Photosynthesis - kuyini? isigaba ye-photosynthesis. Imigomo ye-photosynthesis

Wake wazibuza yini ukuthi singakanani emhlabeni eziphilayo?! Futhi ngenxa yokuthi bonke badinga uphefumule umoya-mpilo ukuthuthukisa amandla bese exhale-carbon dioxide. Okungukuthi -carbon dioxide - imbangela eyinhloko lesi simanga, njengoba egumbini stuffy. Kwenzeka lapho kukhona abantu abaningi, futhi egumbini isikhathi eside is akusakazwanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinobuthi ugcwalise izindawo emoyeni, imoto yangasese futhi izithuthi zomphakathi.

Ngo Ngokwalokho osekushiwo ngenhla, kukhona umbuzo okunengqondo: kanjani thina sasingakafiki ubophekile, uma konke ukuphila ungumthombo enobutha-carbon dioxide? UnguMsindisi wazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo kulesi simo izenzo okuthiwa i-photosynthesis. Kuyini yinqubo futhi yini isidingo yayo?

yi Ezazimzungezile - Balance-carbon dioxide futhi umoya-mpilo saturation emoyeni. Le nqubo ibizwa kuphela abameleli flora wonke umhlaba owawaziwa, zikhona izitshalo, njengoba kwenzeka kuphela kangakanani ezitokisini zabo.

Photosynthesis ngokwayo - i inkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kuye ngokuthi izimo ezithile, futhi yikhona okuthatha indawo izigaba eziningana.

Inchazelo

Ngokwe-definition yesayensi, izinto eziphilayo e -course ye-photosynthesis aguqulwa ku organic emangqamuzaneni, eziphilayo Autotrophic ngenxa ukuchayeka elangeni ukukhanya.

Ukusho ulimi eqondakalayo, photosynthesis kuyinqubo lapho okulandelayo kwenzeka:

1. Lesi sitshalo ligcwele umswakama. Umthombo umswakama kungenzeka amanzi noma enhlabathini umoya onomswakama ezishisayo.
2. Kwenzeka chlorophyll yokusabela (imfuyo athize iqukethwe isitshalo) umphumela amandla elanga.
3. Ezemfundo flora kubalulekile ukudla ukuthi kuzala bebodwa abakwazi indlela heterotrophic, kuyilapho bona bangamaJuda wayo. Ngamanye amazwi, izitshalo bondliwa yokuthi bona ngokwabo ukukhiqiza. Lona ngumphumela ye-photosynthesis.

isinyathelo Sokuqala

Cishe wonke plant iqukethe impahla eluhlaza, ngalo ungakwazi adonse ukukhanya. Le into akuyona ngaphezu chlorophyll. indawo yayo - chloroplast. Kodwa chloroplast asezindaweni isiqu sama isitshalo nezithelo zaso. Kodwa abavamile ikakhulukazi imvelo leaf-photosynthesis. Njengoba yokugcina ulula e isimo sawo futhi has a surface area elikhulu, okusho ukuthi ivolumu amandla adingekayo ukuze okuvela ungumsindisi inqubo kuyoba okuningi.

Lapho ukukhanya amuncwa chlorophyll, lona wamuva esimweni injabulo, futhi yabo zithembiso amandla idluliselwe namanye amangqamuzana angokwemvelo zalesi sihlahla. Inani elikhulu amandla enjalo aqala inqubo abahlanganyeli-photosynthesis.

isinyathelo ezimbili

Photosynthesis Ezemfundo esigabeni sesibili akudingi iqhaza zomhlaba. Siqukethe kwetinhlavu izibopho zamakhemikhali nokusetshenziswa enobutha-carbon dioxide kukhiqizwa kusuka amanzi kanye nomoya mass. Futhi synthesis isethi izinto ezinikeza amandla ukuze baphile flora. Lawa isitashi, glucose.

