Ongaphansi komhlaba Umhubhe. Metropolitan eMoscow

Umhubhe Classic komhlaba e Moscow ezakhiwa ngaphandle uhlelo ekhona ngaphandle uhlela ukuqhubeka imigwaqo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela nezinxushunxushu ezithile ekudalweni nekambiso yeenthuthi, kuze kube yilolu suku. Okwamanje ilawulwa imithetho ezivamile, ngokuvumelana SNIP idokhumenti 32-02-2003.

Lwenza nekambiso yeenthuthi komhlaba?

Eyokuqala ongaphansi komhlaba Umhubhe, kwanqunywa ukuba uqale isakhiwo ngo-1931. Dala imiklamo ngesisekelo idatha umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Izinto zokwakha ngesikhathi zikhethwe ukhonkolo, okuyinto ngihlalé kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

ongaphansi komhlaba mhubhe bemba phakathi nonyaka, cubic metres mayelana 2 million ezithunyelwa ngoba ukudalwa imiphini eside. Abangaba yizinkulungwane 88 amathani metal echithwa kuvuleke imigwaqo kanye nokuqinisa ka vaults. Izakhiwo zokuqala equkethwe isakhiwo sokhuni ifakwe omkhulu ukwahlukanisa izinto.

Subway Umhubhe wazibonakalisa iphrojekthi ebizayo, kwathatha ruble ezingaphezu kuka-800 abangafani. Okuhlezi emqondweni nemengamo ukhonkolo kamuva zathathelwa isikhundla moto, kodwa ngesikhathi ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa inguqulo yokuqala isakhiwo. nemengamo ezitshekile aqiniswa yensimbi tubing, ka ungangenisi amanzi izinto ezikhethiwe ukufulela impahla, asphalt, ibitume aqoshiwe.

imiklamo ezinjalo zidinga yesondlo ngokucophelela futhi njalo, okuyinto engekho ngaphansi ebizayo ngemva kokuqala into. Metropolitan eMoscow esigqokwa eminyakeni futhi kudingeka kabusha, ifaniswe izindleko ahlinzeke Umhubhe entsha. Ngakho-ke, amaphrojekthi amasha isinazo ongakhetha ukutakula e amashumi ambalwa eminyaka futhi ibandakanye sesimanje izakhiwo.

Izinto for esitimeleni ekuseni

ukwakhiwa Umhubhe kwenziwa kwagcizelela enezisekelo zikakhonkolo, ungene ngalo engxenyeni engaphandle ngohlalwane, inhlabathi kumiswa. Uphahla lwangaphakathi esiyingelezini sezulu ukunikeza amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu siyiqiniso izakhiwo. Ezindaweni evulekile indlela komhlaba kwenziwe ophahleni oluyisicaba. Njengoba kungekho eliwumhlaba umthwalo indlela okwenziwa ngendlela elingunxande.

Umhubhe uyaqhubeka njalo. Moscow lukhula, anda izimfuneko umgibeli zokuthutha. Izinto ngaphambili ukwakhiwa akazishiyanga ijubane wamanje kanye ukushuba ukuhamba izimoto. Kodwa ukuma isiyingi imihubhe namanje walondoloza kuze kube yilolu suku. Lesi sakhiwo silula futhi eziqinile kungenziwa behlukene amanzi agelezela Phezu kwamakhanda izakhamuzi ngesikhathi evakashele ku esitimeleni.

Metropolitan eMoscow inamazinga eziningana laying ngomshoshaphansi. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze ugweme Ukunqamula imigqa. Isakhiwo ngokwaso yakhiwa abagibeli oqondile egibela zone kanye nohambo imigudu. Wonke amagatsha e-axhunyiwe ngu ukuhwebelana obusiza ukunyakaza olude ngokusebenzisa umzila eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Esiteshini kudivayisi

Iziteshi ezingaphansi komhlaba ngezitimela ezigcwele kuthiwa arc emise nemengamo Imigudu efanayo. abangu Lapho ifakwe nesigcawu boarding futhi kwale abagibeli, esungulwe asekelayo amakholomu. Iphinde eyenziwa engxenyeni engenhla arcuate ngendlela.

Sizama beka platform phakathi amathrekhi lula embarkation futhi disembarkation abagibeli. Nokho, ezinye iziteshi kusadingeka ohlangothini ezisekelweni, kukhathazeka Station "Comintern". Ngu uqobo, yesikhulumi ngokuvamile itholakala ehhovisi isikhala, okungenani ukubekezelela nabo insimbi okuyingxenye, lapho kukhona ezingeni ngokujulile obeka amathrekhi.

Subway Imigudu ukuqeda efile ekupheleni amagatsha, lapho izingoma nje ukuhola ukunyakaza kolunye uhlangothi. Kukhona futhi esikhundleni okuyiphutha ukonakala amathangi ukugcina izimoto. Kwamanye imizila deadlocks zakhelwe ku izitimela phakathi-ibanga. Lezi izindlela zamanje ziyatholakala esiteshini "kuyi-Komsomolskaya", itholakala enkabeni yedolobha. Lesi isilinganiso kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukunyakaza okukhulu ngaphezulu izitimela.

