhambo lokuqala luzoba senzeka ngo-1934, kwaba oshayelayo of Mikhail Gromov. Lo mshini umise amarekhodi zomhlaba ezimbili: ukuthi siphakamise imithwalo amathani ayishumi nanhlanu kuya ukuphakama amakhilomitha amahlanu. Kufana 'ebabayo "landizela umbhali edume Antuan De Saint-Exupery. Kodwa yobudala indiza yaba ngeyesikhashana, njengoba kubonakele amaphutha amasha kanye nokushiyeka kuhleliswa. Kodwa umlando imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo zezindiza iye yaqhubeka.

ububanzi okusha kwamarekhodi

Kakade ngo-1932, i-Tupolev efanayo wazakhela izindiza ngokuyinhloko entsha ngayo yonke-metal fuselage, le ANT-25. Imoto waba ngesikhathi esihle kakhulu, kwaba pilot wakhe omkhulu walabo iminyaka owabeke amarekhodi eziningana zezwe. Ngakho, Chkalov landizela ngaye kusuka eMoscow kuya eMpumalanga Ekude, esehlanganise ibanga 9375 amakhilomitha. Juni 18, 1937 zonke Chkalov efanayo wayala crew ukuthi ngacula indiza e-United States.

Ngemva nje kwenyanga - irekhodi elisha. Nakuba lesi sikhathi, abashayeli bezindiza Soviet ebuyele Melika, kodwa umgomo oyinhloko kwaba California, hhayi Washington. Kulolu hambo ngashaywa amabili nje (!) Amarekhodi Umhlaba. Okokuqala, iqembu wakunqoba 10 148 amakhilomitha emgceni locondzile, futhi wakwazi ukuthatha indiza 11.500 amakhilomitha, ehamba phezu umugqa eziphukile ogwini.

I edume Ilyushin

Ngo-1933, ubuholi yezwe osemusha wanquma ukubutha zonke ethembisa abaklami bezindiza endaweni eyodwa, njengoba adingeka entsha yesikhathi eside izindiza, ifakwe okungcono, imishini ethembisayo. Vele ngakho-ke yazalwa CDB abadumile owema ekuqaleni kwazo Sergei Ilyushin. Eminyakeni emibili nje kamuva wayesekwazi ithimba nomqondo kudala entsha imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo webhomu DB-3. Wachitha isikhathi eside kusukwe test umshayeli uVladimir Kokkinaki. Kakade ngo-1936, indiza zaqala ukutheleka ngobuningi ngu ebuthweni laseSoviet.

Imodeli ngcono imoto efanayo, eyabonakala ngemva kweminyaka emibili, waba okuthiwa IL-4. Wathola izinjini ezinamandla futhi izikhali ezintsha. Ngaphambi kwempi, ngo-maphakathi nawo-1940, DB-3 esuswa elihambayo, nendawo yayo ethathwa IL-4. izwe Ubude ekhiqizwa izimoto 1528 DB-3 umndeni, okuyinto nengxenye kokubili Finnish futhi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe.

Esigamekweni sokuqala Soviet futhi lwenzelwe Ilyushin. Wakhe IL-2 kuye kwaletha udumo kuleli umakhi. Namuhla edume IL-76 yiyona esemqoka zokuthutha impahla yempi izindiza wezwe lakithi, okufanelekelayo siqhuba umsebenzi kayisemkhulu.

Ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, indima zezindiza

Kakade 22 Juni 1941 ububanzi izindiza waqala ukufeza combat ohambweni lwayo lokuqala. Futhi ngosuku empini (!), Baye okubangelwa yesibili "ngezilokotho ukuvakashelwa" amaNazi ngamabhomu ngu eDanzig, eKönigsberg, kanye emadolobheni athile Poland naseHungary.

imishini Basic kwakuyilawa: Pe-8, PI-3, IL-4 kanye PE-2. The backbone yesikhathi emoyeni isiqondiso ezichazwe ngenhla kwaba IL-4. Kuyo yonke leyo minyaka we impi abazenzileyo izinkulungwane nokuhlasela, kokuqeda inani Amazing of imisebenzi. Kufanele ukuthi zezindiza yesikhathi eside esikhathini we 'owathwala' eziningi namaqhawe Soviet. Ubude 269 zangasese nezikhulu Uthole lesi ezinegunya, futhi eziyisithupha ngitholile okwami kabili.

