Marx, Engels. Ngemibono yefilosofi noKarla Marksa futhi Fridriha Engelsa

umlando Economic ayikwazi wacabanga ngaphandle izibalo ezifana Marx, Engels. Baletha iqhaza elikhulu ezindaweni eziningi ulwazi lwesayensi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baye babamba iqhaza elikhulu kwaba ngempela okukhulu, imiqondo eminingi kangaka yesimanje futhi izinhlelo esekelwe imibono zokuqala zale ososayensi okukhulu.

Marx

Marx wazalelwa eJalimane. He is isazi sefilosofi, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu, Economist, intatheli zezombusazwe kanye isibalo somphakathi asebenzayo. Marx, Engels, Umshicilelo babaziwa ubuhlobo babo futhi emibonweni efanayo. Marx ngimntwana wesithathu e-ummeli womndeni amaJuda ngokozalo. Eminyakeni yokuqala umfana wafunda lolimi isikole Friedrich-Wilhelm, futhi eminyakeni engu-17, wathola iziqu ke. Endabeni ethi kuphela umuntu isebenzela ukuzuzisa abanye, bangaba enkulu ngempela. Ngoba ngenxa yokuthi yena kuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphakeme, uKarl esihle, wabhalisa e-University of Bonn kungabikho izinkinga, bese nezifundo zakhe e-Berlin isikhungo yemfundo ephakeme. Ngo-1837, uCharles ngasese kubazali bakhe sathembisana umshado intombi yakhe ka udadewabo omdala - Jenny von Westphalen, ngubani ngokushesha waba ngumkakhe. Ngemva kokuphothula University kanye zobudokotela, wathuthela Bonn.

Eminyakeni yokuqala wayelithanda imibono Karl Hegel futhi kwaba idealist kweqiniso. Futhi ekhula, kuyancomeka imisebenzi Hegel, Kodwa abathi, lowo it is kakhulu zikhexile kakhulu. Carl babefuna ukuba uprofesa wefilosofi, futhi kuhlelwe ukubhala umsebenzi izithombe zobuKristu, kodwa ukuphila yanquma ngokuhlukile. Ukusabela kwenqubomgomo isimo Marx waphoqeleka ukuba abe intatheli. Umsebenzi kulesi sikhundla yabonisa insizwa wayebuthakathaka kakhulu wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. Lo mcimbi samenta ngenkuthalo kuthathe ekutadisheni le nkinga.

Isiphetho obengeziwe noKarla Marksa kuye kwahlotshaniswa Nakwamanye amazwe amaningi, njengoba uhulumeni ezama ukuyengela kuye ohlangothini lwabo. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zimo, baqhubeka nokusebenza kanzima, kwakuthakazelisa kuye. Wabhala umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa hhayi wonke umuntu wayeyokwazi ukushicilela. ukwesekwa esikhulu nokusekela baba ukuhlobanisa Friedrich Engels ngaye.

Engels

Isazi sefilosofi isiJalimane, omunye wabasunguli eyinhloko Marxism, uFriedrich wazalwa nomkhiqizi yendwangu umndeni. Yena wayenabafowabo nodadewabo ayisishiyagalombili, kodwa wayenobuhlobo lomzwelo olujulile kuphela wayengudadewabo kaMariya. Umfana waya esikoleni kuze kube iminyaka engu-14, bese nezifundo zakhe e-sokuzivocavoca. Ukuphikelela kayise kwadingeka ngiyeke isikole ukuqala abasebenza emkhakheni wezohwebo. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, le nsizwa ngempumelelo wathola imibiko. wayebuye ukunikezela unyaka owodwa enkulu yokuphila kwabo bekhonza e-Berlin. Kwakuyisikhathi umoya oqabulayo, ngoba insizwa uvakashele izinkulumo zalo ezithakazelisayo nefilosofi. Ngemva kwalokho Engels wasebenza e-London, kule mboni kayise. Lesi sigaba ukuba khona kokuphila kwakuyindaba yokuthi le nsizwa ngokujulile benamandla ukuphila kwezisebenzi.

Ngaphezu imisebenzi jikelele ne Karl Marksom Fridrih wabhala imisebenzi eziningana, okuyinto wabonisa ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela Marxism: "Dialectics Zemvelo" futhi "Anti-Dühring".

