Kuyini degree of namachibi umoya-mpilo? I Valence oksijini degree of namachibi

Sonke siphefumula umoya, okuyinto equkethe ama-molecule e-nitrojeni ne-oksijeni anezela kancane kwezinye izinto. Ngakho-ke, i-oksijeni ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zamakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-molecule yayo ikhona kunani elikhulu lamakhemikhali asetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ukuchaza zonke izakhiwo zalesi sici, azikho amakhasi anele kanye namakhulu, ngakho-ke sizibophezela emaqinisweni ayisisekelo emlandweni, kanye nezici eziyisisekelo ze-element-i-valence nezinga le-oxygen oxidation, amandla adonsela phansi, isicelo, izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zomzimba.

Umlando wokutholakala kwesici samakhemikhali

Usuku lokuvulwa olusemthethweni lwezinto zamakhemikhali "oksijini" ngo-Agasti 1, 1774. Kwakuyilolu suku lapho isazi samakhemikhali waseBrithani uJ. Priestley sigcwalisa ukuzama kwakhe ukubola kwe-mercury oxide emkhunjini ovalwe uphawu. Ekupheleni kokuhlolwa, usosayensi wathola igesi elasekela umlilo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kutholakala kwakungabonakali ngisho nososayensi ngokwakhe. UMnu. Priestley wacabanga ukuthi wayekwazi ukuhlukanisa isici esisha, kodwa yingxenye ebalulekile emoyeni. Ngomphumela wakhe, uJoseph Priestley wahlanganyela nososayensi odumile waseFrance nomsunguli wamakhemikhali u-Antoine Lavoisier, owayengaqonda ukuthi yini isiNgisi esingenakuyenza. Ngo-1775, uLavoisier wakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi "okuyingxenye yomoya" okuyiyona eyimvelo yamakhemikhali ozimele, futhi ebizwa ngokuthi i-oxygen, okusho ngesiGreki ukuthi "ukwakha i-acid". U-Lavoisier wabe esekholelwa ukuthi i-oksijeni ikhona kuwo wonke ama-acids. Ngokulandelayo, amafomula atholakala ngamakhemikhali angenawo ama-athomu e-oksijeni, kodwa igama lamukelwa.

Oxygen - izici zesakhiwo se-molecule

Lesi sakhi samakhemikhali igesi elingenakubala elingathinti futhi linambitha. Ikhemikhali yamakhemikhali ngu-O ₂ . Amakhemikhali abiza i-oxygen diatomic evamile ngokuthi "oksijini emoyeni" noma "i-dioxygen". I-molecule yendaba iqukethe ama-athomu angama-oksijithi amabili. Kukhona futhi ama-molecule aqukethe ama-athomu amathathu-O ₃ . Lezi zinto zibizwa nge-ozone, imininingwane eminingi mayelana nayo iyobhalwa ngezansi. I-molecule ene-athomu amabili ine-oxydation ye-oksijeni -2, ngoba iqukethe abantu ababili abangenakuphelelwa amandla abakwazi ukudala isibopho se-electron. Amandla akhululwa ngesikhathi sokubola (ukuhlukaniswa) kwe-molecule ye-oksijini ibe ama-athomu ngu-493.57 kJ / mol. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu.

I-Valence nezinga le-oxydation ye-oxygen

Ngaphansi kwe- valence ye-element element yamakhemikhali , sisho ikhono layo lokuzihlanganisa nenye inamba ethile yama-athomu wesinye isici samakhemikhali. I-valence ye-athomu ye-oksijini yimibili. I-valence ye-molecule ye-oxygen nayo ilingana nambili, ngoba ama-athomu amabili axhunyiwe futhi anakho ukunamathela esakhiweni sayo enye i-athomu enye yinye isakhi, okungukuthi, yakha isibopho esivumelana nayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-molecule yamanzi i-H ₂ O yatholwa ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwesibopho esivumelanayo phakathi kwe-athomu ye-oksijithi nama-athomu amabili e- hydrogen.

