Omkhulu Fortress Russia - uhlu

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka Russian umngcele abaningi izikhathi ngaphansi izinguquko ngenxa zonke izinhlobo izimpi, ihlaselwe, nezinye izenzakalo zomlando. Munye walemisebenti ebaluleke kakhulu Russia bekulokhu ukuvikelwa imingcele yayo. Ikakhulukazi enyakatho ntshonalanga nezwe, lapho kwakukhona khona kosongo phezu ingxenye eLithuania nase-Sweden, okuyizinto izikhathi eziningi wazibonela imingcele isimo Russian isivivinyo. Kule ndaba, ngeNkathi Ephakathi ezakhiwa ezinamandla, okuyinto wadala isihlangu aqinileko izitha Emingceleni zombuso wethu. Abaningi inqaba enkulu Russian is kahle alondolozwe usuku lonke, eziningi - ngokwengxenye walondoloza, abanye - yacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele noma ngenye seziphelile ebusweni bomhlaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulesi sihloko sizogxila izibonelo enkulu bokwakha lasendulo ukuthi kuyabonakala namuhla.

Ifa nangenkathi esidlule

Iningi izinqaba ensimini ka ezweni lethu lakhiwa kwaba Ephakathi. Nokho, kukhona kokubili ekuqaleni kanye kamuva inqaba isiRashiya, okwakubonisa umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni yezwe. Bona, yebo, ningathwali imisebenzi zokuzivikela kakade, futhi izikhumbuzo izakhiwo kanye nakumasiko, ngoba kuveza esidlule nobuqhawe abantu Russian. Iningi lezakhiwo kukhonjisiwe ngezansi - inqaba lempi Russia, kodwa phakathi kwabo kukhona zezindela, nezinqaba nezinye yobuciko eyigugu bokwakha zekhulu zangesikhathi esidlule. Insimu ezweni mkhulu kakhulu, futhi isendaweni nenani elikhulu ngempela izinqaba ezahlukene. Kuwufanele ukugqamisa inqaba kakhulu osendaweni ezibalulekile futhi owaziwa Russian. Uhlu simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

1. Staraya Ladoga inqaba.

2. Oreshek Fortress.

3. Ivangorod inqaba.

4. Koporskaya inqaba.

5. Pskov inqaba.

6. Izborsk inqaba.

7. Porkhov inqaba.

8. Novgorod inqaba.

9. Kronstadt inqaba.

10. EMoscow Kremlin.

Imininingwane engeziwe mayelana ngamunye wabo ebhalwe ngezansi.

Staraya Ladoga inqaba

Qala uhlu kunomvuzo kuye, njengoba e Staraya Ladoga, ubizwa ngokuthi "inhloko-dolobha Northern ERussia yasendulo", ekhulwini IX, lakhiwa amaViking inqaba lokuqala eRussia. Iphuzu elibalulekile: kwaba itshe castle lokuqala ensimini ka ERussia yasendulo. Nokho, labhujiswa abaseSweden, futhi XII leminyaka. yayakhiwe kabusha, futhi ngekhulu XVI. kabusha. Emakhulwini eminyaka alandela, yawa laphinde labhidlika futhi yawa, baye basinda kulokho kuphela ingxenye izindonga, zakhiwo ezimbili ezinde kanye esontweni.

Nut, noma Shlisselburg noma Noteburg

Lokho amagama bebaningi kangaka kule inqaba yeRussia, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi etholakala endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Leningrad esifundeni. It yasungulwa ngo 1352, izinsalela odongeni wokuqala ezinkulu zisekhona esikhungweni isikhathi esingaphezu inqaba yesimanje. Ngo XV - XVI eminyaka lavuselelwa futhi baba model of inqaba classical, yenzelwe wonke-round ukuzivikela. Ekhulwini XVII kwakungekaNkulunkulu Sweden lize washaywa ngu-Peter I. ngekhulu XVIII inqaba waba ejele, lapho ukuthumela amalungu asebukhosini, izintandokazi, schismatics, le Decembrists nabanye abaningi. Phakathi Siege kweLeningrad, amaJalimane zehlulekile ukuba ukuthathe. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo eziningi Museum ziphephile okuqondene iziboshwa ngesikhathi lezi zindonga.

