Panjshir Gorge, Afghanistan: geography, ukubaluleka kweqhinga

I-Panjshir Gorge iyigodi elijulile lentaba elisenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afghanistan. Kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-1984, imisebenzi eminingi yamasosha yenziwa lapha ngokuhlanganyela kwamabutho aseSoviet phakathi nempi e-Afghanistan ngo-1979-1989.

Umlando Wesihloko

I-Gorge Panjshir iye yaziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nanye. Ngenguqulo yangempela evela e-Afghan, igama layo lisho "izingonyama ezinhlanu". Ngakho ngalezo zinsuku babiza abaphathi be-sultan uSultan Ghaznavi onamandla, owayebusa kulezi zindawo. Wayengu-padishah no-emir wesifunda saseGhaznavid ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-10 nele-11. Ngokomlando, laba babusi bakha idamu phezu koMfula iPanjshir ngobusuku obusekhona. Abasekhaya bakholelwa ukuthi kulokhu basizwa ukholo olujulile oluqinile.

I-Panjshir imifula enhle kakhulu, enye yezinto eziyinhloko zemifula emfuleni iKabul. Ingena emfuleni waseNindus. Isiqhingi sasePanjshir sisezintabeni ezidumile zeHindu Kush. Indawo yayo cishe ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ukuphakama okulinganiselwe kudlula amamitha angu-2 200 ngaphezu kolwandle. Amaphuzu okuphakama angamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-6 ngaphezu kolwandle. Umzana waseRukh ubhekwa njengesizinda sePangiershsky gorge. Lapha abadala baseProvinsi basekelwe.

Incazelo yenkomo

I-gorge ibaluleke kakhulu. Kwakunamandla kakhulu phakathi nempi yase-Afghan. Iqiniso liwukuthi isigodi somfula, esivela emgodleni, sihlukanisa i-Afghanistan ibe izingxenye ezisenyakatho naseningizimu.

Kulapha ukuthi amaphasiwedi aphumelele kakhulu futhi alula avela kwelinye ingxenye yezwe aya kwelinye. Indawo ekhona kulolu cala iqukethe uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi yemifula kanye nezinhlanzi ezidlula emagodini. Ngakho-ke, zikhonza njengesiphephelo esihle semvelo ngesikhathi sokulwa. Isigodi siba yinqaba engenakunqotshwa, efanelekile ekuqhubeni imisebenzi yezempi ngamasosha ahlangene.

I-Panjshir Gorge yayiyinto ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi nempi yokulwa nombuso wamaKhomanisi ngo-1975, bese kuthi ngesikhathi sokulwa nebutho lamaSoviet phakathi nempi engu-10.

Phakathi nesikhathi sonke iSoviet Union esabamba amasosha kuleli zwe lase-Asia, umzila lapho lesi sihloko sizinikele khona kwaba yisici esishisayo kunazo zonke ibalazwe lase-Afghanistan. Yilapho kukhona khona izimpi ezinonya kakhulu ezenzeka, kwakukhona lapho amabutho aseSoviet enza ukulahleka okukhulu kwabasebenzi. Kwabesosha kanye namaphoyisa amaningi aseSoviet, uPanjshir wasala iphupho elimbi kakhulu ukuphila kwakhe konke.

Ukulwa okunonya

Ukuphikiswa kule nsimu kwaholwa ngumengameli wezwe wase-Afghanistan u-Ahmad Shah Massoud. Ukunakekelwa okuningi kwakhokhelwa eSalang Pass, okuyinto ekuphileni kwansuku zonke yayibizwa ngokuthi "umphimbo weKabul." Bekulapha lapho umzila ovela e-Hairaton waya eKabul. Kwakubhekwa njengendlela eyisihluthulelo yamakholomu amaloli ahambisa izinqola zomphakathi nezasolwandle e-Afghanistan kusukela e-USSR.

Eduze edolobhaneni laseRukh eminyakeni yokuqala yempi yayimisa isibhamu esisha okuthiwa sesibili samaSulumane, esakhiwe ngesisekelo senqola eyi-177 ehlukene ngenhloso ekhethekile. Ngokuphelele, kufaka phakathi abantu abayizinkulungwane.

