Lemali - a ... Njengoba amanothi ngokuthi ngabantu?

Cabanga kusukela epilweni yangamalanga yesimodeni, nithenge ngaphandle kwemali namuhla akunakwenzeka. Ngisho the ningi ardent bangi ka nengcebo ukubhekana nazo. Ungakwazi senqabe izinkokhelo electronic, ungasebenzisi ama-credit card, kodwa siphile akekho phakathi kwethu ngehluleke ngaphandle imali yephepha.

Amanothi umqondo

Zabo ziyisiliva eziningana. I elula kunazo wabo kunquma ukuthi imali yamaphepha imali, ezenziwe iphepha ngopende. Ngamagama theory kwezomnotho classical, umthethosivivinywa - kuwuhlobo credit imali. Basuke ekhishwa ibhange elikhulu nohlobo yezwe, okuyinto ezimweni eziningi ingenye izikhungo kahle kwemandla embuso.

Nokho, okuqukethwe kwayo kwezomnotho, umthethosivivinywa akuyona elifanayo eliphelele lemali yephepha. Lezi imiqondo emibili benezingane eziningi umehluko omkhulu.

1. Yemaphepha ikhishwa kuphela amabhange, ngenkathi imali yephepha kungenziwa ekhishwe uMgcinimafa noma Ministry of Finance.
2. Yemaphepha ube igolide noma izikweletu software exchange. Iphepha imali, ezimweni eziningi alinikezi.
3. I eyiphepha kukhishelwa ukunikeza inzuzo. Injongo udaba lwemali iphepha ukumboza kwesabelo sezimali.

izinhlobo imali

Lemali - kuwuhlobo khona imali. Omunye, kodwa akuyena yedwa. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene kanye ezimweni ezahlukene isicelo zazo ezahlukene.

Imali kungenziwa ihlukaniswe ephezulu grade nabaphansi. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa labo khona baneHholo izindleko zangempela - izindleko zokukhiqiza, futhi ilingana ubuso value abo. Ukuze lolu hlobo kukhona lezimpahla imali, iziphi kabanzi esetshenziselwa enana ekuqaleni nokusakazwa imali nensimbi zemali, nesiliva, negolide.

Ngo devalued imali Inani okuzisholo kakhulu lidlula yangempela. Ukuthi bafake amaphepha kanye credit. Lemali - lena ingenye izinhlobo lakamuva.

Umlando nesenzakalo banknotes

Uboleka imali yimuphi ukuthengwa nokudayiswa kwezimpahla ku inqubo credit. Ekuqaleni le njongo umthengi babhala ibhili igama yomdayisi. Lena isibopho kwemibandela okweletayo ukukhokha umnikazi we iphepha ethile imali ngemva kwenkathi ethile.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izikweletu ngokwabo abe yisisulu isivumelwano phakathi okweletayo kanye ayemkweleta. ngamabhange usuqalile ukubhala namarisidi zabo kuvikelwe amanothi promissory. Yibona imali yamaphepha kuqala. Babesebenzisa eziningi ukuzethemba kubahwebi kuqhathaniswa ngomsebenzi wokubhekelela issuers ezithile. Lokhu kuchazwe ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthi amabhange ngesikhathi kwakungamadodana izikhungo kuphela kakhulu.

I imali yamaphepha kuqala kakhulu uvele China njengoba emuva ekhulwini lesi-8. Kwakumelwe izingcezu ukotini ephepheni. Iphepha imali yamaphepha eYurophu sekukhona eSweden ngo-1661. England waqala ngokukhipha amanothi 1694, Denmark - e 1713, France - e 1716.

Iphepha imali Tsarist Russia

Ukukhishwa imali yamaphepha ayesekhona umqondo othile njengoyiqiniso edume ngokuthi imali yamaphepha e Tsarist Russia kwakusekhona ngesikhathi kubusa Elizabeth, engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-18. Nokho, liye categorically wamlahla ngu Umkhandlu Wezigele, okuyinto ayikwazanga bazitshela ukuthi isikhalazo esikhundleni imali "wangempela" ngizoya 'lwephepha' ezinye. Lapho uPetru III isimo yengcebo lalingenalutho. Ngenxa yalokho, inkinga yebhange amanothi kakade ukuthi indawo imali metal ayesekhona uqalwe Meyi 1762. Nokho, noma yikuphi ukwelashwa ngiyithole. Sivikele kombuso, lapho ihlala esihlalweni sobukhosi bakwa-uCatherine II.