Kodwa intengo yayiphezulu: emva airmen Second neMpi Yezwe azizange "ku ubhontshisi ', ngalahlekelwa kakhulu yemikhumbi izindiza. Futhi kube hhayi kuphela ngokuya bobukhulu: 1,800 izindiza, ucishe yesimanje, efanelekayo ukuxazulula izinkinga ebalulekile eemthathu kwaphela kweshumi izimoto wahlala. Yingakho lesi sinqumo sithathwe ukukopisha i zaseMelika ezingama-B-29, wenza ngesisekelo izindiza zayo ezintsha.

Kakade ngo-1947-ke wethulwa ukukhiqizwa Tu-4 esindayo. Ngokuphazima kweso umsebenzi omkhulu okuhloswe ngaso ukujwayeza izindiza ngaphansi kwezimo zasekhaya kanye ukwakhiwa kwezikhali, ukuchumisa abaklami wakwazi ukwenza ngcono ukuthembeka imishini osekwenziwe. Ngo-1951, la izindiza baba abathwali lokuqala yasekhaya kwezikhali zenuzi.

I post-yimpi umsebenzi

Maphakathi nawo-1950, ububanzi indiza entsha kusengaphambili indlela ukuthuthukiswa imboni amashumi eminyaka ezayo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi yasungulwa futhi ithole yeqhawe ethunywe Tu-95 "Bear", okuyinto namanje umi emigceni ukuzivikela wezwe lakithi, kanye namanye imishini.

Ngakho, Tu-16, okuyinto wethiwa "Badger" kwaba monoplane lokuqala enamaphiko izoshanelwa. Umshini wokuqala yabuthelwa ngo-1953. iqembu lakhe abantu abayisithupha noma ngaphezulu. Isikhali esiyinhloko ukuzivikela baba acinene othomathikhi isibhamu PU-88 futhi ezintathu isibhamu yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili, remote. Ngemva kwalokho, indiza yaba eziyisikhombisa AM-23 izibhamu, ubukhulu okwakukhona 23 kwangu.

"Badgers" futhi imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo yabo zezindiza pilot wathatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo "War Day eziyisithupha" ka 1967, cishe wonke lonke ukungqubuzana Arab-Israeli ngesikhathi futhi wakwazi iqhaza emkhankasweni Afghan.

Tu-95, Russian "Bear"

I ihlolwe lokhu indiza omkhulukazi ngo-1952. Lokhu sredneplan zonke-metal ne ezine turboprop izinjini, eyayibonakala efakwe ngqo emaphikweni izoshanelwa. "Gqamisa" lakhe nje kuyafana futhi kukhona motors NK-12, okuyinto zisekhona okungcono turboprop izinjini ekilasini yayo.

Indiza ingakwazi ukuthwala nambili ton ibhomu umthwalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-bay ibhomu kungenziwa agibele amahhashi amabhomu nesisindo esingamathani ayishumi. Ngo-2010, baba usetha irekhodi elisha: 43 amahora ekuhlaseleni landizela amakhilomitha 30,000. I engavamile kwalo mcimbi kubuye yokuthi iqhube esetshenziswa imishini ezivamile ukukhiqizwa. Ngakho ukuthi Russian imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo zezindiza, ngisho ukusebenza turboprop namanje limelela amandla esesabekayo.

Idelakufa ZM

Lo mshini senziwe iminyaka 1956-1960. izindiza sici kwaba yakamuva uhlelo izikhali "umgogodla" okwakuwuphawu ekhethekile D-5 nangomcibisholo, okuyinto wamethemba hit kokubili zasolwandle kanye nemigomo ezweni-based. indiza yayo kude yonke amakhilomitha 280, futhi ijubane kwaba ngaphezu Isivinini umsindo kathathu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi sekuyisikhathi eside lezi missile baba umgogodla Strategic Air Command eliseMpumalanga Ekude.