I-oksijeni itholakala emaqenjini amaningi eyaziwa ngamakhemikhali. Kukhona ngisho uhlobo oluhlukile lwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali - ama-oxides. Lezi yizinto ezitholakalayo ngokuhlanganisa cishe noma yikuphi isakhi samakhemikhali ene-oxygen. I-degree of oxidation of oksijeni ku-oxides yi--2. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izingxenye le nkhomba ingase ihluke. Lokhu kuzochazwa ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi.

Izakhiwo zomzimba zomoya-mpilo

I-oksijini evamile ye-diatomic igesi elingenayo umbala, iphunga, futhi ukunambitheka. Esizweni esivamile, isibalo saso singu-1.42897 kg / m3. Isisindo se-1 litre lezinto ezingaphansi kuka-1.5 amagremu, okungukuthi, ngendlela ehlanzekile, i-oksijini inzima kune-air. Uma ishisa, i-molecule ihlukanisa ibe ama-athomu.

Lapho izinga lokushisa laphakathi liyehla ukuya ku- -189.2 ° C, i-oksijeni ishintsha isakhiwo sayo kusuka ku-gaseous kuya liquid. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukupheka kwenzeka. Lapho izinga lokushisa liyehla ku--218.35 ° C, isakhiwo sishintsha kusuka ketshezi kuya ekristallini. Kuleli lokushisa, i-oksijeni inesimo sama-crystal bluish.

Ekamelweni lokushisa, i-oksijeni iyanqunywa kalula emanzini - ilitha elilodwa libiza ama-milliliters angu-31 oksijini. Umswakama nezinye izinto: 220 ml ngetitha elilodwa le-ethanol, 231 ml ngetitha elilodwa le-acetone.

Izakhi ze-Chemical zomoya-mpilo

I-Talmud yonke ingabhalwa ngokuphathelene nezakhi zamakhemikhali zomoya-mpilo. Impahla ebaluleke kakhulu yomoya-mpilo i-oxydation. Lezi zinto ziyi-oxidant enamandla kakhulu. I-oksijeni iyakwazi ukusebenzisana nayo yonke into eyaziwayo etafuleni lezinsuku. Ngenxa yalokhu kusebenzisana, ama-oxide akhiwa, njengoba kuxoxwa ekuqaleni. I-degree of oxidation ye-oxygen ehlanganiswe nezinye izakhi ngokuyinhloko -2. Izibonelo zamakhemikhali anjalo ngamanzi (H ₂ O), i-carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ), i-calcium oxide, i-lithium oxide, njll Kodwa kukhona isigaba esithile se-oxides okuthiwa i-peroxides noma i-peroxide. Ukuziqhenya kwazo ukuthi kulezi zinhlanganisela kukhona iqembu le-peroxide "-O-O-". Leli qembu linciphisa izakhi ze-O ₂ ze-oxidative, ngakho-ke izinga le-oxidation lomoya-mpilo ku-peroxide li-1.

Ngokubambisana nezinsimbi ze-alkali esebenzayo, i-oksijini yakha ama-superoxides noma ama-superexides. Isibonelo sezinhlelo ezifana nalezi:

• Potassium superoxide (KO ₂ );
• I-Rubidium superoxide (RbO ₂ ).

Ukuziqhenya kwabo ukuthi i-oxydation ye-oxygen e-superoxides yi-1/2.

Ngokuhlanganiswa nesakhi samakhemikhali esebenzayo kakhulu - i-fluorine, ama-fluoride atholakala. Mayelana nabo kuzotshelwa ngezansi.

Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu le-oxidation ye-oksijeni kuma-compounds

Kuncike ekutheni i-oksijeni iphikisana nayo, kuneziqu eziyisikhombisa ze-oksijeni yomoya-mpilo:

1. -2 nge-oxydes nama-organic compounds.
2. -1 ku-peroxides.
3. -1/2 ku-superoxide.
4. -1/3 - ku-ozonides engavamile (evumelekile i-triatomic oxygen-ozone).
5. +1/2 kusawoti we-oxygen cation.
6. +1 ku-oxygen monofluoride.
7. +2 - ku-oxygen difluoride.

