Non-tariff ukulawulwa namanye amazwe. Ukwahlukanisa izinyathelo lengakhokhelwa

State ngamunye kufanele silwele ukuthuthukisa umkhakha kazwelonke. Kodwa indlela engcono kakhulu engingayenza? Ukungezwani phakathi ayesekela umumo okhululekile futhi ukuhweba khulula akagcini amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Ngesikhathi ezinkathini ezihlukahlukene lithi ehola ayethambekele uhlangothi noma omunye. Kunezindlela ezimbili ukulawula ukuthekelisa futhi ukungenisa notshwala: imisebenzi namasiko kanye izinyathelo lengakhokhelwa. On the yokugcina kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni.

Ukwahlukanisa izinyathelo lengakhokhelwa

National Inqubomgomo ukuhweba kungaba tekuvikela, ngokulinganisela, noma evulekile (mahhala). Lesi sigaba ngemacembu isihlobo impela, kodwa kakhulu kusiza ukuhlaziywa. Ukuze sithole nobulukhuni izinqubomgomo ukuhweba acabangele hhayi kuphela imisebenzi kanye quota, kodwa futhi lengakhokhelwa izinyathelo, okuyinto yangena kuleli zwe. Futhi kuyilokhu kwamuva kunzima kakhulu kangakanani ukuqaphela kanye usazise, futhi ngani nje ithandwa kangaka namuhla. Hlukanisa okulandelayo lengakhokhelwa izinyathelo:

1. Quantitative. Ukuze leli qembu basonta ukuvota (quota) ukungenisa namalayisense notshwala angenayo naphumayo kwezimpahla kanye okuthiwa "ngokuzithandela" Imingcele ukuthekelisa.
2. Afihliwe lengakhokhelwa izinyathelo. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa ukuthenga uhulumeni, enze izimangalo mayelana nokuqukethwe izingxenye zendawo, ukwethulwa izithiyo lobuchwepheshe, izintela nezimali. Hidden tariff isiqondiso izinyathelo iqondiswe ukulawula yokungenisa.
3. Lwezezimali. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa uxhaso, nemalimboleko abakhiqizi ezifuywayo nayiwo zisezintsha. izindlela lwezezimali esetshenziswa ukuthekelisa neziqondiso.

Ngalesi ukuqeda izinyathelo kwezomnotho non-tariff isiqondiso. Endaweni ehlukile, kumelwe ukugqamisa amathuluzi zomthetho okuyinto zihlobene kakhulu ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe.

izindlela Yokukala lengakhokhelwa

Quantitative kufihlwe mani zezimali wavuma esilinganisekayo, ngakho avame kahle kubonakala ezibalweni. Nokho, izindlela zokulinganisa lengakhokhelwa oluvame ukusetshenziswa indices eziningana. Phakathi edume kunazo:

• imvamisa Inkomba. Kubonisa ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye isihloko imbozwe izinyathelo lengakhokhelwa. Buhle lendlela yokubona ukuthi kungenzeka kulinganiswa nge imingcele yakhe ezingeni. Nokho, ayikuvumeli ukukala ukubaluleka kwanoma izinyathelo esetshenziswa kanye nomthelela yabo emnothweni.
• ukuhweba isigubungelo Inkomba. Inkomba ubonisa ukubaluleka nokuthengiswa kanye share sokungena kuso lengakhokhelwa imikhawulo. kusimo wayo ukuthi ngokuvamile oyithatha kalula kwethonya okukhulu lengakhokhelwa izithiyo.
• umthelela Inkomba intengo. Le nkomba kubonisa ukuthi ukwethulwa lengakhokhelwa izinyathelo Umthelela emnothweni. It ephawula ratio global lasezindlini lezimpahla amanani. Yini embi ngalo lokhu Inkomba ukuthi akasinaki yokuthi inani lemakethe ithonywa hhayi kuphela ukwethulwa lengakhokhelwa izinyathelo, kodwa futhi nezinye izinto eziningi.

Izindlela ezivame kakhulu

imingcele okuqondile ambalwa kukhona ifomu zokuphatha wesi-non-tariff ngumbuso ukuhweba kwemali, yokunquma inani izimpahla bavunyelwe ukuthi bathunyelwe noma amazwe. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi ukwethulwa quota iba komkhawulo kuphela uma eye yafinyelelwa. Tariff isebenza kuze kube phakade. Ngokuvamile ohulumeni makudle quota. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuba lula kakhulu ukuba vele usethe lemali umbundu, kuka ukubala ukuthi izinga eyayiyoholela yokuthekelisa noma yokungenisa of lemali edingekile kwezimpahla. imikhawulo quantitative kungenzeka kuphethwe Umthetho kahulumeni kwelinye izwe, futhi ngesisekelo izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe esilawula yokuhweba imikhiqizo ethile. Lezi zihlanganisa quota, amalayisense, futhi "ngokuzithandela" imingcele emazweni angaphandle.