Ukusebenza lokuqala ngokuhlanganyela

Ubungane nokubambisana of Marx no Engels yaqala kancane kodwa ngisafunda nanamhlanje. Bakwazi ukudala ezihlukahlukene amaphepha eliphezulu, okuyinto kuze kube yilolu suku akalilahlile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo wokuthi ososayensi ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe sphere eziningi zokuphila emphakathini.

Ubunzima yokuqala jikelele abangane ababili kwaba indzabambhalo esithi "Umkhaya Ongcwele". Kuyo, ezimbili nezinye Sever ongokomfanekiso ubuhlobo izolo wakhe edinomyshlennikami- Young Hegelians. Umsebenzi wesibili ngokuhlanganyela kwaba "amafilosofi German". Kuyo, ososayensi sabuka umlando eJalimane kusukela iphuzu izinto ezibonakalayo umbono. Ukuze elingaphandle Ngeshwa, lo msebenzi kuphela ngesimo wesandla. Kwakuphakathi lokubhala kulezi nezinye imisebenzi, ososayensi wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi bakulungele ukwakha imfundiso entsha - Marxism.

Marxism

Izimfundiso Marx no Engels nizalwa engxenyeni yokuqala ka-yalolucwaningo 40 kwekhulu XIX. Izimbangela lezi mibono yayingekhona eziningana: kuba ukwembuleka embuthweni wezabasebenzi, kanye nokugxeka wefilosofi Hegel sika, okwakubonakala ephelele kakhulu, futhi ama-discovery amasha olungokwesayensi emikhakheni ehlukene kolwazi. Marx, Engels wahosha izingxabano zawo nemicabango IsiZulu wezomnotho kwezombangazwe, ifilosofi classical isiJalimane, ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni isiFulentshi, utopianism. Ngaphezu kwalokho, omunye Akufanele siwuthathe kalula indima yomqhubi weSifundo okutholwe yisayensi ezenzeke ngesikhathi esifanayo: kokutholakala cell, umthetho ukulondolozwa amandla, imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo uCharles Darwin. Ngokwemvelo, abasekeli abaningi abakhuthele of Marxism kwaba Marx no Friedrich Engels, kodwa wadala ke ukuba agxilise yonke imibono zakamuva zesikhathi yakhe, ukuthatha kuphela ukuhlakanipha engcono ebona selwedlule.

"LamaKhomanisi Manifesto"

Lo msebenzi kwakumelwe eliphakeme, lapho imibono Marx no Engels wathola isibonisi acacile kakhulu. Lo mbhalo uchaza ukuthi yini imigomo ubeka ukuthi zisetshenziselwa izindlela nalokho izinkinga haunts leQembu LamaKhomanisi. Abalobi imisebenzi bathi wonke umlando ezikhathini ezidlule kusekelwe engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba sabantu. Futhi, ososayensi baye bamemezela obala ukuthi capitalism yayizokufa ebulawa sabasebenzi, okuyinto avukele nabulungisa, ukwakha umphakathi ngaphandle amakilasi nezigaba.

Ingxenye enkulu yencwadi enikelwe ukugxekwa obuhlukile futhi mbumbulu yesayensi eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma kukhona hlanguzo yangempela. Futhi, thina ekulahleni "anolaka" amaKhomanisi, ngaphandle kokukhuluma okushiwo umqondo, nje basakaze umbono kwempahla yangasese. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Marx no Engels ukugcizelela yokuthi LamaKhomanisi akusho yokuzibeka ngaphezu kwabanye, kodwa angakwazi ukusekela noma iyiphi inhlangano aqondiswe uhlelo olukhona emphakathini nakwezombangazwe.

Marx, "Capital"

"Capital" - umsebenti loyinhloko noKarla Marksa, okuyinto lembula izici ezingezinhle capitalism kanye ugxeke wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. Lo msebenzi lalotshwa dialectical indlela izinto ezibonakalayo, olwasungulwa Marx no Engels ngaphambili.