Njengoba sibona, izinga eliphezulu le-oksijithali yomoya-mpilo liyatholakala kuma-oxydes nama- organic compounds, futhi nge-fluorides inezinga elihle. Akuzona zonke izinhlobo zokuxhumana ezingenziwa ngokwemvelo. Ezinye izidakamizwa zidinga izimo ezikhethekile, isibonelo: ukucindezela okukhulu, ukushisa okuphezulu, ukuvezwa kwamakhemikhali angavamile angatholakali emvelweni. Ake sicabangele ukuxhumana okuyisisekelo kwe-oxygen nezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali: i-oxides, i-peroxides ne-fluorides.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-oxides nge-acid-base properties

Kunezinhlobo ezine ze-oxides:

• Okuyisisekelo;
• I-Acid;
• Ukungathathi hlangothi;
• Amphoteric.

I-degree of oxidation yomoya-mpilo kulezi zinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingu--2.

• Ama-oxide ayisisekelo ahlanganiswe nezitshalo ezinamazinga aphansi okuyi-oxydation. Ngokuvamile, lapho uxhumana nama-acids, uthola usawoti namanzi ahambisanayo.
• I-Acid oxides - i-oxides yama-nonmetals ngezinga eliphezulu le-oxidation. Uma amanzi enziwe kuwo, i-asidi yenziwa.
• I-oxide engathathi hlangothi yinkimbinkimbi engangeni ekuphenduleni ngama-acids noma ngezinsisekelo.
• Ama-oxide amphoteric ahlanganiswe nezinsimbi ezine-electronegativity ephansi. Bona, kuye ngezimo, babonisa izindawo zombili oxidikhi acidic kanye eziyisisekelo.

Ama-peroxide, i-degree of oxidation yomoya-mpilo ku-hydrogen peroxide nezinye izinto

Ama-peroxide abizwa ngokuthi ama-oksijeni ama- alkali zensimbi. Zitholakala ngokushisa lezi zitshalo emoyeni. Ama-peroxide ezinhlanganisela eziphilayo aqhuma kakhulu. Zingatholakala futhi ngokumunca nge-oxide ye-oxygen. Izibonelo zama-peroxide:

• I-hydrogen peroxyde (H ₂ O ₂ );
• I-Barium peroxide (i-BaO ₂ );
• I-peroxide ye-sodium (Na ₂ O ₂ ).

Zonke zihlangene ukuthi ziqukethe iqembu le-oxygen -OO-. Ngenxa yalokho, uketshezi lwe-oksijini kuma-peroxide yi--1. Enye yezinhlanganisela ezidume kakhulu ne -OO- iqembu yi-hydrogen peroxide. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile lesi sakhi siwuketshezi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngamakhemikhali awo, i-hydrogen peroxide iseduze ne-asidi ebuthakathaka. Njengoba i -OO- bond in the compound is stable, ngisho ekamelweni lokushisa isisombululo se-hydrogen peroxide singasulwa emanzini nase-oxygen. Yiyona oxidizer eqinile kakhulu, noma kunjalo, lapho uxhumana nezixhumayo ezinamandla, izakhiwo ze-ejenti yokunciphisa yi-hydrogen peroxide nje. I-degree of oxidation yomoya-mpilo ku-hydrogen peroxide, njengamanye ama-peroxide, yi--1.

Ezinye izinhlobo zama-peroxide yizi:

• I-Superperoxides (i-superoxides, lapho i-oxygen ine-oxidation -1/2);
• Ama-ozonides angenangqondo (ama-compounds angenakulinganiswa ane-anion anion esakhiweni sabo);
• Ama-ozonide ye-Organic (ama-compounds ane isakhiwo -OOO-bond).