Noma kunjalo, umbono lokukhipha imali yephepha yayisivele ukusebenza ngo-1769, lapho ngomthetho we Empress Amabhanga Amabili Kwamiswa e Petersburg naseMoscow. Tholakele kwegazi imali yamaphepha Russian kwadingeka isithunzi 25, 50, 75 kanye ruble 100.

yemaphepha USSR

Yenguquko 1905 futhi 1917 eye yaba nethonya elikhulu endleleni lonke uhlelo yemali yezwe. Futhi kungashiwo kanjani ngenye indlela, lapho washintsha ngokuphelele yonke indlela yokuphila lonke lelo zwe? Ngaleso sikhathi, isabelomali kuleli zwe ongenakulinganisela ngokuphelele: idumela isimo Russian ezingeni global iye ehlisa izinguquko eziqhubekayo global e kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo. Ngaphakathi isimo kwakunjalo, kakhulu, izwe ngokwalo akuyona indlela engcono kakhulu. Sabantu wacabanga ukuthi, ekugcineni, weza ihora zabo zikanokusho. Zazifuna ukwazi ukunciphisa isikhathi sosuku ukusebenza, ukwandisa inkokhelo, inani izinzuzo ezahlukene, ukuphoqelela isimo isibopho ukuhlinzeka izimboni zokudla. Ngenxa yalokho, uhulumeni omusha waphoqeleka ukuba usebenzise imali yephepha hhayi kuphela ukuze sikhokhele lolu omkhulu izindleko zempi, kodwa futhi njengoba umthombo for ukumboza kwesabelo sezimali.

. Ruble ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9.5 badedelwa kwegazi. Kakade ngawo-November 1, 1917 inani lemali iphepha zaba 19.5 billion. Hlikihla., Nakuba amandla wokuthenga we-ruble kwaba kopecks kancane kuka 8. Uhulumeni wesikhashana waphoqeleka ukukhipha imali yamaphepha e amahlelo ruble 250 futhi 1000. "Kerensky amanothi", njengoba edume ngokuthi imali yamaphepha, ngokomthetho anikezwe ruble igolide, eqinisweni, asikho isigaba elalingazange. Zazihamba kuleli zwe kuze kube sekupheleni kulwiwa.

Njengoba sekunama-amandla Soviet kuleli zwe kwaqala ukwakhiwa wobukhomanisi. Futhi ubukhomanisi imali, njengoba wazi - izinto ezimbili azihambelani ngokuphelele. Kodwa wonke umuntu uyaqonda ukuthi ngaphandle kwabo, isimo ngeke kube khona nje. Futhi uhulumeni omusha ithole indlela yokuphuma: bakhipha "umklamo amamaki". Empeleni yayo, kwaba imali efanayo, kodwa "ne sauce ezahlukene."

kwekuhlela kabusha Wemali yase-USSR kwekhulu lamashumi amabili

Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, uhlelo yemali yezwe kwaba okuzinzile, naphezu kobunzima. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuba ukwethulwa kohlelo ikhadi nokumiswa amanani fixed yezimpahla. Kodwa ukunciphisa eqinile nenqwaba impahla kwaholela ekwakhekeni afundwa semali imali kuze kudlulele ngalé. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-eminyakeni enzima ngemva kwempi, izwe lagcwala izikhukhula nge mbumbulu amanothi. Lokhu inkimbinkimbi sina inqubo ukufukulwa komnotho. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1947 kwanqunywa ukuba ubambe kabusha yemali, okwaphumela ruble 10 imodeli ubudala umklomelo 1 ruble entsha.