Ngo izitshalo izakhi organic ezifana ukwenza njenge-umthombo wamandla for izingxenye ngabanye simila, kuyilapho sihlinzeka inkambo evamile izinqubo ezibalulekile. Lezi izinto akhiqizwa nezilwane, abasebenzisa ezitshalweni ukuze zithole ukudla. Umzimba womuntu ligcwele nala makhemikhali ngokudla, okuyinto likhona ekudleni nsuku.

Yini? Kuphi? Lapho?

Ukuze izidakamizwa organic kule organic waphenduka, kubalulekile ukuhlinzekela izimo afanele-photosynthesis. Ukuze le nqubo kuyadingeka kwasekuqaleni ukukhanya. Sikhuluma mayelana yokufakelwa, nokukhanya kwelanga. Nature ngokuvamile umsebenzi isitshalo libhekene ukushuba entwasahlobo nasehlobo, okungukuthi, uma kukhona isidingo ukuthola semali amandla elanga. Ayikwazi ishiwo Pore ekwindla, lapho izibani zingaphansi, usuku emifushane. Ngenxa yalokho, amaqabunga phuzi, bese ngokuphelele ewa. Kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho kuqala entwasahlobo kukhanye imisebe yelanga, obuluhlaza liyaphuma ngokushesha aqhubeke nomsebenzi walo chlorophylls, futhi uzoqala ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo umoya-mpilo kanye nezinye izakhi, okuyizinto imvelo kubalulekile.

izimo okuthiwa i-photosynthesis abahlanganisi kwaphela khona ukukhanya kuma. Umswakama futhi kumele kube ngokwanele. Phela, lesi sitshalo ubamba umswakama kuqala, bese ukusabela iqala nge amandla elanga. Umphumela yale nqubo futhi imikhiqizo isitshalo umsoco.

Kuphela uma kukhona oluhlaza izidakamizwa i-photosynthesis. Kuyini i-chlorophyll, sishilo ngenhla. Ziyakwazi uhlobo umqhubi phakathi ukukhanya noma amandla elanga futhi isitshalo ngokwalo, ukuqinisekisa Yiqiniso ofanele ukuphila kwabo nezinto abazenzayo. izinto Green babe ukumuncwa umthamo sebuningini elangeni.

Kufeza indima ebalulekile kanye nomoya-mpilo. Ukuze inqubo ye-photosynthesis kwaba yimpumelelo, izitshalo uludinga kakhulu, ngoba ngezithako zawo iqukethe% 0.03 kuphela carbonic acid. Yingakho aphume 20 000 m ³ emoyeni ungathola 6 m ³ acid. Kuyinto isithako yokugcina - feedstock esiyinhloko glucose, nakho, kuyinto into edingekayo ukuze ukuphila.

Kunezigaba ezimbili ye-photosynthesis. Eyokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi ukukhanya, kanti eyesibili - I dark.

Yini indlela percolation ukukhanya esiteji

Isigaba ukukhanya photosynthesis elinye igama - photochemical. Abahlanganyeli main balomkhakha yilezi:

• amandla elanga;
• zemibala ehlukahlukene.

Nge ingxenye yokuqala ecacile, kuba elangeni. Kodwa ziyini zombala awazi ngamunye. Eza oluhlaza, ophuzi, obomvu noma oluhlaza. Ukuze zihlanganisa chlorophylls oluhlaza amaqembu "A" futhi "B" kuya phuzi futhi zibe bomvu / blue - phycobilins ngokulandelana. umsebenzi Photochemical chlorophylls kuphela umbukiso phakathi abahlanganyeli kule isigaba ohlelweni "A". Zonke ezinye kungokwalabo indima aphelele, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto - ukuqoqwa Quanta ukukhanya zokuthutha kwabo maphakathi photochemical.