I-fluorides, i-oxygen oxidation e-OF2

I-fluoride yinto esebenza kakhulu kunazo zonke ezaziwa manje. Ngakho-ke, ukuxhumana kwe-oxygen nge-fluorine akukhiqizi i-oxydes, kodwa i-fluorides. Baqanjwa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi kule ndawo ayiyona oxygen, kodwa i-fluorine iyisidididizer. I-fluorides ayitholakali ngokwemvelo. Zihlanganiswa kuphela, zithola ngokuhlangana kwe-fluorine ngesisombululo se-KOH. I-oksijeni i-fluoride ihlukaniswe yaba:

• I-oxygen difluoride (YE- ₂ );
• Oxygen monofluoride (O ₂ F ₂ ).

Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe kokuxhumana. I-oksijeni difluoride igesi elingenambala elinomlilo othakazelisayo. Uma selehlile, iyancipha ibe yiketshezi eliphuzi. Esimweni segazi, ixubana kabi ngamanzi, kodwa kuhle emoyeni, i-fluorine ne-ozone. Ngokwamakhemikhali awo, i-oksijini difluoride iyinhlanganisela enamandla kakhulu. I-degree of oxidation yomoya okwe-ok2 ku-+1, okungukuthi kule ndawo, i-fluorine i-oxidant ne-oksijeni yilayisensi esinciphisa. I- ₂ iyingozi kakhulu, ngokweqile kudlula uketshezi oluhlanzekile kanye ne-phosgene. Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwalesi sakhi kufana ne-oxidizing agent ye- rocket fuel, ngoba i-oxygen difluoride ayiqhuma.

I-oksijeni i-monofluoride esimweni esivamile iyisimo esiqinile se-yellow. Uma icibilika, yakha uketshezi olubomvu. I-oxidant enamandla kunazo zonke, iqhuma kakhulu lapho ihlangana nama-organic compounds. Kulesi sakhi, i-oksijeni ibonisa izimo ze-oxydation ze-+2, okungukuthi, kulolu hlobo lwe-fluorine, i-oxygen yenza njenge-agent yokuncipha, ne-fluorine njenge-oxidizer.

I-ozone nama-compounds ayo

I-ozone iyi-molecule enama-athomu amathathu e-oxygen axhunyiwe komunye nomunye. Esimweni esivamile, igesi elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Uma selehlile, yakha uketshezi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eduze ne-indigo. Esimweni esiqinile kukhona amakristalu ombala omnyama okwesibhakabhaka. I-ozone inephunga elimnandi, emvelweni ingazizwa emoyeni ngemva kokuduma okukhulu kwezulu.

I-ozone, njenge-oksijeni ejwayelekile, iyisimo se-oxidant esinamandla kakhulu. Ngezimo zamakhemikhali, ithela ama-acid aqinile. Uma i-oxides ivuliwe, i-ozone ikhulisa isimo sayo se-oxidation ngokukhululwa kwe-oxygen. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga le-oxidation yomoya-mpilo liyehla. E-ozone, izibopho zamakhemikhali aziqine njengoba ku-O ₂ , ngakho-ke ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile ngaphandle kwemizamo esetshenzisiwe, ingakwazi ukubola emoyeni ngokukhululwa kwamandla okushisa. Lapho izinga lokushisa lomphumela kumakhemikhali e-ozone landa futhi lapho ingcindezi iyancipha, inqubo yokwehlukanisa ibe i-diatomic oksijeni lapho kukhululwa ukushisa kuphuthumayo. Kulesi simo, uma kunomthamo omkhulu we-ozone endaweni, khona-ke le nqubo ingahambisana nokuqhuma.

Njengoba i-ozone iyi-oxidant enamandla kakhulu futhi inani elingu-O ₂ likhululekile cishe kuzo zonke izinqubo ngokuhlanganyela kwayo, i-ozone iyinhloko enobuthi obukhulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zomkhathi, ungqimba lwe-ozone ludlala indima yombonakaliso ovela emisebeni ye-ultraviolet yemisebe yelanga.

