Oberiuty - kuyinto ... Literary Iqembu "Ngokuhlanganisa art real"

Art, efana isayensi, akukaze bema, ubufakazi ezingaba akhonze hhayi kuphela impumelelo abaculi besikhathi sethu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, umphakathi uye sazilahla eziningi izisekelo yokuphila yangaphambili, lokhu kuthambekela kwaba zonke ngokufutheka, abasekhweni noma abasemzini, e Amathrendi nomphakathi kanye, yebo, izincwadi. Kulesi wemboni olungavamile kakhulu futhi innovative ngesikhathi babe oberiuty. Lolu hlobo of association abalobi abashiya ngokuphelele amafomu bendabuko yobuciko, futhi manje sesithola uzokuqonda ukuthi baye esikhundleni sendodana yakhe.

Ukujwayeleka neqembu kanye nomsebenzi wakhe

Ngakho inhlangano esankondlo ngokuthi Oberiu umsuka in Soviet Russia, eLeningrad. Januwari 24, 1928 ku iNdlu Cindezela umhlangano, ebizwa ngokuthi "amahora amathathu kwesokunxele ', bonke abahlanganyeli isimemezele ukungena lekhethelo" kwesokunxele "ubuciko. Lokhu isifinyezo imele "Ngokuhlanganisa Art real", uhlamvu "u" yengezwe lapha ibhekwa nje. Eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi lokhu ucezu ubonisa izimbongi sinesimo sengqondo idatha. Ngosuku olufanayo futhi wanyathelisa Manifesto lokuqala (nesibongo) useshumayela ukwenqaba amafomu ezivamile yobuciko futhi kuvikela ukubukwa entsha etemibhalo. Kusukela manje, lokusungula oberiutov waba avant-garde, enkondlweni kukhona injongo entsha, okuyinto wagxilisa existentialism nezinye izinkinga global lwesintu.

Umlando sokudalwa

Oberiuty - igama ahlanganyelwe, lalimisa agodliwe for izimbongi ngo-1928, kodwa kufanele ukuthi kule mikhuba uvele izincwadi kahle ngaphambi sikhathi. Qala ukwakha akhawunti iqembu ngoba ngo-1925, lapho izimbongi Harms, Vvedensky, Z kanye Bakhterev united ngaphansi mbumbulu ka "Chinar". Ngemva konyaka, igama mazwi ashintshwa athi "kophiko lwesokunxele", futhi namanje kamuva ashintshwa athi "Academy ushiye zabuna." Ngo-1928, Ebusuku ngo-January 24 Endlini Cindezela kwaba umhlangano "Emahoreni amathathu kwesokunxele" lapho igama lagcina abakhethiwe - "Izimbongi oberiuty" futhi ngabelwa uhlu abahlanganyeli.

• Ihora kuqala - izimbongi ukujoyina iqembu: A. Vvedensky, N. Z, D. Harms, J. Bakhterev, K. esithweni sakho sangasese.
• Eyesibili ihora - play esekelwe endabeni "Elizaveta Bam ukuba" owabhala Daniil Kharms.
• Ihora lesithathu - ukubuka ifilimu sehlisiwe "Slice futhi Idayisi", okwadala Alexander Razumovsky.

Amalungu nabasekeli art avant-garde

Ukuqoqwa "Emahoreni amathathu kwesokunxele" Oberiu idokhumenti umnyombo isisekelo salo. Kamuva kwakhiwa ingxenye enamalungu ngokusemthethweni wajoyina iqembu. Ngakho, kusukela ngo-1928 oberiuty - kuyinto D. Harms, J. Bakhterev, K. Vaginov Vvedensky, N. Z, Yu Vladimirov futhi Doyvber Levin. Umsebenzi walaba amadoda sasisekelwe ikakhulu ukwehluleka "abstruse" ulimi kusuka eziyinkimbinkimbi etemibhalo ukuvukelwa reception. Emongweni ubeke elibi, ayinangqondo futhi ukungahluzeki okutholakala. Yiqiniso, e mass Amathrendi ezifanayo umphakathi okubangelwa backlash, ikakhulukazi phakathi iqembu elibusayo kuleli zwe. Nokho, phakathi okudala abantu iqembu oberiutov bamsekela. Abelana yabo okudala ukubukwa Ayikwazanga: umbhali Eugene Schwartz, imbongi Nikolay Oleynikov, le philologist UNikolai Khardzhiev zefilosofi leonid Lipavsky futhi Yakov Druskin. Ukusekela satholakala ingxenye abaculi: UPavel Mansurov, Kazimir Malevich, uPavel Filonov, uVladimir Sterligov nezikebhe umphakathi Mai, umculi Alisa Poret futhi Tatiana Glebova.