ecaphuna

Izindlela we isethi engezansi lokuqala ngokuvamile kakhulu esetshenziswa. Isabelo futhi akuxhomekile - kuyinto yinye. Umahluko owokuthi ukuthi umthunzi yesibili seasonality. I-quota isilinganiso ambalwa of non-tariff, okuhlose kukhawulwe ukungenisa noma zokuthumela ethile (isamba). Wabe esefaka isicelo kwenkathi ethile yesikhathi. Ngo isiqondiso izilinganiso zingase ukuthekelisa futhi ukungenisa. Eyokuqala kuvame iqondiswa ngokuhambisana nezivumelwano noma kusilela emakethe yasekhaya. Ukungeniswa nokuhloswe ngazo ukuvikela abakhiqizi kazwelonke futhi ukulondoloza isimo sengqondo esiqondile ukuhweba ibhalansi. Global e-scope ne-ukwaba quota ngabanye. Okokuqala onikezwe yokuthekelisa noma yokungenisa izimpahla ezithile, kanye nemvelaphi yawo ingathathwa zibe akhawunti. quota ngamunye isicelo global futhi concretise lizwe.

amalayisense

Lolu hlobo imikhawulo ambalwa kuhlobene eduze quota. Ukulayisensa kuhilela Ukukhishwa uhulumeni kwezimvume okukhethekile yokuthekelisa noma yokungenisa of ethile izimpahla. Le nqubo engenziwa ngokomuntu ayedwa begodu ngaphakathi quota. Izinhlobo eziningana abahlukene zamalayisense:

• Single. Luhilela imvume ukuthengiselana olulodwa, okungadingi usebenza ngaphezu konyaka owodwa.
• ILayisensi Evamile. Le mvume akulona inani ukuthengiselana, kodwa engafaki usebenza ngaphezu konyaka owodwa.
• Ilayisensi okuzenzakalelayo. Linikeza ngokushesha, kanti azikwazi yaliwe iziphathimandla zikahulumeni.

"Ngokuzithandela" kukhawulwe ukuthekelisa ageleza

Ngo uthi ezinkulu Ziningi asizakale ngaphezulu kwamazwe angu-buthaka. "Zokuzithandela" imikhawulo ukuthekelisa - omunye wabo. izwe engaqinile ziwumthwalo yayo enhle, empeleni ukuvikela umkhiqizi kazwelonke kombuso omkhulu. Effect Its iyafana ukungenisa quota. Umehluko itholakala lokuthi ukuthi State ziwumthwalo izivimbelo kwabanye.

izindlela ithintwasingxivizo Afihliwe

Kukhona izinyathelo eziningi akunakubangelwa leli qembu. Phakathi kwabo kukhona avelele:

• izithiyo Technical. Ziyakwazi imithetho zokuphatha neziqondiso ukuthi zenzelwe ukuvimbela ukungeniswa izimpahla angaphandle.
• Izintela kanye nezimali emakethe yasekhaya. Bonke bahlose ukukhuphula intengo izimpahla angaphandle ukuze kuncishiswe sokukwazi ukuncintisana ezingeni lamazwe yayo.
• Tinchubomgomo tekuniketwa kwemisebenti Yomphakathi. Lolu hlobo kufihlwe lengakhokhelwa isiqondiso izindlela kuhilela ukusungulwa ukuzibophezela for yokufuna izimpahla ezithile enziwa emakethe kazwelonke.
• Izidingo kokuqukethwe izingxenye zendawo. Bona ezihilela liqine Ingxenye umkhiqizo wokugcina ukudayiswa kwi emakethe yasekhaya, okumele kwenziwe abakhiqizi kazwelonke.

izinhlelo zezimali

Leli qembu izindlela okuhloswe ngazo okwandisa nokuthengiswa. izindlela lwezezimali ukusiza ukwehlisa intengo izimpahla, okwandisa sokukwazi ukuncintisana ezingeni lamazwe yayo ezimakethe zomhlaba. Labo bantu basabela ngokuthi ukwethula imisebenzi ekhethekile anti-okulahlwa futhi countervailing. Ukunikeza izindlela ezilandelayo wezimali:

• Ukuxhaswa.
• Ukubolekwa.
• Ulahla.

Uhlobo kuhilela ukwehla kwamanani ukuthekelisa kusuka imithombo amafemu ukuze kuthuthukiswe kwezilwandle emakethe izimpahla. Ukubhekana enjalo izinqubomgomo ze-non-tariff esetshenziswa izinyathelo anti-zisezintsha. Ziyakwazi embuthanweni yesikhashana, okuhlose ukumboza umehluko phakathi amanani aphansi futhi ezijwayelekile. izinyathelo Anti-okulahlwa iwukudambisa imiphumela emibi ekuncintisaneni.