Kusukela ku-ozone ngosizo lwezinsimbi zomthamo zokwakha ama-ozonides eziphilayo kanye nama-inorganic. Kuyinto engazinzile kakhulu esimweni sayo sendaba, ngakho ukudala kwabo ezimweni zemvelo akunakwenzeka. Ama-ozonide agcinwa kuphela emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ngoba emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile aqhuma kakhulu futhi ayenobuthi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-oksijeni nama-compounds ayo embonini

Ngenxa yokuthi ososayensi bafunda ngezinye izikhathi ukuthi yikuphi izinga lokukhipha oksijini okwenziwe nge-oksijini nezinye izakhi, wona kanye nezinhlanganisela zawo zazisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini. Ikakhulukazi emva kokuba ama-turboexpanders asungulwa phakathi nekhulu lama-20 - ama-aggregates akwazi ukuguqula amandla angase abe ne-oksijini abe yinto eyodwa. Njengoba i-oksijeni ingumuthi ongenakuqothulwa kakhulu, isetshenziswa kuzo zonke izimboni lapho kudingeke khona umlilo nokushisa. Lapho ukusika nokugcoba izinsimbi, ama-cylinders ane-oksijeni egxilile nawo asetshenziselwa ukuqinisa amadivaysi okushisa amafutha kagesi. I-oksijeni iyasetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yensimbi, lapho izinga lokushisa eliphezulu emafenini okuqhuma ligcinwa nge-O ₂ enomfutho. Izinga eliphezulu le-oxidation ye-oksijini yi--2. Lesi sici sisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-oxides ngenhloso yokuqhubeka nokushisa nokukhululwa kwamandla ashisayo. I-oksijeni ye-liquid, i-ozone nezinye izinhlanganisela ezinamanani amaningi e-O ₂ zisetshenziselwa izishukela ze-propellant. Oxidized by oksijeni ezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo zisetshenziswa njengeziqhumane.

Embonini yamakhemikhali, i-oksijeni isetshenziswa njenge-oxidizer yamakhemikhali e-hydrocarboni ezinhlanganisela ze-asidi, ezinjengama-alcohols, ama-acids, njll. Emithi, isetshenziswa ngaphansi kwengcindezi enciphise ukuphatha iziguli ezinenkinga yamaphaphu, ukugcina umsebenzi obalulekile womzimba. Ezolimo, amanani amancane oksijini ehlanzekile asetshenziselwa ukuzalanisa izinhlanzi emanzini, ukwandisa inani lezinkomo, njll.

I-oksijeni iyinhlangano oxidizer enamandla, ngaphandle kokungeke kwenzeke khona

Ngaphezulu kwalokhu okulotshiwe mayelana nokuthi i-oksijeni ibonisa kanjani ukwenziwa kwe-oxydation uma isabela ngezinhlanganisela nezici ezihlukahlukene, yiziphi izinhlobo zamakhemikhali oksijini ezikhona, yiziphi izinhlobo ezisongela ukuphila futhi ezingekho. Omunye angahlala engaqondakali - kanjani, kuwo wonke ubuthi bawo kanye nezinga eliphakeme le-oxidation, i-oksijeni ingenye yezinto ezingenakwenzeka kulokho ukuphila emhlabeni? Iqiniso liwukuthi iplanethi yethu ingumzimba olinganiselayo, oye wavumelanisa ngqo lezozinto eziqukethwe ungqimba lwezulu. Ihlanganyela emjikelezweni obukeka kanje: umuntu kanye nazo zonke ezinye izilwane zidla oksijini futhi zikhiqize i-carbon dioxide, futhi izitshalo iningi lidla i-carbon dioxide futhi zikhiqize umoya-mpilo. Konke okusemhlabeni kuxhunyanisiwe, futhi ukulahlekelwa kwesinye isixhumanisi salolu chungechunge kungaholela ekuqhekekeni koke. Akufanele sikhohlwe ngalokhu futhi sinakekele impilo emhlabeni wonke, hhayi kuphela abameleli bayo ngabanye.