Enye kabusha kwenziwa phakathi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Kulapho izikhalazo atholwa, "Khrushchev wrappers", noma nje "wrappers", njengoba ebizwa imali yamaphepha 1961. Igama bevuka ukuze ubukhulu bakhe encane, okungafaniswa ilingana candy. Imali waqhubeka kwaze kwaba '90s, futhi ababange besaba khona kanye lonke lelo zwe, ngoba iyiso uphawu, kuhlanganise, baba.

Yemaphepha Modern Russia

Kuvele nesimo esinzima kakhulu kwezomnotho kanye ukwenyuka kakhulu kwamandla emali e 1991-1993 kwaholela yokuthi kwanqunywa ukukhulula amanothi 50 no-100-ruble. Kodwa lokhu kwaholela gxuma okwengeziwe kwamanani. Kancane kancane, "ruble lokhuni", njengoba imali yamaphepha kwanoma iyiphi isampula kwabizwa abantu, yaphenduka iphepha ngomqondo truest izwi. Anamandla ukuthenga eyayina like rocket.

Reform eyenziwa ngo-1998, wagabadela ruble kanye ezikhathini 1000. It lwenziwe ngaphezulu ngokushelela kuqhathaniswa nekuhlelwa kabusha kwe-40s kanye 60s. Okokuqala, kwakungekho zokukhokha ecacile isethelwe ukuthi labantu kufanele benana kukhona esandleni imali. Okwesibili, izikweletu "entsha" "ubudala" bafaka uhambo olufanayo ezweni lonke 1998.

Modern Bank of Russia imali yamaphepha kukhona imali yamaphepha, ekhiqizwa eziphambili kakhulu emkhakheni ukuvikelwa ubuqiniso balo ubuchwepheshe. Ukuvimbela zokubhumbuluza Central Bank ngaso sonke isikhathi usebenzise kwegazi izinguqulo ezintsha onobuhle ekhona, imisebenzi zokuzivikela lapho zithuthukiswa ngezikhathi ezithile.

Namuhla ayesekhona kukhona imali yamaphepha e namahlelo 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 kanye 5000 ruble.

US dollar - lwemali emhlabeni

US dollar Sekuyisikhathi eside obonwa izindlela international yokukhokha. Wazimisa zaqina phakathi emhlabeni reserve currency. Lena ngenxa yokuthi i-United States zokugcina waqeda standard igolide imali yayo. Lokhu kwenzeke kuphela ngo-1971, kuyilapho amazwe aseYurophu wakwenza ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, phakathi neNkathi Yokuwohloka Okukhulu.

Imisebenzi ye-Central Bank of the United States Federal Reserve System wenza. Lokho-ke unelungelo ukukhipha imali yamaphepha kanye cash ezikhishwe kwegazi. US dollar ejikelezayo, inenani ngokulinganisa of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 no-100 Kukhona futhi amanothi 500, 1,000, 5,000 ngisho $ 10 000, kodwa zisetshenziselwa kuphela izibalo zangaphakathi Fed futhi uMgcinimafa US.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo le imali yamaphepha

Nokusakazwa imali iya emuva emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Ngalesi sikhathi, mina zanqwabelana eziningi amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo futhi amazing ngempela ezihambisana ukheshi. Amanothi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu zomhlaba - futhi bayini?

I enkulu elibonakalayo eyiphepha wakhishwa Hungary ngo-1946. Inzuzo yayo - kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane bhiliyoni (ie 1021). I ububanzi we yonke, ngendlela, kuyinto 1023 km.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke ukuthengwa akweleMelika zinethonya e-UK. Ubuso bakhe ukubaluleka 1 million. Pounds. It is ukuba khona amanothi amabili anjalo ezaziwayo.

Ihlelo ezincane kunazo zonke eyiphepha engu kwegazi e-USSR. Lena isheke 1 penny, okwakubekelwa ezikhishwa Bank State tekubala yangaphakathi.

Lemali - uhlobo khona yemali, ngaphandle okuyinto uhlelo yesimanje yemali nje ngeke kube khona. Naphezu ukuthuthukiswa izinkokhelo cashless, ukulishiya ngokuphelele imali yephepha esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, ayoba mancane amathuba okwenza siphumelele.