nefilosofi

Ngo Manifesto yakhe abalobi oberiuty kushiwo esidlangalaleni: "Singobani thina? Kungani nathi ... Singabantu - izimbongi entsha ubuciko entsha sengqondo. Okwakushiwo ubuciko amagama lokusungula yethu lujula futhi siba banzi kakhulu, kodwa asibhubhi. Iyiphi into kwasekuqaleni is bahlanza kusukela husk, etemibhalo nsuku zonke, futhi kuphela ngemva kokuba indalo. '

Inqaba for izimbongi waqala izimiso ezifana yokuntuleka logic, kolimi kanye nokukhuluma kahle kwezinso, amaphutha kolimi, iziqeshana, noma kwezinto samooproverzhenie. Ingqikithi yale kusiza ukuthi ngamunye ucezu okwalandela yombhalo ekuphikiseni sangaphambilini, okuyinto, zona akabuyisanga. Njengoba isibonelo singacabangela indaba "The Blue-Notebook No. 10," owabhala Daniil Kharms. Qala-ke ngale ndlela: "Kube zibomvu indoda ...." Ngemva kwaziwa ukuthi lokhu Zayima izinwele, akukho izindlebe, akukho ekhaleni - lutho.

"Owesihlanu value"

Abalobi it is ukuthi kukhona amanani ezine mayelana nale ndaba, kuhlanganise ngokomzwelo, okuchazayo tebuciko nenjongo yakhe kwaziwe. Nokho, kwakudingekile ukudala into kuzoqinisekisa ukuba khona kwento - ngakho kubonakala oberiuty. Lokhu kufanele kube inani zazidedelwa kuncike ubudlelwane ahlukahlukene ezivamile futhi kuyokwenza ezimele. Okwazekayo, lesi sici okunzima ukuyiqonda, ngoba lo msebenzi kusekelwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela kungazwakali, ngakho manje sizobheka isibonelo esikhethekile. inkondlo Vvedensky "Ukuze ichopho incwadi wathatha, futhi Ngibuza lo iKhabhinethi phansi" kubonisa ngokucacile ukuba khona "amagugu lesihlanu." Lapha, noma yiliphi igama kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha isihloko ehlukile futhi into yena, njengoba igama elihlukile.

ekudalweni

Oberiutov ucwaningo ezincwadini asethinteke kuhluka indlela yabo. Njalo kumbhali olulodwa has "chips 'yabo, isitayela futhi beqondiswa nguye. Iletha ndawonye izimbongi, mhlawumbe, ukuntuleka okwandile logic, okuyinto ibulala ngokuphelele eyeqisayo ezincwadi. A mkhuba efanayo kusenza sibheke isithombe esikhulu ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu le elibi, ukuze ubone ukuthi ehluke ukwedlula version zakudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungabi bikho kokukhanya kulandzelana kwetigameko, engavamile etemibhalo amadivayisi nesinabantu abaningi "amaphutha" ukwakheka akho engqondweni umfundi ukuqhathanisa zonke izingxenye jikelele isithombe. Awu, manje sekuyisikhathi ukubazi nge izici of ukudalwa omunye abameleli ovelele leli qembu abalobi.

Alexander Vvedensky - imbongi oberiutov

Lo mlobi evelele kunazo zonke phakathi bale samanje, futhi konke sibonga yokuthi umsebenzi wakhe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze zabuna kanye nombono ukukhanya. Ikakhulu Vvedenskii isebenza indlela ulimi olwakheke ngayo ngokwayo. Akhe dalo kukhona Ubukhulu evamile (njengoba Pushkin, isibonelo), abanayo i imilolotelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ensimbi alenga imishwana kanye nemigomo arcane. Silulumagama elula amaphethini inkulumo kakhulu amagama ajwayelekile ahambisana kabuhlungu elula, futhi kulula ukukhumbula. Kubonakala ukuba sobala e izinkondlo zakhe, ngendlela efanele futhi ngokucacile, kodwa into esiyivelakancane kwenza ekugcineni umfundi bona ukuthi kwakwenzekani enkundleni. Iqiniso lokuthi imbongi ukusetshenziswa ngokuphelele ezingalindelekile ematfuba ibinzana, yena ihlanganisa amagama babengakaze wema ndawonye, ngaleyo ndlela obumba neformuliruemy esiyivelakancane incazelo.

Maye, kwaba esidabukisayo esihlalweni

Esihlalweni owayehlezi usungulo

On ke wahlala isiguli ezinkulu,

Wayehlezi kanye umhlane wakhe ophilayo.

Wabona emfuleni nehlathi,

Lapho odlula Sturt impungushe.