Amandla Ivangorod

Ngo-1492, umfula Narva ku Ntombazane amagquma sabekwa isisekelo inqaba umuzi eRussia futhi ogama lakhe behlonipha isikhulu esikhulu Russian. Ivangorod inqaba kwakhiwa eziyisikhombisa nje amasonto - ngesivinini Amazing ngokokuqala. Ekuqaleni isikwele nge imibhoshongo ezine, yaqedwa labuye lanwetshwa ngo xv - eminyaka XVI. Kwakuyisikhathi osendaweni ezibalulekile maphakathi Russia, ngubani elawulwa Isivivinyo emfuleni futhi ukufinyelela Baltic Sea. Isikhumbuzo of lempi ubunjiniyela art is kahle walondoloza ngisho nanamuhla, naphezu umonakalo ngesikhathi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe.

lasendulo Koporje

Waqale ezishiwo zemihla e 1240 njengoba inqaba, okuyinto wabeka Crusaders. Bona zinhlanga ngenxa ibutho Aleksandra Nevskogo, lapho indodana e 1297 umsebenzi Koporskaya inqaba yokuqedela. Ekhulwini XVI kwathiwa kahle kabusha. Ekhulwini XVII kunjalo, efana ezinye inqaba enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia, abaseSweden wasuka kuphela 1703 ke wakwazi ziyakwenyanyisa. Okwesikhathi esithile laliyisikhungo lempi kanye nezokuphatha esifundazweni Ingermanland (esifundazweni wokuqala Russian). Siye ngasinda kuphela izinsalela izindonga 4 imibhoshongo, kodwa ngokuphawulekayo walondoloza izindima komhlaba. Esikhathini Koporje kuyinto "Rusich" - imbokodo glacial, enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu ekhona.

omkhulu Pskov

Kwaba ngowokuqala ngodonga idolobha elisenyakatho-ntshonalanga komngcele waseRussia. Ngishilo zemihla kusukela eminyakeni 903. Futhi kusukela 1348 futhi 1510, lapho laliyisikhungo Pskov Funky Republic - isimo encane boyar. Ngo maphakathi Ensemble we Pskov inqaba kwaba Krom (ezibiyele), eyakhiwa ngo-1337 kwi-lenhlonhlo ngesikhathi confluence imifula emibili, ngaphakathi okwakukhona: zintathu Cathedral, ukulawula, yengcebo, ubulungiswa ingobo yomlando, lapho kwabiwa, eqoqwe Chamber futhi agcinwe izikhali nezinto. Umugqa wesibili ka izinqaba - Dovmontov idolobha - yakhiwa kuleli XIV - eminyaka xv. Dovmotnova eningizimu yomuzi Yakhiwa wakha olunye udonga, futhi kwaphumela okuthiwa zastene kwaba Targovishte. Ngo 1374 - 75 iminyaka. umuzi uzungezwe ngomunye udonga - idolobha esijwayelekile.

I bevikela umuzi lalinabashumayeli esishintshashintshayo ezine izinqaba itshe. Ubude Imininingwane odongeni kuyinto 9.5 km, lonke ubude esesikhundleni kwemibhoshongo 40. Ezinsukwini kokuvinjezelwa kanye izimpi ezindongeni lokhu inqaba Russia ngisho abesifazane alwa. Ngokuyinhloko, emzini Russia lasendulo babengene sokhuni, Pskov efanayo kusukela ngekhulu XII Yakhiwa amathempeli itshe, eziningi zazo khona kuze kube yilolu suku.