Njengoba i-chlorophyll benawo amandla ukumuncwa kahle amandla elanga nge wavelength ethile elandelayo izinhlelo photochemical sezihlonziwe:

- Photochemical isikhungo 1 (oluhlaza ndaba "A" iqembu) - kufakwe 700 sombala ukukhanya iyavuleka imisebe kabani obuphelele cishe 700 nm. Lokhu sombala kungokwalabo indima eliyisisekelo ekudalweni imikhiqizo esigabeni ukukhanya ye-photosynthesis.

- Photochemical isikhungo 2 (oluhlaza izidakamizwa iqembu "B") - ingxenye sombala 680 likhona ukuthi ubamba imisebe yokukhanya of 680 nm ubude. Ungumnikazi actor, esakhiwa ngo ngokugcwalisa nemisebenzi electron elahlekile isikhungo photochemical 1. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa hydrolysis ketshezi.

Ngezinye 350- 400 molecule zombala ukuthi ukukhanya fluxes kanzulu e photosystem 1 no-2 kuphela babe-molecule omunye lesi sakhi, okuyinto photochemically asebenzayo - chlorophyll iqembu "A".

Kwenzakalani?

1. amandla okukhanya amuncwa isitshalo, kuba nethonya lo mbala ezikuyo 700, okuyinto isuka esimweni esejwayelekile esimweni excitation. Pigment ilahlekelwa i-electron, kuphumele okuthiwa imbobo electron. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-molecule ye sombala ukuthi ilahlekelwe i-electron, bangase benze njengokungathi acceptor yayo, ie, party wamukela electron, bese ubuyela ifomu.

2. nenqubo yokubola photochemical ketshezi maphakathi ukukhanya iyavuleka sombala 680 photosystem 2. Lapho yokubola amanzi akhiwa electron ekuqaleni zamukelwa impahla ezifana cytochrome C550, kanye elibonakala Q. incwadi Khona-ke, ngo-electron cytochrome faka abathwali wesifunda futhi uyiswa isikhungo 1 for the photochemical ugcwalise izimbobo e, okuyinto umphumela kwema- Quanta ukukhanya inqubo yokutakula ukwakheka kombala 700.

Kunezikhathi lapho i-molecule ezifana uthola emuva electron uhlala ezifanayo. Lokhu kuyoholela ekuthuleni inyumbazana ngenxa yamandla okukhanya njengoba ukushisa. Kodwa cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi i-electron kokuba icala negative, kuhambisana ekhethekile yensimbi-sulphur amaprotheni wenziwa omunye amaketanga noma sombala 700 iwela omunye wesifunda Vector futhi uhlanganiswe acceptor njalo.

Ngo samuntu lokuqala, kukhona eyindilinga electron ezokuthutha uhlobo avaliwe, okwesibili - eyindilinga.

Bobabili izinqubo bawe isinyathelo sokuqala photosynthesis ngaphansi catalyzing iketango efanayo electron zenethiwekhi. Kodwa-ke kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-eyindilinga uhlobo photophosphorylation siqala futhi siphele ngesikhathi esisodwa owawuthwele Chl iphuzu, ngenkathi lapho ushintsho eyindilinga kuhilela ahambisa izidakamizwa oluhlaza "B" qembu chlorophyll "A".

Izici yezokuthutha eyindilinga

Phosphorylation ka eyindilinga futhi ngokuthi photosynthesis. Ngenxa yalokho yale nqubo ekhiqizwa engqamuzaneni ATP. Ngesisekelo lena ezokuthutha ukubuya ngemva izigaba ezimbalwa ilandelana electron isimo ujabule phezu sombala 700, lapho amandla ikhishwe, ukuthola iqhaza ohlelweni phosphorylating enzayimu ukuze ekuqongeleleni okunye izibopho phosphate ka ATP. Lokho, amandla is hhayi kwashabalala.

Phosphorylation ka eyindilinga zisabela kanjani eyinhloko ye-photosynthesis, esekelwe kumiswa chemical ubuchwepheshe amandla ku chloroplast tilaktoidov ulwelwesi ezishelelayo sisebenzisa kwelanga amandla.