Namuhla, yesikhathi eside zezindiza we Russian Federation emelelwa imishini eziningana, kuhlanganise Tu-95 futhi Tu-160, kodwa ZM "ubudala" abangu umhlala muva. ulwazi olungenaphutha ngemithi ukuthi zikhona njengamanje izindiza kulo mndeni, okuyinto ungathola emoyeni, kungekho.

I Cold War kanye zezindiza yesikhathi eside

Ngemva eJalimane wahlulwa, ngokuya ihogela ithonya emhlabeni wonke ziye edwetshwa kabusha kusuka ekuqaleni. NATO kanye umfelandawonye kwakheka Warsaw Pact atheleka amazwe, okuyinto aniwondli nezinye uthando ngamunye ekhethekile. Namuhla, izazi-mlando sezempi ngokwabo bakholelwa ukuthi kuphela isimangaliso ngaleso sikhathi kungaqali World War III.

Akumangazi-ke ukuthi leyo minyaka engu zezindiza amasu wayengomunye walaba guarantors ukuthula emhlabeni, ukusekela isihlangu zenuzi inqaba wezwe. Kuze kube ngo-1961 le ndiza kwakuyizindlela ebaluleke kakhulu ekuletheni enyukliya ukuba abaphikisi kungenzeka. By the way, umyalo, indiza wema ngasemnyango ikhanda wokuqala Soviet missile division.

Ukushintsha indlela yokuthuthuka of

Ngemva kwempi kwacaca ukuthi kwase kuyisikhathi ukuhambisa kusuka lasendulo turboprop indiza jet izinjini. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo jet lokuqala Il-28 uvele emaphethelweni 1940. Yiqiniso, lokhu izindiza kwaba kwezinye izindlela intuthuko, kodwa futhi phezu design edingekayo omningi.

Ngakho, ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 (ngesisekelo TU-22 uma kuqhathaniswa ubudala) missile entsha idalwe K-22. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izinguqulo le izindiza. Sikhuluma imishini Tu-22M2 futhi Tu-22M3. Basuke izimpawu yokuthi design yabo kanye ukukhiqizwa ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi Kwasetshenziswani obuningi, elase kuze kube manje wathola isicelo kuphela Uhlelo isikhala.

Ekugcineni kwase kuyisikhathi sokuba enhle "White Swan", le Tu-160. Waba omunye Amatshwayo yonke iMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Kwaba indiza emhlabeni yokuqala yale usayizi nge variable iphiko geometry, ekwakheni zazo izinkulungwane izixazululo eziphambili lobuchwepheshe ziye zasetshenziswa kakhulu, eziningi zazo ahlukile kube yilolu suku. Umfutho nokubona isidingo sokuhlakulela into enjengale intelligence baba, eyabika ekuqaleni kokudaliweyo indiza B-1.

Eyokuqala "White Swan" Wakhumula kusukela airfield "Ramenskoye". Kwathi ekupheleni kuka-December 1981. Ngo-1984, i-Kazan zezindiza isitshalo waqala ekukhiqizweni imishini ehlukile.

Phakathi no-2003, la izindiza wandizela phezu koLwandle lwaseNdiya, okwakulethwa kokuwela wezasemoyeni yamazwe amaningi. Kuze kube ngaleso sikhathi, okude izindiza Russian (isithombe okungukuthi esihlokweni) izindiza ubude hhayi lwenziwa isimiso. Ngo-September odlule, ezimbili Tu-160 landizela Venezuela, ekuqiniseni ubudlelwane ahlangene phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili.

Asikwazi ukusho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwanoma yiliphi Lwamasu Air Command - isihluthulelo wekuba sive nokuvikeleka ezweni lethu eminyakeni ezayo.