Pskov-Caves Monastery uhlukile nge Ensemble yayo le nqaba futhi isikhungo yayo itholakala phakathi kwamagquma futhi emaphethelweni kukhona nemihosha kufihlwe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Isigodlo is hhayi lwenziwa imisebenzi yezempi, wakwazi ukumelana ekuhlaseleni abaseSweden. Ngaphezu ezweni ingxenye namasonto evamile futhi ipulazi izakhiwo, lokhu sezindela Ubuye isonto emhumeni - Assumption. Kwakubonakala ngisho ngo-1473, okuwunyaka futhi lanikezelwa yesigodlo. Okwamanje, Isigodlo livulekele izivakashi.

Omunye wabantu bokuqala

Esikhathini Pskov sifunda Izborsk, owayengomunye kwemizi yokuqala eRussia futhi ifakwa ohlwini emibhalweni yaminyaka ngisho zeminyaka 862. Ngo 1330 inqaba itshe Yakhiwa, okuyinto emlandweni izikhathi eziningana igcwaliswe futhi zihlukahlukene, futhi izingcezwana zisekhona kuze kube namuhla, Nokho, futhi ngokuphelele libhujiswa isikhathi. Ubude okuvimbezela kwaba mayelana 850 amamitha. Ekhulwini XIV, omunye abahlanganyeli kukho ukuvinjezelwa Izborsk elika "Iron Castle", futhi kufika iMpi Yezwe II Fort ngakho akekho kungathatha. Namuhla, kulezi zindawo umkhosi ezempi kanye bomlando ngokuthi "Iron City". Usezophelelwa izindonga lokhu inqaba Russia hit okhiye, amanzi awo ubhekwa ekwelapheni, futhi entwasahlobo ziba izimpophoma ebalulekile egeleza echibini.

encane Porkhov

Enye ezinqabeni we Pskov esifundeni - Porkhov. Sincane, ke kwadingeka ingqikithi imibhoshongo ezintathu, esontweni futhi isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi. Ingabe namanje sibekwa 1387, ngemva kokuba iqedwe ukwakhiwa, izindlela kanye eziningi nezinye inqaba yasendulo Russia. Porkhov umuzi ngokwawo, ngokuvumelana zemihla ngemihla, yasungulwa phakathi nokubusa Aleksandra Nevskogo ukumboza mfula kusukela Novgorod ukuze Pskov. Lapho uCatherine II ezindongeni inqaba wabeka ingadi Botanical. Esikhundleni salo manje ekhoneni elincane ethokomele lapho zikhula, imithi kanye ngaphakathi nqaba emnyuziyamu-imeyli. City Porhov ezithakazelisayo futhi eziningi nezinye izikhumbuzo, ezifana nezindlu abathengisi ', Manor mlando namathempeli engavamile.

Detinets Veliky Novgorod

Omunye wemizi emikhulu kakhulu futhi elicebe eRussia XI-XV eminyaka - kuyinto Novgorod. Nge 1136 i 1478 kwaba maphakathi Novgorod Republic, ngemva kokujoyina i-ubukhulu eMoscow. Kutholwe ku osebeni Volkhov Ewufrathe eduze Lake Ilmen. I Detinets sokhuni (ezibiyele) maphakathi edolobheni e 1333, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zishiswe. Ekupheleni kwekhulu xv yayakhiwe kabusha kakade ngesimo itshe. Okwamanje, bonke emangalisa Ensemble yezakhiwo ezibiyele kuyinto lesikhumbuzo UNESCO. Isakhiwo lalinabashumayeli kwemibhoshongo nambili (round futhi square), nobude odongeni kwaba amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-nanhlanu. Abaningi izinqaba, ngeshwa, asizange sisinde kuze kube namuhla usuku.