Harms

Ukudala imbongi, engesiyo kancane ethandwa kwalowo odlule, kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko umbhedo semantic. Ngezindlela eziningi, afana Daniil Kharms, Vvedensky - wabuye ihlanganisa incongruous nomunye amazwi, kudala umuzwa wenkohliso incazelo. Ukufunda izinkondlo zakhe, Uma unganakile, kubonakala sengathi yonke into ecacile neqondakalayo. Kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho uqeda emgqeni wokugcina okuqukethwe elahlekile, kubalulekile ukuba kabusha ufunde, ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa, ukuze uthwebule ngisho ingxenye encane yini umbhali ukuthi uzama adlulisele. Isici sesibili, esibonakala by lokusungula Harms - kuyinto "umbhedo." Lwenza amagama amasha, faka kwabo enkondlweni, nokuthola labo umugqa ethile, kungenzeka ukuqagela ukuthi asho ukuthini.

Mina wahambisana marsh ebusika
I galoshes,
I hat
Futhi izibuko.
Kungazelelwe, umfula ishanelwe othile
ku metal
izingwegwe.

Ngagijima emfuleni ngokushesha,
Wamisa ngejubane emahlathini,
Ukuze zezinyawo zakhe ngingakufanelekeli abanazo ezimbili amabhodi,
Wabuthalala
labhampa
Futhi wanyamalala.

temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba Harms

Lokhu oberiutov ayedume ngesikhathi sakhe, hhayi kuphela njengoMhlengi imbongi kodwa njengoba umlobi nemidlalo kanye tindzaba letimfisha. Njengoba oberiutov izinkondlo, nephrozi Harms egqoka uhlamvu kungazwakali yayisekelwe imishwana lutho, izenzakalo kungukuthi bahlobene, futhi izinguquko njalo kwemizwa. Isici esiphawulekayo izindaba zakhe zaba izihloko yasendlini. Akunangqondo alethwe izimo ezazingenza zenzeka esitolo esiteshini sesitimela, ngesikhathi sasemini noma umcimbi. Noma yimuphi inkhulumomphendvulwano imisebenzi abalobi amelwe uhlobo ayengenabo igama, kodwa kusobala ukuthi okuphambene isitayela yethu evamile zokubukwa.

Nikolay Zabolotsky

Indalo Z sika etemibhalo sihlanganise ngisho kancane izingathekiso engavamile futhi iwubuphukuphuku, okuyinto Nokho, simunye incazelo yalo ikhanye. Ukuba ufunde inkondlo yakhe kuze kube sekupheleni, umfundi uyazi isimo sawo futhi into, ukuthi iyakuqonda yini wathunyelwa esibayeni lembhali. Nokho, umsebenzi ngokwalo ngokoqobo zichichima ihaba, ukuqhathanisa izilwane atypical, laba balobi abakuloba hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izinto zangamalanga, inqubo engokwemvelo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ukucabanga yokugcina noma incazelo yaleli vesi akuyona nkomoni njalo. Z sika imisebenzi baphakathi kwalabo oyoqhubeka wena ingaqiniseki kwaze kwaba umzuzu wokugcina, futhi kuphela ekupheleni uyokwazi ukuqonda lokho zazilotshiwe zonke ephakeme semantic fomu.

Bheka: Angazi ukudansa, hhayi azenza,
Lapha, ebusuku uhambahambe ngesivinini okungahleliwe,
Lapha iwayini angaziwa,
Flying upholi uhleko.

Nikolay Oleynikov

Izinkondlo of oberiutov has umuzwa ojulile kakhulu futhi ngempela enembile ngco kulofundzako. Naphezu allegory, sifanisongco futhi umfanekiso, umlobi ngobuciko lidlulisela okushiwo umqondo wakhe futhi yakha kube namadreni elula rhymed. Ikakhulu umsebenzi Oleinikova lingachazwa ngokuthi ukubayisigebengu, lapho yena ihlekisa ubuthakathaka ezihlukahlukene zabantu noma izinhlelo, noma usibonisa bephambene ukuphila, liphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile kakhulu, futhi ngisho nosizi. Ecwebezelayo eminingi yemisebenzi yakhe kubhekwa a "iphela". Lokhu senkondlo, ositshela mayelana edabukisayo isiphetho isinambuzane, eye isihloko ucwaningo. Namaphela ongabalulekile abantu, kodwa umbhali usitshela ukuthi ubuye abe ephilayo, futhi, has a umphefumulo futhi ufuna siphile.

- A iphela uhlezi ingilazi,
Foot Redhead encela.
Wabanjwa. Labanjwa.
Futhi manje ulindele ukuba abantu babulawelwe kuzo.