Kusukela ngo-1984, esekelwe ku-682, isibhamu esiphezulu sezindiza, esingaba yingxenye eyodwa nesigamu amasosha. Ngokuphelele, kwenziwa imisebenzi eyisishiyagalolunye emelene namasosha eqembu lika-Ahmad Shah Massoud. Abafakazi abaningi bokuzibonela bezo zenzakalo bakhumbula ukuthi i-Gorge Panjurshi yayinzima kakhulu. Abakwa-Partisans bakwazi ukukhombisa njalo ukuhlaselwa kwamabutho aseSoviet.

Ukuthula kule ngxenye yezwe kwagcinwa ngisho nangemva kokuhoxiswa kwebutho laseSoviet ngo-1989. Okokuqala, ukubhekana nombuso womongameli wase-Afghan kusukela ngo-1987 kuya ku-1992, u- Mohammad Najibullah, futhi kamuva ne-Taliban. Ukunyakaza kwamaSulumane, okwavela e-Afghanistan ngo-1994 emphakathini wasePastun.

Abantu bendawo

Isibalo salesi sigodi, esasungula isifundazwe sasePanjshir, salinganiselwa kubantu abangaba ngu-100 000. Idatha enjalo yakhulunywa phakathi nawo-1980, lapho amasosha aseSoviet enza khona ukusebenza kwezempi lapho.

Bonke laba bantu bahlakazeka ezindaweni ezingu-200. Okwamanje akukho idatha eqondile ebantwini. Ngokwezibalo ezihlukahlukene, abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-150 kuya ku-300 bahlala emgodini. Ngokuyinhloko lawa angama-Tajiks ase-Afghanistan. Ngokuvamile, kunamaTajik amaningi e-Afghanistan. Ngokweminye imibiko, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-11 kuya kweziyi-13, okuyingxenye yesithathu yenani lonke lezwe. Lesi yisizwe sesibili ngobukhulu e-Afghanistan.

I-Panjshir yindawo yokuhlala yomlando we-Afghan Tajiks. Lapha baphila 99%. Emgodleni kukhona imayini ye-lithium ne-emerald. Ukukhanga okuyinhloko yi-mausoleum ka-Ahmad Shah Masud.

Ukulwa namabutho aseMasud

Ngo-1979, ngenkathi impi yase-Afghanistan iqala, zonke izingxenye zebutho likahulumeni lase-Afghanistan ekugcineni zagqotshwa emgodini. Kwakungaphansi kokulawulwa ngokuphelele komlawuli wamasosha u-Ahmad Shah Massoud. Kamuva wamukela ngisho nesidlaliso sesilwane uPanjshursky.

Ngo-1979, umholi omusha, unobhala jikelele we-People's Democratic Party yase-Afghanistan, uBabrak Karmal, waba namandla ezweni. Ucele ukuvuselelwa kwamandla kahulumeni ngokushesha kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Ngalesi sizathu, amabutho kahulumeni, ngokusekelwa kwamabutho aseSoviet ase-Afghanistan ayingxenye encane, ahlanganyela emisebenzini yezempi ukuze akhulule izindawo zokuhlala ezilawulwa yizihlubuki.

Indawo yase-Panjshirsky ingenye yezinkinga kakhulu kule ndaba. I-geography yase-Afghanistan yayikuthi ukufinyeleleka kwezokuthutha komgwaqo kwakuvinjelwe kakhulu ngenxa yezwe eliyinkimbinkimbi yezintaba. Umgwaqo kuphela owaholela edolobheni laseGulbahor. Kodwa-ke, kwakungelula ukuyisebenzisa, ngoba iqembu laseMasud laliphikisana kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMasud ngokwakhe wayengumhlali wendawo. Lokhu kwamvumela ukuba ahambe kangcono indawo futhi athole ukwesekwa kwabantu base-Aboriginal.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mzila wawuyi-corridor yezokuthutha enhle yokuhlinzeka ngezikhali ezivela ePakistan kanye nenhlangano yokuqeqeshwa okusekelwe yizihlubuki.

Ikusasa likaMassoud

Ngakho-ke, eqinisweni, u-Ahmad Shah Massoud waba omunye wabaphikisi bamabutho aseSoviet phakathi nokuhlala iminyaka engu-10 e-Afghanistan. Kumele uqaphele ukuthi wazalwa emndenini waseTajik.