Ngaphandle photosynthesis phosphorylation ukusabela nokwenziwa e esigabeni amnyama photosynthesis engenakwenzeka.

Umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama ukuthutha uhlobo noncyclic

Inqubo liqukethe uyalulama NADP + futhi NADPH kumiswa N *. Mshini kusekelwe ukudluliswa electron ferredoxin ukunciphisa yayo ukuphendula futhi kwathatha okulandelayo NADP + nge okunye ukwehliswa kwezintela ukuze NADP * H.

Ngenxa yalokho, ama-electron okuyinto abalahlekelwe sombala 700, ama-electron agcwaliswa ngokusebenzisa amanzi okuyinto ukubola ngu imisebe yokukhanya e photosystem 2.

indlela Acyclic of electron okuyinto ageleze kusebenza ukukhanya photosynthesis Kwenziwa kanjena ndawonye photosystems ezimbili, uxhuma kubo electron-ezokuthutha chain. Khanyisa amandla electron uqondisa ukugeleza emuva. Phakathi ukuthuthwa isikhungo photochemical 1 kuya maphakathi 2 electron ulahlekelwe ingxenye amandla abo ngenxa yokuzuza njengoba proton nebangomuso tilaktoidov ulwelwesi ebusweni.

Esigabeni amnyama yenqubo-photosynthesis yokudala proton-uhlobo okunamandla electron ezokuthutha chain, kanye nokusebenza ukuze kwakhiwe ATP ku chloroplast kucishe nge inqubo efanayo e mitochondria. Kodwa izici isekhona. Tilaktoidami kulesi simo kukhona twist mitochondria ohlangothini olungafanele. Lena isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi electron kanye proton bachubeka ulwelwesi kolunye uhlangothi isihlobo ukugeleza ukudluliswa e ulwelwesi mitochondrial. Amaelectrons kuthiwa uyiswa ingaphandle, proton kuthiwa zanqwabelana ingaphakathi tilaktoidnogo-matrix. Kugcine kuthatha kuphela icala omuhle, kanti yangaphandle ulwelwesi tilaktoida - ezingezinhle. Kule kusobala ukuthi indlela i-proton umyela uhlobo okuphambene isendleleni eya mitochondria.

Esinye isici pH okusezingeni eliphezulu e bezikhali proton.

Isici sesithathu siwukuthi khona ngamaketanga amabili kuphela tilaktoidnoy conjugation amasayithi kanye isilinganiso molecule ATP ukuze proton elilingana 1 njengoba phetho: 3.

isiphetho

In the isinyathelo sokuqala photosynthesis iyona nokuxhumana yamandla okukhanya (neiskusstvennoy yokufakelwa futhi) kulesi simila. Ongakwenza Lapho imisebe ndaba oluhlaza - chlorophyll, iningi okuyinto eziqukethwe amahlamvu.

Ukwakheka ATP futhi NADP * H - umphumela ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela. Le mikhiqizo ezidingekile okuvela ukusabela amnyama. Ngenxa yalokho, esigabeni ukukhanya - inqubo yokubopha izimvu, ngaphandle okuyinto kuyoba isinyathelo sesibili - I dark.

Isigaba amnyama: umnyombo futhi izici

photosynthesis Dark kanye yokusabela kwakhona carbon inqubo dioxide izidakamizwa organic ukuthola carbohydrate. Ukuqaliswa kwalawa ukusabela zenzeka stroma chloroplast futhi iqhaza imikhiqizo ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqala photosynthesis - ukukhanya.

