Postulates Bohr sika

Niels Bohr - isazi sesayensi esidumile Danish owaqala kwafakazela ukungavumelani nemithetho classical yezinto zemvelo noma yokuthakwa ama-athomu. Kule ndaba, uSathane wasungula ezizathwini ezimbili, namuhla abaziwa ngokuthi quantum Bohr postulates. Bancika umfuziselo ye-athomu, kanye ezihlongozwayo E. Rutherford, owawuthi eyodwa (athomu) has a isakhiwo afana okuphathelene nokwakheka kwendawo yonke: electron kuma-atom ziyahamba okuqhubekayo mayelana izinhlayiya fixed - nucleus. Okokuqala, lo imodeli sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi ekahle futhi ngokugcwele ukuchaza futhi uchaze yonke ucwaningo exhunywe ne-athomu. Nokho, kamuva kwaba sobala ukuthi impendulo yombuzo othi mayelana lokuthi abe khona ama-athomu nokuzinza yayo, lokhu imodeli akakwazi.

Ngokusho imodeli kwamaplanethi, ukunyakaza electron ezungeza core umile kufanele ngempela kuhambisane ekushayweni amagagasi kagesi kabani imvamisa uyalingana imvamisa ukujikeleza izakhi omubi icala emhlabeni isikhungo. Ngenxa yalokho - amandla electron kufanele siqhubeke wehlise, okuyinto ke kuholela Luhambo kwaso okukhulu ukuze nucleus. Nokho, njengoba okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa, lokhu akwenzeki. Atom ngokuvamile uhlelo ezinzile oqhubeka uphila isikhathi eside ngaphandle ukuchayeka ngokungadingekile emathonyeni ngaphandle. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo athomu ingashiwo leyehlukene, isb ngezikhathi, okuyinto Yiqiniso, likhomba Iqiniso PERIODICITY cwaningo, kunokuba khona unomphela yayo. Ngamanye amazwi, lo Abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi ngokuvamile ukusetshenziswa imithetho classical physics ukuze achaze ukuba khona electron akunakwenzeka.

Kuphela ngo-1913, owethulwa ngu Bohr nokucabanga avunyelwe ukuchaza isibonelo ye-hydrogen atom izimiso eneji emisebeni electron.

Iziphetho eyenziwe Bohr, waba empirically waqinisekisa ososayensi abaningi bangaleso sikhathi. Ngesisekelo ezizathwini kwalo sidalwe wonke umbono, kamuva elaba ibe yintfo lekhetsekile quantum Mechanics. postulates Bohr imi kanje:

1. Uhlelo Nuclear obusuka amandla, evamile ngokuthi En, ngenkathi kuphela quantum uthi. Kungenjalo (lapho esimweni sokuhlala athomu), amandla hhayi kudedelwa.

Lapha, isimo engaguquki libhekisela ukuhamba electron ku omise ethize. Nakuba ukutholakala langempela ezinyakazayo yashesha, amagagasi kagesi kungukuthi sasikhipha, kuphela athomu ine quantum amandla value.

2. postulate yesibili, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi kokubusa amaza ubonisa ukuthi ukwedlulela athomu esimweni eyodwa kuya kwenye (kuvamise ukuba quantum umile) ephelezelwa ukukhululwa noma ukumuncwa amandla. Le nqubo ibizwa eyenziwa izingxenyana ezincane - Quanta. Inani labo oluhambisana umehluko wamandla phakathi uthi phakathi okuyinto ushintsho empeleni senzeka. I postulate yesibili ivumela ukubala amanani yokulinga amandla eyaziwayo uthi umile imvamisa emisebeni hydrogen.

postulates Bohr sika ziwusizo echaza ukumuncwa ukukhanya ekushayweni hydrogen nezinhlayiya. Empeleni, it is kanjalo waqinisekisa kanye abakutholile Bohr yena. postulates Bohr sika baye bavumela ososayensi yesimanje ukwakha umbono bohlu hydrogen. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umbono ambalwa bohlu ingxenye elandelayo - helium - wazibonakalisa cishe ayinakwenzeka.

Nokho, postulates Bohr sika - physics, okuyinto ubeke isitini oqinile isisekelo theory quantum kube yilolu suku kukhona kokuma ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi kufinyelelwe iziphetho ezinembile. Ikakhulukazi, kwakunokwenzeka ukwakha umbono ukumuncwa futhi ukuphuma ukukhanya ukuthi ukwenza kwi-physics idatha classical esekelwe ngiyaphupha.

postulates Bohr sika bavunyelwe ukuphefumula impilo entsha ku Mechanics classical. Kuze kube namuhla, azigcina obungenakuphikwa ngokuya quantum Mechanics.