Monopoly - Monopoly kuyinto ... emnothweni: imiphumela, izindlela emzabalazweni kanye nomlando

Monopoly - kuwumbandela wemakethe lapho ukhona kuphela nomkhiqizi ezinkulu izimpahla noma wesevisi. He zibamba cishe ngokuphelele ukukhiqizwa ensimini yabo futhi kungaba ngokuqondile nomthelela amanani. Monopolist uhlose futhi nokugcina isimo isikhundla evelele futhi yenze inzuzo eningi. Ngenxa yale njongo, ayikuvumeli izimbangi emakethe futhi ephoqelela izimiso zayo abathengi bancishwa okukhethayo.

Izimpawu ayitholwa okumsulwa

On the monopolization oluphelele emakethe umkhiqizo (isevisi) noma umkhakha abangase bawakhulume lapho izimo ezilandelayo zihlangabezwa:

• Kukhona umdlali elikhulu (inkampani, inhlangano, i-Union of Abakhiqizi), okuyinto ebangela ingxenye enkulu ivolumu zokukhiqiza kanye yokuthengisa;
• Unawo amandla wokulawula intengo kwezimpahla ngokushintsha ivolumu ukunikezela;
• emakethe azikho izimpahla noma amasevisi umthengi angase athathe isikhundla saleyo ukhiqiza ayitholwa;
• inkampani esisha esizoba bakwazi ukuncintisana nge monopolist, imboni akubonakali.

Ngakho, okunguye yedwa - kuba ingcindezelo ephelele ensimini ehlukile noma emakethe muntu inhlangano lezimpahla ezinkulu, ngokugcizelela kakhulu imithetho yabo yomdlalo kubathengi. Namuhla, okumbalwa, ezifana monopolies "enhle" khona kuphela abstract. Phela izimpahla ezibalulekile supply cishe non-akukho, futhi ukungabi emakethe yasekhaya incephezeliswa ukungeniswa. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo samanje ayitholwa uthi lapho umuntu noma abadlali amakhulu ambalwa linqobe emakethe, okuyinto ebangela ingxenye enkulu ivolumu zokukhiqiza.

okunguye yedwa zokuphatha

Ukuvela monopolies eRussia kuhlobene eduze izenzo isimo. I inhlanganisela ibhizinisi ezinkulu kuqala eyaphakama ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo yezwe ezindaweni ezifana yokusansimbi, imishini, izinto zokuhamba kanye nabanye. Isenzakalo lapho ukusungulwa kanye imisebenzi monopolies kulawulwa isimo, yaqanjwa ngokuthi esiphezulu (uhulumeni) okunguye yedwa.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo uhulumeni izenzo ngezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala, inikeza abanye abakhiqizi amalungelo akhethekile uzibandakanye kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi ngalo kamuva eba silawula yonke imikhakha. Okwesibili, uhulumeni ukwakha isakhiwo esicacile izinkampani zikahulumeni. Yakhiwe ngu- inhlanganisela yebhizinisi, okuyinto banesibopho sokulandisa ejensi kahulumeni - zezinkonzo kanye neminyango. Isibonelo esimangalisayo uhlelo sinjalo Union, lapho ayitholwa zokuphatha obonakaliswe kwekubuswa iziphathimandla kanye in the ifa isimo izindlela zokukhiqiza.

monopolies yemvelo

Kulezi zindawo lapho ukuvela abakhiqizi abaningi akunakwenzeka, kukhona esinakho zemvelo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ubunikazi inkampani umthombo esiyingqayizivele - impahla eluhlaza, imishini kanye-copyright. Lolu hlobo ayitholwa futhi kwenzeka ezimbonini lapho Umncintiswano kwakuthiwa kungenzeka kodwa ezifiselekayo kakhulu, kusukela uma kungekho funa inganqotshwa ngokuyimpumelelo. Njengoba isibonelo monopolies zemvelo kungaholela ujantshi ugesi izinkampani, kanye namasevisi ukuhlela nokutholakala kwamanzi emithonjeni emaphakathi.

okunguye yedwa kwezomnotho

Nokho, ngokuvamile bavele ngenxa ye ayitholwa wemithetho umgomo wokuthuthukiswa komnotho. monopolies kwezomnotho ababhekene nesimo esinje kungabaduduza ngokuthi kakhulu indlela "ethembekile" ukuze anesikhundla alawula emakethe. Lokhu kufezwa ngezindlela ezimbili: ukuqoqelana kwezimali noma yinye yayo. Esimweni sokuqala, inkampani siqondisa Ingxenye ethile yenzuzo yayo ukwandisa isikali zabo, kancane kancane luyakhula futhi uwina mncintiswano. Indlela yesibili - inhlanganisela ibhizinisi noma ukuthola izimbangi buthaka. Ngokuvamile ayitholwa kwezomnotho ekwenziweni zisebenzisa zombili lezi izindlela.

nebubi ayitholwa

Abagxeki bathi le monopolies umthelela wabo kezomnotho komkhakha, okuyinto ngenxa yokuntuleka mncintiswano. Kulezi zimo, le monopolist kungaba nomthelela intengo futhi ukuqinisekisa bona inzuzo esiphezulu. Ngamanye amazwi, lo esinakho - kuphambene emakethe ukuncintisana. Izenzakalo ezilandelayo enqabayo babonakala embonini silawula yonke imikhakha:

• lomkhiqizo akubi ngcono kusukela monopolist Akukho okwakungenza ukusebenza kulesi siqondiso;
• ukwandisa inzuzo yenkampani akuyona izuzwe ekunciphiseni izindleko, kodwa ngenxa intengo zokukhwabanisa;
• nesidingo sokwethula ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukuze ashukumise ucwaningo lwesayensi futhi lingekho;
• emakethe kukhona izinkampani ezintsha izodala amathuba emisebenzi;
• ekusetshenzisweni umthamo ukukhiqizwa futhi umshikashika kancane falling.