- Cockroach agxishiwe kuya ingilazi

Futhi ngifuna, ehefuzela.

Ubengeke abe ngokwesaba ukufa,
If I azi ukuthi kukhona umphefumulo ...

ukugxekwa ababephila ngesikhathi

Ukuba khona izinhlangano yobuciko yangempela engozini izitayela ezintsha zezombangazwe nezenhlalo Soviet Russia. ELeningrad ehamba phambili ukushicilela izindlu amalungu eqembu atholakele abaningi Ukwenqaba, press okungukuthi lutho yabo khona, futhi kamuva wabizela amambuka, izitha kanye izinhloli. Ngo-1930, Wadlulela ukuvela umphakathi, lapho mavesi zafundwa oberiutov, kanye uhlelo ezokuzijabulisa Pastukhov bili. Ukuze kuhlonishwe kuye kwavela isihloko ezinzima kule iphephandaba "Shintsha", lapho lesi senzo ngokuthi "juggling abstruse," futhi bonke labo abahilelekile kulo - nezitha sabasebenzi kwabozungu. Kwalandela izinkulumo ezimbi ezifanayo kanye nokubuyekeza ukuthi okwasiza ngokushesha uye iziphathimandla zikahulumeni ukuba athathe isinyathelo esiwujuqu.

Ingcindezelo nokushushiswa

Ngo-1931, i-Association of art sangempela saphela ngokusemthethweni khona. Harms, Vvedensky futhi Bakhterev Kuboshwe ebhizinisini isimo, bese badingiselwa ngaphandle ilungelo okwengeziwe ukubuyela. Amalunga aseleko iqembu waqhubeka esebenza, kodwa ayisekho kwenziwa hhayi eshicilelwe ngaphambili. Ekugcineni, ngo-1941-1942 wafa Vvedensky futhi Kharms, wafika ezweni lakithi impi kwabulala Levin futhi Lipavsky. Kuhle kokusho ukuthi Nikolay Oleynikov wadutshulwa ngo-1937. I oberiuty asele yayihluthulelwe eLeningrad, okuyinto Njalo sibhekana nokushaya ukuhlaselwa amaNazi. Kulezi zimo, impumelelo eziningi nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada abalobi bashiswa kanye elahlekile wonke play, iqoqo tinkondlo impumelelo ngabanye. Ngenxa yalezi zenzakalo, abadala kuphela ngokubhala Yuri Vladimirov, leseyifinyelele izinsuku zethu, kwaba "Athlete". imisebenzi kobuntwana ka Levin wawulahleke, kanye ukudalwa temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba Vvedensky, kuhlanganise indaba yisakhiwo sodumo "Ababulali, wena iziwula. '

"Ukuncibilika"

Ngemva 1956, abantu kancane kancane waqala ukuvuseleleka kanye imisebenzi elahlekile yezimbongi ezinkulu futhi abalobi. Saqala ishicilelwe inkondlo zezingane Harms futhi Vvedensky. Eshicilelwe hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi in the West, ngenxa yemizamo Vladimira Erlya noMichael Meylaha. Ekugcineni, le ndaba yokuvinjelwa umsebenzi oberiutov yathathwa kule minyaka yokwakha kabusha, lapho ukucwaninga Soviet walahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwalo futhi ububanzi zokudala yandile kakhulu. Kuthiwa omunye izimbongi yaleli qembu - Igor Bakhterev, wakwazi ukufinyelela yonke le minyaka futhi igcinwe amakhono abo creative kuze kube okwamanje lokufa 1996. Umsebenzi wakhe waqala ukusakaza emuva 70s, lebhalwe hhayi kuphela impumelelo ubudala, kodwa futhi imisebenzi emisha. Esikhathini 80th kanye Ingxenye yokuqala 90 it is baqhubeka ukuqamba, ngaphandle kokushintsha isitayela avant-garde.

Oberiuty izingane

Ngenxa yokuthi inhlangano yangempela art abalobi sigadiwe kokusongelwa yokucindezelwa nguhulumeni, abaningi babo baye badlula, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kule zezingane lokusungula niche. Ikakhulukazi, Vvedensky, Harms, Bakhterev, Vladimirov futhi Z ukukhuthalele ukubhala izinkondlo izingane, okwakukhona elula kakhudlwana futhi kuqondile kuka okudaliwe i izilaleli omdala. Kodwa, Isimanga siwukuthi, ngisho ingozi ekuqaleni kokudalwa shazi uzimisele Inhlekelele noma satirical abalobi. kamuva kwaba ngesinye sezizathu ezenze kokuboshwa kwala izishoshovu eyinhloko iqembu etemibhalo.