Emhlabeni reserve currency - kuba ... Bangaki reserve zezimali emhlabeni?

Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi kuleli zwe lanamuhla, imali anehlathululo onohlonze. Kwenzekalani emnothweni Russia kuhlobene yini kuphela izindleko uwoyela, isimo e-Ukraine, kodwa futhi nge emakethe yezimali. Emhlabeni reserve currency - okungukuthi, okokuqala kunakho konke, abanye isihlenga, lapho izakhamuzi Russian ngandlela-thile izizwe iphephe. I-ruble bezilokhu kubhekwe aluqinile kakhulu, kodwa wathatha indawo okufanele emakethe yezimali. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ruble kazwelonke e yamuva liziphatha akwaziwa kakhulu, abaningi baye bakhetha ukugcina imali yabo iyona emhlabeni reserve currency. Hlobo luni imali kungenziwa ngokufanelekile kubhekwe njengento ezinjalo? Phela, emakethe yezimali eziningi ezahlukene lwemali amayunithi ezingaba ibhekwe okuthembekile. Kanjani emhlabeni reserve currency nokuthi kungani ababekhethiwe njengoba uhlobo 'seekers "?

Kuyini lwemali reserve?

Modern umphakathi ibhizinisi ngaphansi nomqondo inqolobane lwemali global uyaqonda iyunithi yemali, okuyinto edingekayo amabhange nezinye izifundazwe ukuze kwakhiwe lwemali izinqolobane ezithile. Okokuqala, isetshenziswa njengoba ithuluzi ukuhwebelana kwamazwe. Futhi esetshenziswa indima amafa ngamazwe, ubuhlobo obuqinile phakathi zezimali ezimbili ehamba phambili. Ngokuvamile leli gama lisetshenziswa ukuze libhekisele amayunithi yemali at akhawunti yebhange nezinhlangano ezithile. Ngaphambilini, le zazisetshenziselwa lwemali esekelwe igolide namafutha izimakethe, futhi ngaleyo ndlela yokunquma ukubaluleka kulezi zisetshenziswa. Namuhla ngokuyinhloko asetshenziswa ekuqongeleleni exchange angaphandle izinqolobane, kanye ngcono amathuba zokuthumela iphaliswano buthaka lwemali lalo.

Emhlabeni reserve currency - uhlobo "ukuphepha isiguqo" uma kwenzeka nokuntengantenga kwezezimali. Kodwa ekuqaleni kuyafaneleka ukuthi zigcine yemali ezifana ukukhonza njengephayona net ukuphepha uma kunezinkinga zemali. Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi buthakathaka lwemali kazwelonke, nokulikhuthaza emhlabeni reserve currency. Yini kahle hle - ukuwucabangela ngokwengeziwe.

Bangaki reserve zezimali emhlabeni?

Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi uHlelo lwemali reserve zingaqiniseka ngokuphelele nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwemali. Ukuze wenze lokhu, nje kudingeka nokusimama kwezomnotho ezweni layo, kanye ukungabi linemibhikisho nezinye uthuthumele. Kodwa ngisho noma lwemali uqinile, ehilelekile yohwebo emhlabeni futhi uye waklama emakethe yezimali, akusho ukuthi unakho isimo iyunithi Reserve. Phela, lokhu isimo ukuthola imali kuphela ngemva amabhange ehola kwamanye amazwe sebeqala ukuzisebenzisa ukuphepha amasheya abo. Ngakho-ke kuvela ukuthi emhlabeni reserve currency - iyunithi yemali, okuyinto enze umsebenzi yefa utshalomali. Okwamanje, ugodle imali abhekwa ezingaphezu kweyodwa lwemali. Okokuqala, kuba Yiqiniso, US dollar (i-USD) futhi kuvame European lwemali Euro (EUR), yen Japanese (JPY), umina British (GBP), franc Swiss (CHF), kanye nabanye abaningana. Kuyinto lezi zezimali bayimpahla ithi kakhulu.

Reserve Currency Dollar (USD)

I dollar yabuya ngo-1861. Khona-ke, ngesicelo Congress ezanyatheliswa abacishe babe yizigidi 57 imali yamaphepha. Nakuba usuku olusemthethweni lokuzalwa dollar namanje kubhekwa ukuba 6 Julayi 1785. Ngalolo suku yabhaliswa ngokusemthethweni. Kukholakala ukuthi dollar - emhlabeni reserve currency №1. Ngempela, kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule, abangaphezu kuka-50% wezindleko exchange angaphandle izinqolobane of wonke amazwe zomhlaba kulinganiselwa ngokungenaphutha iyunithi yemali. Kungani dollar emhlabeni reserve currency kanye isiphetho? Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, udinga eziphonsa ambalwa ku umlando.

Lapho imiphumela seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili isivele usule, kwaba sobala ukuthi kwakudingeka ukuba athathe isinyathelo esinqala sokubhubhisa. Ngakho, ngaleso Congress esilandelayo intengo eyodwa 1 ounce wamafutha inani $ 35 kwavunyelwana. Futhi emazweni amaningi neyaziwayo US dollar njengoba komnikazi olulodwa bese bebeka lwemali. Njengoba wazi, phakathi nempi, umnotho Melika uye wahlupheka komncane, futhi zigcine igolide e-United States kuye kwaba omkhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-United States umkhakha enamandla. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ngokuyinhloko yokuthi emakethe ukuhweba ngokuvamile emazweni ufuna ukuthola okuthile. Lokhu kuvumela hhayi kuphela e-United States ngifane umholi emakethe emhlabeni, kodwa futhi ukuze uqinise umnotho wezwe lonke. Akumangazi ukuthi ngesikhathi amazwe kwadingeka ukuba ngokuya wahlanganyela ukuthekelisa, ngoba lelisu kuvumela buthelela igolide kanye lwemali. Kwenzeka kanjalo ukuba e-United States wahlanganyela nokukhishwa lwemali yabo, wathola isimo emazweni esitebeleni kunazo, kanye dollar uye wathatha isikhundla eliphambili ezinegunya.

Euro (EUR) njengoba emhlabeni reserve currency

Umlando waleli lwemali has kwaqala ngo-1995. Kwakuphakathi nalesikhathi ngonyaka e-EU Madrid anquma "christen" Ngokuzayo ezivamile lwemali nanye uthi - "euro". Ngenkathi yentuthuko yomklamo lwemali zaseYurophu zaqala ngo-1979. Lo mbono kwaba ezinkulu ngempela. Phela, ngaphambi yonke imizamo ukudala ezinye uhlobo inyunyana sezimali yaphela kwaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Kanye dollar, i-euro has a ukwesekwa okukhulu kwamanye amazwe, okuyinto umnikeza ithuba lokuba lwemali ophambili kumiswa exchange rate. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi amalungu European Union ukusekela lwemali, futhi kunomthelela engakhi ehambisana ukuthuthukiswa spasmodic lezi uthi. Abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuthi maduzane ngenxa yokuthi lo jikelele kwe-euro emenza ekwakhekeni okuguquguqukayo emhlabeni uhlelo yemali, dollar ithonya kuyodingeka izindawo ezahlukene nezindawo. I-euro kungenzeka ahlale ngaphakathi naseYurophu eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga, kanye dollar uzokubusa ngaphakathi eNingizimu ne-East Asia, naseLatin America. Kodwa namuhla, singamcela kugcwale umlomo ukuthi Izinhlobo ezimbili ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni reserve currency.

Japanese Yen (JPY) - indawo yesithathu

Ngaphambili, yen Japanese wayengomunye walaba lwemali enamandla kakhulu yesiphephelo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo ngokuqinisekile siye kwehle edlule eminyakeni embalwa. Futhi namhlanje, lolu hlobo lwemali kuphela endaweni yesithathu emakethe yezimali. Yen yadalwa ngo-1871, kodwa parallel ke, kwakukhona nezinye igolide, isiliva kanye iphepha imali. Nokho, isihloko ngamazwe beza kuye Meyi 11, 1953, nini-International Monetary Fund esigunyazwe ukuhlanganisa zayo ngegolide enesisindo 2.5 milligram.

Yiqiniso, inani kuyo Kwimakethe zezimali itsatfwa wawungaphansi dollar ehamba phambili ne-euro. Kodwa lokhu akubavimbeli yen Japanese uyohlala endaweni yesithathu phakathi emhlabeni reserve currency. Loku kuhlukile lwemali izimbangi zayo okusezingeni eliphezulu ngokwanele iwashi zezimali emhlabeni wonke. Futhi naphezu kwesimo sabo phakathi abaholi, yen lubaluleke ezimakethe zezimali emhlabeni jikelele.

Global lwemali Pound Sterling (GBP)

Okokuphrinta - sasivumela adayiswa lwemali emhlabeni. Yingakho-ke uthatha indawo yesine ngokuya ukuqiniseka izakhamuzi kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ngokokuqala ngqá igama elithi "okokuphrinta" Uvele 1694. Futhi esikhathini kusuka 1821 kuya ku-1914, kuba lolu hlobo lwemali ayebhekwa main reserve lwemali emakethe yezimali. Ngeshwa, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, United Kingdom is kakhulu buthaka. Wabanikeza United States ithuba ukuze ube umholi ngomqondo othile, kanye dollar esikhundleni sephawundi iphawundi.

Ukufika kwe-euro ezimakethe zezimali futhi kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu ku-lwemali. Phela, ngaphambi isinqumo EU senziwa ukudala European olulodwa lwemali kazwelonke, 'Mnumzane bazuza zonke izinhlobo zamahlebezi phezu isilinganiselo izinga lokushintshisana. Futhi uma imiphumela inhlolovo e-UK yaba mihle, 'Mnumzane xhumelela euro ngo-2000. Ezimakethe zomhlaba cishe 14% siqukethe amakhilogremu. Futhi lena yi kwakukuhle kakhulu.

CHF Esitebeleni (CHF)

Ngokokuqala ngqá kule lwemali baqala ukukhuluma ngawo-1850. Ngezinye ubuso bayo value, lolu phiko yemali kwaba ilingane franc aseFrance. Inzuzo enkulu nalolu shintsho ukuthi cishe esitebeleni kakhulu emhlabeni. Emlandweni we ukwehla we franc salotshwa izikhathi ezimbalwa kuphela. Ngenxa yalesi it has ezingeni lelisetulu ukwethembana phakathi izakhamuzi zezwe.

Ngokuvamile, i-swiss franc wabhekisela zezimali low-intela esishintshashintshayo ngeqanda kwamandla emali. Ngenxa lwemali reserve, ezingxenyeni endaweni yesine. Futhi nakuba lwemali kuphela akufakwanga EU kanye "Big Eyisikhombisa" izwe, bese wabelana yayo cishe aliphumi ngenhla 0.3%, kuba sibonga "engunaphakade 'ukuzinza yayo, akalokothi alahlekelwe isikhundla salo ezimakethe zomhlaba . Nakuba ukwethulwa European olulodwa lwemali ukuqinisela unmodified, le franc Swiss ngaphezulu inciphe.

I-Russian ruble kanye yuan njengendlela lwemali reserve

Zonke reserve zezimali emhlabeni namuhla wathatha indawo yabo efanele. Futhi uma eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngo-2007, uhulumeni we-Russian Federation wathi ruble babekwazi ukungena ngokuphepha omkhiqizo othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni, phela zinhlekelele abanolwazi sekuyinto cishe kungenakwenzeka. Yingakho abahlaziyi abaningi baphetha ngokuthi ruble esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ngeke ukwazi ukuthatha indawo phakathi lwemali ephephile-liyisiphephelo.

Kungokufanayo, isimiso, awukwazi ishiwo yuan Chinese. Emhlabeni reserve currency, njengoba yaziwa, kufanele abe "setha amakhono obuholi." Namuhla, China wenza konke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imali yayo kazwelonke aqiniswe futhi lakhula. Futhi, ngokusho kongoti ehola, lokhu-ke kahle. Eqinisweni, ngokuvumelana idatha ye-2014, lokhu lwemali isibe omunye 10 ngenkuthalo adayiswa phambili 22 "isitha" kule minyaka emithathu eyedlule. ku umsebenzi sogu lolwandle emakethe futhi eminyakeni yamuva, akemi namanje, futhi manje ekupheleni Mashi 2014, eJalimane livumile kanye China ku nobambiswano ukuhlanzwa, kanye izibalo yuan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Hong Kong Stock Exchange Shanghai wavula indlela yesiphambano-ukuhweba, khudlwana izinqolobane igolide e China, namabhange ngamazwe 40 sezibe negalelo ku-Chinese iyunithi yemali. Konke lokhu kuholela yokuthi eminyakeni embalwa le yuan kuzothatha ukuziqhenya indawo njengoba umholi №1 reserve lwemali emhlabeni.

Isibikezelo 2015

Kunzima ukuqagela ukuthi yini kuyoba isimiso sezwe lwemali eminyakeni ezayo. Mayelana obumbi okubangwa ukwehla elibukhali amanani kawoyela, ukucabanga ukuthi izwe zezimali ulinde, kunzima ngempela. Rouble kuhlulekile, kodwa namuhla eRussia kanye China zenza konke ezingakwenza ukuze sinciphise umthelela lwemali US ezimakethe zezimali emhlabeni wonke. Futhi kungakhathaliseki kuzwakala yeka sad for the United States, kodwa yuan, noma kunjalo, ukuqinisekisa ikusasa reserve lwemali. Ngemva kokuxoxa ngalokho, hhayi kuphela ochwepheshe, kodwa futhi idatha cwaningo zomhlaba exchange angaphandle izimakethe eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Sekuyisikhathi eside Celestial wazibonakalisa kuwufanele yayo njengendlela amandla ezinkulu zokuhweba kanye isithekelisi obuqinile emnothweni wesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ochwepheshe abaningi bathi emva kweminyaka 10, yuan ngeke bafinyelele imigomo yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, China Kuye okwenza izinyathelo unethemba lokhu. Njengoba wazi, emhlabeni reserve currency - lwemali emazweni ukuthi akubanga lula!