Ngo-1973, ngemva kokukhishwa, waphoqeleka ukuba athuthele ePakistan. Lapho wajoyina ukuphikisana kwamaSulumane, okwakungabhekana noBurududdin Rabbani.

Ngo-1975 wabamba iqhaza lokuvukela umbhikisho u-Mohammed Daoud. Wabe esilwa namabutho aseSoviet noMongameli Karmal.

Ngemva kokuhoxiswa kwebutho, i-USSR empeleni yaba umbusi waseMasudistan. Lesi yisimo sokuzibiza, esihlanganisa izifundazwe enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afghanistan. Inhloko-dolobha yahlelwa phakathi kwesifundazwe saseTakhar - Talukane. I-Masudistan yayinehulumeni wayo, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2,5, ikakhulukazi amaTajik, imali yabo kanye nebutho elingama-60,000-elinamandla.

Ngo-1992, ibutho likaMasud langena eKabul. Emva kwalokho, uRabbani waba umongameli we-Afghanistan, kanti uMasud wathola iphothifoliyo kaNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela. Nokho, ngemuva kokuwa kobuso baseSoviet, uMasud kwadingeka ahlangabezane noGulbuddin Hekmatyar. Ngo-1994, ngenxa yokulwa nokulwa kweKabul, cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezine bafa, futhi idolobha ngokwayo labhujiswa kakhulu.

Kodwa ngo-1996, amaTaliban athatha amandla e-Afghanistan, kanti iMasudistan yaba yingxenye yeNorthern Alliance, eyayiqondwa nguMasud.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kusukela ngo-1999 iMasood yabambisana ne-intelligence yaseMelika. Ngenxa yalokho, ngonyaka ka-2001 wabulawa ngesikhathi ezama ukuqhuma ibhomu. Wazethula njengomlobi wezindaba, wafihla leli bhomu ekhamera yevidiyo. Ngokweminye imibiko, uMasud wabulawa ngumyalo kaBin Laden ngenxa yezibopho nabaseMelika.

Imisebenzi ye-Panjshir

Umsebenzi wokuqala wePanjshir wenziwa emuva ngo-1980. Impi yaqala ngo-9 Ephreli. Indlunkulu kaMasud yabhujiswa, kodwa abahlubuki ababuyela emuva babengenakulandelwa. Ngenxa yokukhululeka, imishini esindayo ayikwazanga ukudlula. Lokhu kwaba omunye wempumelelo yokuqala yebutho lamaSoviet e-Afghanistan. I-Panjshir canyon manje ayizange ibonakale ingenakulinganiswa.

Imiphumela yokusebenza yabonwa njengempumelelo. Ukubamba iqhaza kukaMasud kwaphukile, yena ngokwakhe wabalekela, esehlakalwe kabi.

Nokho, ngenxa yezizathu ezingalindelekile, amasosha aseSoviet anquma ukungashiyi amabutho abo emadolobheni ahlala kuwo. Ngenxa yalokho, maduzane babesezandleni zamaPisisans abuyiselwe.

I-truce noMasoud

UMasud wayengomunye walabo basebenzi bamahhashi base-Afghan abavumelene ngokuzithandela ukuba bahambisane nezinkampani zaseSoviet. Isibhamu sokuqala saphetha ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphela kokusebenza kwezempi ka-1980.

UMasud wathembisa ukuthi angeke ahlase amabutho aseSoviet nohulumeni, athembisa ukuthi angeke ahlinzeke ngemishini yokulwa nezindiza lapho kwenzeka ukuxabana phakathi kwamandla kaMasud ne-Islamic Party yase-Afghanistan eholwa nguHekmatyar.

Esinye isiyaluyalu safinyelela ekupheleni kuka-1982-1983.

Imiphumela ye-Panjshir imisebenzi

Ngokuphelele, phakathi nokuhlala kwamabutho aseSoviet e-Afghanistan, kwenziwa imisebenzi engu-9 emikhulu kule ndawo. Umphumela ngamunye wabo wawuyi-control okwesikhashana futhi eyingxenye phezu kwe-Panjshir canyon, ekugcineni elahlekile.

Ayikho idatha ngqo mayelana nokulahlekelwa yingxenye yebutho lamaSoviet kanye ne-Afghan mujahideen.