Izici

ongaphansi komhlaba Underground akuyona wabeka eziningi, esiza ukuhlela ngempumelelo umzila uhlelo. kukhona Zokusebenzela ngaphakathi ukuhamba ibanga nomunye. ukujula balo buyahluka phakathi komkhawulo ezilandelayo:

• Imigudu Deep - usayizi ibalwa kusukela platform ebusweni emgwaqweni ezingeni futhi sostalyaet kusuka ngamamitha 16 kuya 35.
• Surface Imigudu abekwa ezingeni kwamamitha 7 kuya ku-9 ukujula.
• Imihubhe ukujula avareji ahlelwe ezingeni phakathi 9 futhi 16 amamitha.

Ubude iziteshi fixed, yakhelwe izimoto 8. A ububanzi zokhahlamba kusuka kwamamitha ayi-10 kuya ku-21, kuye imigudu ukujula. Igumbi ngamunye ifakwe i ukukhanyisa eziphuthumayo ku esiphuthumayo. Norma ukukhanyisa efanayo eziteshini ihlelwe ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso, okubonisa imfuneko 100 lux.

Ibanga phakathi iziteshi kuhluka amamitha 500 kuya 1400. Imihubhe nge ngamakheshi, ukubizwa ngokuthi escalators, sithambekele i-engela degrees 30 kuya ovundlile. Ukushisisa inikezwa yi emoyeni Imigudu emabhulohweni eziteshini ngakho ukuvala amathuba izindlela lwaluyophola.

Igumbi umhlobiso

Ezinye iziteshi basonta ifa yezakhiwo. Ngamunye wabo ngendlela yaso eyingqayizivele. Ukuqedela ezisetshenziswa ngaphambilini ezifana igcaki namatshe amhlophe amaningi. Bafaniswe ebusweni egcwele amakholomu, izindonga, nemengamo. Kwaba zikhanyiswa omkhulu ukukhanyisa zalapho.

Sesitimela Imigudu kukhona esemzileni ithrekhi efana ezitimeleni. Uma wayefisa, imoto ezivamile Ungalandela ngokuphepha amagatsha ngomshoshaphansi. imizila ongaphansi komhlaba okusha ngokuvamile zenqane w / e izindlela ezikhona, okwenza kube lula nesimanje Esiteshini nokuvulwa amagatsha amasha.

Ukukhanyisa imihubhe ubusuku nemini. Ukuqeda ukwehluleka okuwuphawu izibani kokuba isignali abomvu green efakwe kwi ongaphansi komhlaba. Lo mthetho owawuvimbela umshayeli ukukhanya ngeke bakwazi ukumelana. Inikeza okuzenzakalelayo ukukhiya uhlelo lapho amabhuleki ocushiwe ngokuzimela ezithothene phezu kwekalishi isigwedlo ekhethekile.

ezishintshayo

Ezokuthutha Umhubhe isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ifakwe ukuhlela izinhlelo, izinqubo zokuzivikela uyayilawula. Emaphethelweni emhubheni elula imizila yokuthumela izimpahla nge high DC voltage ka 825 volts. Khiqiza ukubaluleka okwakufuneka ekhethekile ye-esiteshini, elise ajulile.

Ukuthutha ehola 4 ifakwe injini 150 kW. Amabhuleki imoto ngayinye ukusebenzisa ku pneumatics drive kagesi. Automation uhlelo inikeza evamile traffic Isitimela ukuphindaphinda sokuphumula imizuzu 1.75 ka. Ijubane isitimela ngamunye lilinganiselwa ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angu-40 ngehora. Umkhawulo kungenzeka ngayinye imoto 75 km ngehora. izitimela Modern Ungalandela isheshe, kodwa kudinga ukwakha umugqa omusha travel.

Izinketho izindlela nesimanje

Ukuze kwandiswe amakhono okusebenza Imigudu zidinga ebhekiwe futhi kokuqeda wezangaphakathi. It is waziphatha izinhlangano egunyaziwe anolwazi kokuqhuba umsebenzi onjalo. Ngenxa yalesi, ekuqiniseni vaults nemihubhe ethwele izingxenye.

Ukuthuthukisa ukumelana namanzi isisekelo futhi kokuqeda izinto. Ukususwa umswakama anqwabelene esitokisini esivamile. Ukushintsha izici umhlabathi eduze. Ukubuyiselwa izingxenye bakhathale of ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu. Ngenxa yale njongo umjovo we izixazululo ku ngalo ingaphakathi kwakhiwa, entsha ungangenisi amanzi izinto, futhi umswakama-ubufakazi enamathela.

ukulawula isimo

Ukuze kugwemeke izingozi njalo ukuqapha ekomidini ezingaba ngesikhathi esifanele ukuthola voids kule vaults uqhekeke ezingxenyeni umthwalo eziveza izindonga kanye isisekelo. Intuthuko yamuva nje Instrumentation usizo ukukhomba izinqubo kulencane kokuqala ukhonkolo, metal izingxenye.

Ukuze nemengamo Imigudu kubalulekile ukumisa ukususwa kwenhlabathi ukumboza yangaphandle izinqaba udonga. Ukuqeda imiphumela emibi esetshenziswa kabanzi umjovo indlela. Ukuqina Ukwakheka liquid injected isikhala kwakhiwa, ekushintsheni izindawo inhlabathi. Ngasikhathi sinye, evele engaphakathi ukucutshungulwa eyenziwa izinto vlagozaderzhivayuschimi.