Umlando Wanamuhla Russia

Kronstadt inqaba kungokwalabo kwenkathi kamuva yomlando yezwe ngaphandle inqaba oshiwo ngenhla Russia. Idolobhana ebiyelweyo Kronstadt, elise esiqhingini Kotlin, azungeze okuyinto kukhona izinqaba eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi, iyona enkulu kunazo zonke izinqaba e-Europe kanye ubuye lesikhumbuzo UNESCO. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, abaningi nezivikelo namuhla usesimweni esibi kakhulu. Forts "Grand Duke Constantine," "Kronshlot," "UConstantine" nesithi "uMbusi u-Alexander I» okwamanje kulula kakhulu ukufinyelela kuwo futhi wavakashela. Ngo Kronstadt futhi impela eningi zezakhiwo ezindala futhi ezithakazelisayo: Palace, Gostiny Dvor, eyinkimbinkimbi of Admiralty, Tolbukhin yesibani, Kronstadt Naval Cathedral nabanye abaningi.

okubaluleke kunakho konke

Ezinkathini ezahlukene emlandweni wezwe lakithi inqaba ezahlukene esadlala lubalulekile, nangabe lungekho juqu, indima. Namuhla singasho ukuthi lokhu umsebenzi we-Moscow Kremlin. Lokhu main Russian inqaba isendaweni osebeni Moskva River ku Borovitsky Hill. Emuva ngo-1156 kusayithi nezivikelo lokhuni kuqala, okuyinto ekhulwini XIV sithathelwe indawo itshe (wasebenzisa itshe lendawo emhlophe) ezakhiwa. Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu kungani eMoscow yayibizwa ngokuthi itshe elimhlophe. Nokho, le nto yize okuningi lesitha kuleyo ukuhlaselwa kodwa yaba ngeyesikhashana.

Phakathi nokubusa Ivan III kabusha ezibiyele waqala. izigodlo eyakhelwe, amasonto kanye nezinye izakhiwo abamenyiwe amakhosi Italy. Ekhulwini XVI baqhubeka ukwakhiwa kwamasonto amasha: Cathedral of the Ascension Monastery, Cathedral of the Chudov Monastery nabanye. Parallel kule, wakha izindonga ezintsha kanye nemibhoshongo yezingcingo YaseMoscow ezibiyele, endaweni inqaba aye athuthukiswa. Ngesikhathi uPetru mina, lapho Russia saphela bobukhosi sokuhlala omkhulu umlilo 1701 bangiphuca eziningi lokhuni nezakhiwo, okwakwenqatshelwe uqonde lokhuni izakhiwo ngaphakathi Kremlin. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwakhiwa kwalesi Arsenal.

Kamuva, i-Kremlin ingakamiswa igcwaliswe futhi uma kabusha, futhi Ensemble olulodwa yezakhiwo uvele 1797. Ngo 1812, uNapoleon langena eMoscow ezibiyele, ngokulandelana, futhi lapho ephuma izindonga ngokusebenzisa ndima imfihlo, sayalwa ukuba sibe nezinhloli kuqhunyiswa zonke izakhiwo. Ngenhlanhla, neziningi zezakhiwo basinda, kodwa namanje umonakalo wawumningi. Lapho ukwazi ukuthi uphinde ngenxa engu-20 edlule, yokwakha futhi ukuqeda iminonjana ukuqhuma.

Ngenxa yalokho, lo eMoscow ezibiyele abaningi izikhathi ayefa ezihlukahlukene izinguquko, iningi yalo yayenziwe Ensemble wahlupheka ngesikhathi amaBolshevik athatha izintambo. Leseluhleni njengoba UNESCO kusukela ngo-1990, futhi ngo-1991 waba yokuhlala uMongameli Russian. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, njalo abuyiselwe. Bangaphezu kuka-2 km - ubude ezindongeni ezibiyele, esemgwaqweni eduze kwemibhoshongo 20. Amasonto ababhishobhi futhi amasonto: i Arkhangelsk, le Annunciation, kweNyuka, Verkhospassky nabanye. On the indawo kukhona Big ezibiyele Palace, Tsarina Esiyigugu Chamber, Arsenal, Armoury nezinye izakhiwo. Zine, ingadi kanye epaki, kanye namatshe ezikhumbuzo ezimbili - Tsar Cannon futhi Tsar Bell, kanye nezakhiwo eziningi zitholakala on ensimini yaleli eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibalulekile ngokomlando, kwezobuciko, zezenhlalo nezombangazwe zezwe lethu.