Encwadini yakhe ethi, kahle Marx wachaza ukuthi capitalism kuzophela. Wabuye wachaza ngokuningiliziwe izizathu okuholela nokufa kwalo Mkhululi uhlelo. Usosayensi wavuma ukuthi capitalism kuchubekele embili, kukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa amabutho ithele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu ukuthuthukiswa kuyinto ngokushesha okuningi kunalokho ingaphansi ne-capitalism, okungukuthi engajwayelekile nezinye izinhlobo inhlangano ukukhiqizwa. Nokho, uveza ukuthi lokhu kukhula kufezwa ngokusebenzisa esabekayo ukuphangwa kwemithombo yemvelo, kanye ngokusebenzisa nokuxhashazwa amandla main elikhiqizayo - human resources. Wabuye uveza ukuthi capitalism kuholela nentuthuko engalingani wonke amagatsha, uyephuza ezimbonini eziningi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ne-capitalism buphikisana ubuhlobo eyakhelwe endaweni yangasese. umsebenzi ngamunye isiba minimis ngaphezulu uyeke. Phela, ukuthuthukiswa capitalism kudinga gxila amabhizinisi ezinkulu. Ngakho, isigaba sabasebenzi sekuba amandla ezivamile engaphansi, angisebenzi, okuyinto kodwa akukho okunye angakwenza ukuze uvumelane nemigomo yomqashi. Leso simo kwenza umuntu emotweni, esetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa isilwane elinganeliseki giant - capitalism.

Marx, "Capital" ebesilokhu sikhishwa bawephula ingcaca abadelelayo ngesikhathi wakhulelwa namandla amakhulu ezingqondweni izinkulungwane zabantu ababa abalandeli bakhe.

Ngemcondvo losemcoka

Friedrich Engels, Umshicilelo nowabaprofethi ukuthonywa isimo sengqondo Marx, wadala ngokuhlanganyela zinyanga theory jikelele, owawuthi umphakathi kufanele athuthukise ngokuvumelana nemithetho ethile. Leli zwe ayikho indawo umqondo capitalism. I imiqondo esemqoka nesekelayo imisebenzi zefilosofi kukwazi ukwakhiwa ngendlela elandelayo:

• umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi ezweni elingamthathi ngokungathí kudingeka sibonakalise, njengoba enza nefilosofi, kodwa ukuyiguqula;
• Ukugcizelelwa umsebenzi esisebenzayo njengoba amandla ukushayela;
• umqondo wokuthi nenhlalakahle inquma ukwazi ;
• lwenethiwekhi sabasebenzi nefilosofi njengoba izakhi aphelele;
• umbono bokuhlukaniswa kwezomnotho yomuntu;
• umqondo abashisekayo kokugumbuqelwa-mbuso ka-oda zama-Capitalist.

izinto ezibonakalayo

Marx, Engels washayelwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinto ezibonakalayo dialectical, othi le ndaba ayiyona eyinhloko futhi kuphela ngemva kokuba kuvela ekufeni. Futhi, ososayensi baye bathola ezintathu imithetho dialectics: ubunye umzabalazo eziphikisanako, aphuma ambalwa ukuze qualitative izinguqulo, kuphika ka kuphikisa.

Ososayensi bathi izwe kuyinto knowable, nesilinganiso knowability yayo kunqunywa ezingeni kokuphila komphakathi ukukhiqizwa. Isimiso yentuthuko itholakala emzabalazweni engqubuzanayo nemibono, ngenxa okuyinto kukhona iqiniso. ukunakwa okuningi sakhokhwa uxhumano wefilosofi nezwe kwangaphakathi yomuntu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi zomphakathi - ngakolunye. I izinto ezibonakalayo Marx, Engels wayenethonya futhi uyaqhubeka nethonya elikhulu ku-ososayensi yesimanje. Ucwaningo we imisebenzi yale ososayensi kumelwe emayunivesithi abaningi, ngoba ukuqonda umlando kanye nomnotho kwekhulu elidlule ngaphandle imibono Marx no Engels akunakwenzeka.

Imiphumela

Efingqa, kufanele kusho ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela Marx no Engels akazange awathathe ubushiqela lwesigaba sabasebenzi, umgomo oyinhloko, kwakufanele kube kuphela isigaba zesikhashana. Umqondo oyinhloko kwakuwukuba yokukhululeka noma yiluphi uhlobo ukuxhashazwa indoda ngendoda. Marxism isidlulile ibanga elide yentuthuko. Kuyasiza ukulindela sihlaziye izenzakalo eziningi zomlando kanye nezomnotho, ngisho nanamuhla. Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka imicabango Marx no Engels kuyinto ngendlela ebalulekile emphakathini.