Ngo isinyathelo amnyama based photosynthesis indlela ku inqubo nokwenziwa kwe-carbon dioxide (obizwa nangokuthi carboxylation photochemical, uCalvin umjikelezo), okuyinto libhekene cyclical. Siqukethe lwaluyoba nezigaba ezintathu:

1. Carbonation - CO ukubusa _2.
2. isigaba bokubuyisana.
3. Isigaba ukuvuselelwa ribulozodifosfat.

Ribulofosfat - ushukela ne-athomu omoya-emihlanu carbon - ikufanele inqubo phosphorylation ngezithukuthuku ATP, kanjalo esikhiqiza ribulozodifosfat okuyinto okwengeziwe ngaphansi carboxylation ngu uxhumano umkhiqizo CO ₂ carbons eziyisithupha, okuyinto kweso ukubola ukusabela ngamanzi molecule ukudala zinhlobo ezimbili yamangqamuzana phosphoglyceric acid . Khona-ke acid othola ekubuyiselweni ngokuphelele ukuqaliswa ukusabela enzymatic okuyiwona adingekayo khona ATP futhi NADP ukwakha ushukela carbons ezintathu - ezintathu-i-carbon ushukela, triose noma aldehyde phosphoglyceraldehyde. Lapho ezimbili ezifana triose olujiyile hexose-molecule etholwe, okungaba yingxenye engqamuzaneni isitashi bese bebeka olususwe.

Lesi sigaba uphela ngokudonsa yokuthi phakathi kwenqubo ye-photosynthesis, is amuncwa eyodwa molecule CO ₂ nokusebenzisa izinhlayiya ezintathu ATP futhi H-athomu amane Geksozofosfat amenable kuya abasabela ngayo pentose phosphate umjikelezo, okuholela ukuvuselelwa ribulozofosfata okungase sihlangana nesinye molecule carbonic acid.

Carboxylation ukuphendula, yokuthola, ukuvuselelwa ayikwazi kubhekwe kuphela amaseli ethize lapho photosynthesis senzeka. Siyini "umfaniswano" ukugeleza izinqubo, futhi, abakwazi ukusho, ngoba kukhona namanje umehluko - lapho inqubo yokutakula isebenzisa NADPH + H kunokuba nad + H.

Ukubusa CO ₂ ribulozodifosfat asitholayo catalysis, esinikela ribulozodifosfatkarboksilaza. Umkhiqizo yokusabela 3-phosphoglycerate alulame ngezithukuthuku NADPH * H2 futhi ATP ukuba glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Inqubo yokwehlisa catalysed ngu glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Lesi sakamuva is iguqulwe kalula dihydroxyacetone phosphate. I fruktozobisfosfata kumiswa. Ingxenye molecule ayo ehilelekile inqubo ukuvuselelwa ribulozodifosfat, ukuvala umjikelezo, futhi ingxenye yesibili siqhutshwa ukudala ama-carbohydrate Reserve amaseli photosynthesis, isb it has photosynthesis carbohydrate.

amandla Khanyisa iyadingeka ukuze phosphorylation futhi zamagama izinto eziningi eziphilayo, futhi amandla namachibi izinto eziningi eziphilayo iyadingeka ukuze phosphorylation oxidative. Yingakho izimila inikeza ukuphila ukuze izilwane kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuthi kukhona heterotrophic.

Photosynthesis plant amaseli senzeka ngale ndlela. imikhiqizo yayo carbohydrate ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe i-carbon amathambo ezihlukahlukene izinto izitshalo zomhlaba enomsuka organic.

Organic nitrogen izinto ugxile uhlobo photosynthesis eziphilayo by zokunciphisa nitrate wezinto ezingaphili, nesibabule - ngenxa zokunciphisa sulfate amaqembu sulfhydryl amino acid. Inikeza kumiswa amaprotheni, amino nucleic, lipids, ama-carbohydrate, cofactors photosynthesis. Siyini "ngoqwembe" izinto ezibalulekile ukuze isitshalo isivele kugcizelelwe, kodwa imikhiqizo zamagama yesibili ukuthi kukhona izinto zokwelapha ezibalulekile (flavonoid, alkaloids, terpenes, polyphenol, ama, orgkisloty nabanye), ngisho nangezwi elilodwa kuthiweni. Ngakho-ke, akukhona ukweqisa uma sithi i-photosynthesis - isihluthulelo ukuphila phakathi kwezitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu.