Kuyini Isiteshi esincane sikagesi? ezincane nokusabalalisa izinhlelo kagesi

Ochwepheshe agesi ukwazi ukuthi ziyini izitshalo amandla ezincane, ngokwalokho abayikho futhi kanjani ukwakha. Ziyazi ukuthi ukubala amandla abo futhi bonke nemingcele ezidingekayo, ezifana nenani ematfuba, usayizi wire nobukhulu balezi circuit kazibuthe. Ezifundisa abafundi noma amakolishi obuchwepheshe zobuciko. Abantu ngezemfundo zezenhlalakahle bayaqaphela ukuthi izakhiwo babevame ukuma ngaphandle njengoba izindlu ngaphandle amafasitela (bethanda ukupenda abalandeli graffiti), ezidingekile powering emizini nasemabhizinisini, futhi ukungena akufanele lube kubo, lokhu obucacile amalogo amangalisayo ngesimo izingebhezi nombani exhunywe izinto eziyingozi. Mhlawumbe abantu abaningi akudingeki wazi ulwazi kodwa akuzona eziphindaphindekayo.

Nasi physics

Ugesi - ayewumkhiqizo okuyiwona kufanele ukhokhe, futhi kuyihlazo uma wachitha ngeze. Futhi lokhu, njengoba kunoma yiliphi umkhakha, nakanjani, umsebenzi kuphela ukwehlisa ukulahlekelwa ngeze. Amandla amandla iphindwe isikhathi, ngakho izizathu ezilandelayo kungenziwa iphathwe yilo umqondo, njengoba isikhathi sihamba njalo, futhi ngikubuyise engikunqumile, njengoba le ngoma isho, akunakwenzeka. Amandla kagesi, e isilinganiselo anolaka, ngaphandle kucatshangelwa imithwalo esisheshayo, iwumkhiqizo voltage yonkana zamanje. Uma sicabanga ke ngokuningiliziwe, ku-formula owayo amandla lunqume isilinganiso amandla babambeke ingxenye yayo ewusizo ngokuthi esebenzayo. Kodwa isici esibalulekile hhayi kuhlobane ngokuqondile umbuzo othi kungani sidinga esincane sikagesi. Amandla kagesi kuncike ngaleyo ndlela ku-amalungu ezimbili eziyinhloko nemithetho Ohm sika Joule, voltage zamanje. Low voltage amanje nawesikhathi okusezingeni eliphezulu bangase bafinyelele amandla afanayo, futhi aba amaSheshi, high voltage amanje nawesikhathi ongaphakeme. Kunengqondo, yini umehluko? Futhi, futhi mkhulu kakhulu.

Shisisa emoyeni? Ngiyabonga!

Ngakho, uma sisebenzisa asebenzayo amandla ifomula, sithola lokhu okulandelayo:

• P = U x mina, lapho:
  
  U - voltage, ulinganiswa volts;
  Mina - zamanje ulinganiswa amperes;
  P - amandla, ulinganiswa Watts noma volt angu-Amps.

Kodwa kukhona esinye ifomula echaza sekushiwo Joule-Lenz, owawuthi amandla ezishisayo kwashabalala lapho wamanje ilingana isikwele ezidlula yayo siphindwe ukumelana umqhubi. Shisisa ezizungezile amandla umugqa emoyeni - azisho lutho ukusebenzisa amandla. Futhi ukuze unciphise lokhu kulahlekelwa kungaba kwakuthiwa ezimbili izindlela. Eyokuqala yalezi kuhilela ukwehla ukumelana, ie ukuqina izintambo. I emikhulu kwesigaba esiphambanweni, ephansi ekumelaneni nomdlavuza futhi okuphambene nalokho. Kodwa ukuchitha kwensimbi futhi anizange niswele lutho, kuyabiza, ithusi namanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimbili ukugeleza umqhubi impahla ngeke ukwandisa kuphela izindleko, kodwa futhi ukuba Sisindvo, nakho kuzokhulisa yinkimbinkimbi ukufakwa eziphakeme imigqa. Nokusekelwa kuzodinga namandla kakhulu. Ukulahlekelwa kuzoncishiswa kuphela ngesigamu.

isinqumo

Ukuze wehlise Ukushisa izintambo ngesikhathi namandla ukudluliswa, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ubukhulu zamanje olandelanayo. Kucacile, ngoba ukwehliswa yayo ngesigamu ngabe zokunciphisa ukulahleka kane. Futhi uma izikhathi eziyishumi? kwencika Quadratic ke ukulahlekelwa buzoba buncane kayikhulu! Kodwa amandla iwukuba "jika" okufanayo, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze abathengi aggregate zilindele wakhe ngesikhathi komunye umkhawulo ukudluliswa umugqa eyehlayo ngezinye izikhathi amakhulu amakhilomitha kusuka sokuphehla amandla. Isiphetho wukuthi kubalulekile ukwandisa lo voltage in inani elifanayo izikhathi wamanje encishisiwe. Isiteshi transformer ekuqaleni komugqa ukudluliswa ukwenza lokho futhi kuhloswe. Kuqhamuka wire ngaphansi kwamandla aphezulu kakhulu amashumi kilovolts. Kuyo yonke ibanga esasihlukanisa TPP, emifula noma zenuzi izitshalo amandla kusukela esigodini lapho ziqondiswe, amandla uhamba encane (kuqhathaniswa) zamanje. Abathengi futhi ayakudinga ukuthola amandla kusuka predetermined ejwayelekile nemingcele ezihambisana yezwe e 220 volts (380 V noma interfacial). Manje akudingeki ayikhulise, njengoba i input emgqeni transmission, kanye isinyathelo-phansi substation. amandla kagesi enikeziwe kudivayisi zokusabalalisa ukukhanya kushiswe amakhaya kanye nezimboni rotors ukuphotha imishini.

Yini idokodo?

Kulokhu osekushiwo, kuyacaca ukuthi into ebaluleke kunazo zonke esincane sikagesi - a transformer, ngokuvamile ezintathu okhombisa. Kungase kube eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, ezintathu okhombisa transformer ungayithola enye by abathathu abangashadile-isigaba. Inani elikhulu kungenzeka kubangelwa okusezingeni eliphezulu amandla ukusetshenziswa. Umklamo kule divayisi ihlukile, kodwa noma kunjalo unamahlangothi umxhwele. Kanjani amandla kakhulu kunikezwa umthengi, isakhiwo ubukeka ngendlela eyingozi kakhulu. Nokho, ama-apharathasi substation kagesi, yinkimbinkimbi, futhi kuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela a transformer. Kukhona imishini ukuze ushintshe nokuvikelwa iyunithi ezibizayo, kanye ngokuvamile futhi lwaluyophola. Enye ingxenye iziteshi kagesi substations yakhiwa Switchboards ifakwe isilawuli kanye imishini yokukala.

transformer

Injongo eyinhloko yale luhlobo - ukuletha amandla kumthengi. Ngaphambi kokuthumela voltage ezidingekayo ukuze uthuthukise, futhi ngemva kokwamukela ke sehliselwe ezingeni elivamile.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokho kagesi sikagesi isifunda sihlanganisa iSifundazwe sebuningini izakhi, main wabo namanje transformer. Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi idivayisi kwalo mkhiqizo ezivamile amandla iyunithi lisebenze yasendlini nezezimboni amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu amasampula akukho. Transformer siqukethe Windings (zamabanga aphansi naphezulu) kanye wesifunda kazibuthe eyenziwe impahla ferromagnetic, isb a impahla (metal), ukwandisa amathuba okudingeka amandla kazibuthe. Ukubala zale divayisi - it is a standard yokufunda umsebenzi abafundi ekolishi lobuchwepheshe. Umehluko omkhulu kusukela substation transformer ke kancane anamandla analogue sigqamile, ngaphandle ubukhulu, kuba phambi ohlelweni ukupholisa, okuyinto iqoqo namapayipi kawoyela, basking ozungeza ikhoyili. Nokho, Ukwakhela of ezincane zikagesi, akuwona umsebenzi olula, njengoba kudingekile ukuze kubhekelelwe izici eziningi, ezisukela sezulu ziphethe imithwalo uhlamvu.

amandla edonsa

amakhaya Akukhona nje namabhizinisi kudla ugesi. Lapha zonke isidingo ecacile ukusebenzisa 220 volts AC mayelana ibhasi kokungathathi hlangothi 380 noma phakathi izigaba at a imvamisa 50 Hertz. Kodwa kukhona kagesi edolobheni. Trams trolley amabhasi adingekayo voltage AC futhi DC. Futhi ezahlukene. On contact umqhubi wesitimela kumele kube 750 volts (isihlobo emhlabathini, okusho ukuthi komzila), futhi kudinga Sibona ukuba umqhubi 600 zero volts DC ngakolunye, onyathela iraba of amasondo insulators. Ngakho, udinga i-substation enamandla kakhulu olulodwa. I energy kagesi is kuguquka ke, ukuthi kulungiswe. Uhlonze lwalo mkhulu kakhulu, wamanje yesifunda kukalwa izinkulungwane amperes. idivayisi ezinjalo ngokuthi i traction.

Ukuvikelwa substation

Futhi transformer, rectifier futhi enamandla (in the case of a izimpahla amandla traction) kuyabiza. Uma kwenzeka ingozi, okungukuthi short circuit phezu kwengungu secondary emazombezombe (futhi ngalesosizathu okuyinhloko) wamanje livela. Ngakho, akukho kwesigaba umqhubi engu- ibalwa. I kagesi transformer substation iqala ukufudumeza ngenxa resistive ukushisa isizukulwane. Uma unganikezi Esimeni esinjalo, umphumela nesifunda esincane yimiphi imigqa neuropathy we wire emazombezombe Incibilikile noma zishiswe. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, izindlela ezehlukene ezisetshenziswa. Lokhu umehluko, igesi kanye nokuvikelwa overcurrent.

Ukwahlukaniswa ukuqhathanisa nenani samanje wesifunda kanye yesibili emazombezombe. Ukuvikelwa negesi senziwa ukuvela ukwahlukanisa emoyeni imikhiqizo amandla omlilo, amafutha nokunye. Ukuvikelwa yamanje iyanqamula transformer lapho yamanje lidlula inani eliphezulu isethi value.

Transformer substation Kufanele unqamule ukuxhumana kwenzeka sokuboniswa umbani ngokuzenzakalelayo.

izinhlobo ezincane

Zihluke ngamandla, ngenjongo nedivaysi. Labo abakhonza kuphela ukwandisa noma wehlise voltage, ngokuthi transformer. Uma ufuna futhi ushintshe nemingcele (imvamisa njengoba sinjalo noma Ehlala), ngaleso sikhathi owayebizwa ngokuthi substation nokuguqulwa.

Ngu nokwenza kwayo ezakhiwo SS kukhona futhi unamathisele, esakhelwe (eduze esemqoka), intrashop (etholakala endaweni ukukhiqizwa) noma kube azimele wodwa isakhiwo isesekeli. Kwezinye izimo, akudingi amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu (izinkonzo zikagesi nemizana encane), wasebenzisa insika ezincane design. Ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa ngendlu transformer ezintanjeni zikagesi, yonke imishini ezidingekayo (fuses, yokwanda zizivikele, wesifunda amadlambi, nokunye.) Iyiphi is agibele amahhashi.

Isiteshi esincane sikagesi oluthathwa zenethiwekhi kanye voltage (kufika ku 1000 kV noma ngaphezulu, isb okusezingeni eliphezulu) namandla (isb asukela ezinkulungwaneni 150 16 VA. kVA).

Ngokusho ngesisekelo kwendikimba wangaphandle uxhumano substation kukhona nodular, efile ekupheleni, okuqhubekayo futhi igatsha.

ngaphakathi ekamelweni,

Isikhala ngaphakathi substation, okuyinto iyisonto Transformers, busbars futhi apharathasi inikeza ukusebenza kwazo zonke kudivayisi ngokuthi ikhamera. Singasho ebiyelwe noma ivaliwe. Umehluko phakathi kwezindlela bokuhlukaniswa kwesintu isikhala kwalo lincane. Ikamelo avaliwe ikamelo Ukuvalelwa ngedwa, futhi ebiyelwe ngoba discontinuous (anezikhala noma nehele) izindonga. zenziwa, njengoba umthetho, umkhakha design ejwayelekile. Ukugcina amandla izinhlelo ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshelwe ugunyaziwe futhi zimfanelo ezidingekayo, waqinisekisa nencwadi engokomthetho imvume ukusebenza ephezulu voltage imigqa. Operational ukuqapha ukusebenza uhlelo substation kagesi senza umsebenzi noma Energy, sise main ukusatshalaliswa ibhodi, okungase elise ukude kusukela MS.

ukusatshalaliswa

Kunenye umsebenzi obalulekile ukuthi wenza esincane sikagesi amandla. amandla kagesi wadibaniswa abasebenzisi ngezindinganiso zabo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa izigaba ezintathu kufanele kube ngendlela ababelindele ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuze ngempumelelo ukuxazulula le nkinga, kukhona ukusatshalaliswa izinhlelo. EN bahlinza voltage efanayo futhi aqukethe amadivayisi kokwenza usuke nokuvikelwa imigqa esuka sindisa. Nge RU transformer exhunywe fuses nowesifunda amadlambi (isigxobo esisodwa, omunye kulelo nalelo zinga lemfundo). Distribution izinhlelo endaweni yokuhlala ihlukaniswe evulekile (etholakala ngaphandle) avaliwe (ngaphakathi esakhiweni).

ukuphepha

Yonke imisebenzi ku substation kagesi ihlukaniswa njengoba okuyingozi ikakhulukazi, ngakho-ke, zidinga tindlela letingetulu kwekwenta ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha. Ngo ukulungiswa jikelele kanye nokugcinwa abazenzi e blackout ngokugcwele noma kancane. Ngemva voltage kuvaliwe (Electricians athi "dubula"), inqobo nje uma bonke tolerances adingekayo lusekelwe ukuvimbela ukusebenza kwephutha umqhubi komzila. Ukuze isixwayiso esifanayo izimpawu, futhi "abantu ukusebenza" futhi "Ungaluvuli!". Abasebenzi ukukhonza ephezulu voltage ezincane, ehlelekile oqeqeshiwe, kanye namakhono kanye lwati lolutfolakele lolufaka ngezikhathi elibukhali. Ukubekezelelana № 4 ukunika ilungelo ukwenza umsebenzi kagesi ngenhla 1 kV.