Kungani esinakho - akusho ukuthi into embi?

Nokho, okunguye yedwa wemakethe inezici ezithile ezinhle, nakho kungaba ngako akusoze kwaphikwa. Abasekeli monopolies uqaphele ukuthi lokuhlushwa ukukhiqizwa inikeza amathuba olwengeziwe imali yezindleko. Lokhu ibangelwa centralizing ukweseka imisebenzi ethile - ezezimali, zokuthenga, ukuthengisa kanye nezinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphela izinkampani ezinkulu izimo zivuma ukutshala imiklamo emisha futhi zisekele ucwaningo, kanjalo sinezele inqubekela-phambili yesayensi lwezobuchwepheshe.

ngezibonelo ezingokomlando

Monopoly has kwaqala endulo, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kakhulu asebenzayo yale nqubo kwakunjalo ekhulwini XIX. Engxenyeni ayitholwa kwesibili kwaqala ukuba nomthelela emnothweni futhi cishe kwaba usongo mncintiswano. Ngesikhathi kwekhulunyaka, ithuthukiswe izimakethe, ikakhulukazi e-US, wabhekana igagasi sihlangane futhi zigqila. Phakathi nale nkathi, ukuvela monopolies ezinkulu, ezifana General Motors kanye Standard Amafutha. Ngo eyalandela emashumini lalingesinye igagasi kumiswa monopolies. Ngu-1929, kuba ekuqaleni Okukhulu Kwezomnotho e-United States aye silawula yonke yi-ezinkulu imikhakha yezomnotho. Nakuba ochwepheshe namanje abazange afinyelele kusivumelwano mayelana nokuthi kungani umnotho wezwe wangena shí esibucayi, kusobala ukuthi monopolization ukudlalwa kulesi akuyona indima ebaluleke kunazo zonke.

Imiphumela ayitholwa

Ngakho, izifundo yomlando basikisela ukuthi monopolies emnothweni siyehla ukuphokophela phambili. Izinzuzo ukuhlanganiswa zokukhiqiza, okuyinto Bathi abavikeli ka monopolies, akuzona juqu. Ngenxa mncintiswano ababuthakathaka izinkampani ezinkulu noma izinhlangano zabo bagxila ezandleni zakhe zonke amandla endaweni lapho zikhona. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuholela ekutheni ukuthi ayitholwa abaphathi nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo kwenzeka inefficiently. lezomnotho Monopolistic zivame wanezela, okuyinto enomthelela ekuthuthukiseni enkohlakalo ngenye ekubhubhiseni izisekelo womnotho emakethe.

izinyathelo zokulawula

Munye walemisebenti ebaluleke kakhulu isimo mayelana nokuthuthuka komnotho ukulawulwa esinakho. It wenziwa kokubili ngokusebenzisa kunomthelela oqonde ngqo inkampani ngokusebenzisa indlela ye umthetho olwa-monopoly, kanye ngokusebenzisa ukudalwa izimo sokuthuthukiswa ukuncintisana okunempilo. Izilawuli isimo ukuqoqelana kwezimali - uqaphe izinqubo ukumuncwa futhi sihlangane, kanye ukulawula monopolies zakhekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho athuthukile ukuvikela amalungelo izinkampani ezincane kanye naphakathi kanye ngosizo lwezimali - intela nendlela yokukhuthaza, ukuba bakwazi ukubolekwa izimali nokunye.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukudalwa ayitholwa kwezomnotho kuyinqubo engokwemvelo, njengoba inkampani ngempumelelo kakhulu kancane kancane ezikhulayo nokuthola emakethe. Esikhathini iminotho eziphambili, ubuswa i oligopoly - uhlobo ukukhiqizwa lapho ingxenye enkulu ivolumu emakethe kungokwalabo inani elilinganiselwe abakhiqizi. inqubomgomo Antitrust isimo wenziwa kuhlanganise ngokusebenzisa lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela oligopoly. Lolu khetho kubhekwa amukeleka kangcono esinakho, ngoba inikeza ukulinganisela "umncintiswano -. Ayitholwa"

Ngo yesimanje ezomnotho ayitholwa kubhekwa isici ongathandeki, futhi nohulumeni ukugcina inqubo ngaphansi kolawulo. inqubomgomo Antitrust emazweni ahlukahlukene Kuthi ezahlukene, ngoba umnotho ngamunye kazwelonke has izici zayo siqu. Nokho, noma kunjalo, izinyathelo antitrust kufanele bahlose ukuqinisekisa bona emakethe yahanjelwa abakhiqizi onganikeza imikhiqizo high quality ngentengo fair futhi ibanga sasivumela ububanzi.