Kulungile kanjani ukuhumusha intshi ngo mm? Mangaki amangaki ngamasentimitha?

Futhi ukhumbule intombazane encane evela kumnandi, iThumbelina? Awuzange ucabange ngemvelaphi yegama lakhe? Ake sikhulume ngalokhu.

Mayelana negama elithi "intshi"

Ukuhunyushwa kusuka ngegama lesiDashi elithi "intshi" kusho "isithupha." Lesi yisilinganiso sobude obulingana nobubanzi besithupha somuntu ojwayelekile (nakuba abanye bathi ubude be-phalanx yakhe engenhla). Kodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiyiphi ingxenye, kuvela ukuthi uThumbelina uyintombazane yobukhulu bomunwe.

Ngendlela, ku-epicycle epic enye ibhola elilodwa lelingana elifanayo liyaziwa. Kuvela ukuthi iNdodana yethu ethandekayo-no-Palchik nayo ingabizwa ngokuthi i-Thumbler ngokufaniswa. Ihlaya, yebo. Kodwa-ke, iminwe yabantu ihlukile, ngakho-ke ngingathanda ukucacisa: zingaki mm inch?

Mayelana nosayizi wesentimitha

Ukunquma ukuthi i-intshi ikuphi mm akulula. Iqiniso liwukuthi leyunithi, eyamakhulu eminyaka, ishintshile ngokuphindaphindiwe ngisho nangaphakathi kwemingcele yesistimu eyodwa yezinyathelo, ukungabi namagama ahlukene. I-intshi yaseViennese yayingu-2.6340278 cm, noma u-26.3 mm; ESpain, i-inch yendawo (pulgada) yayiyi-23.2 mm; EMexico, lapho kwakubizwa nangokuthi i-pulgada, ubukhulu be-inch in mm kwakungaba ngu-23.3.

Lolu hlu lungagcwaliswa cishe ku-infinity. Esimweni ngasinye emazweni aseJalimane, kwakukhona uhlobo oluhlukile lobude: i-Baden, i-Bavaria, i-Saxon ne-Prussia, kanye no-inch ye- Rhine Union. Ezifundazweni zase-Ostsee, ngokulandelana, kwakuyi-Courland, i-Riga ne-Reval. Ezindaweni ze-Commonwealth yasePolish-Lithuanian kwakukhona amasentimitha ama-Old Polish neNew Polish, kanye noWroclaw, uBreslau, Silesian, isiLithuania endala. I-France yayinesilinganiso sayo sobude. Kukhona amayunithi afanayo ngisho naseJapane naseChina. Ngakho-ke, i-tsun engu-1 (intshi yama-Chinese) ngo-mm yayingu-33.3. Kukhona futhi okuthiwa i-Vidiconian intshi, evame ukusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa i-matrix yekhamera yedijithali. Ilingana no-16.93 mm.

Mayelana neMetric Convention kanye nesistimu ye-metric yezinyathelo

Ngo-May 20, 1875 eParis, ekwakhiweni koMnyango Wezezizwe ZaseFrance, wasayina lokho okuthiwa. I-Metric Convention iyisivumelwano esenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kwemigomo yamazwe ngamazwe. Kulesi sivumelwane, iRussia yajoyina - esikhundleni senkosi, lesi sivumelwano saboshwa ngu-Okunev, umeluleki we-embassy. Ukwamukelwa komhlangano waba yinto ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lwemethrikhi kanye nokuqala kokuthuthukiswa kwamazinga wamitha nekhilogramu. Kamuva, izingxenye eziyisisekelo zamanani zafakwa ezindaweni zokugesi kanye nama-optics. Amazwe angaphezu kwama-50 ajoyine iMetric Convention, kufaka phakathi wonke amazwe athuthukile.

Amazwi amabili abalulekile. Okokuqala: i-intshi iyunithi engasebenzi, ngokuvamile engahambisani nomshini we-metric. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-OIML (International Organisation of Legal Metrology) incoma ngokuqinile ukuxoshwa kokuqala kokusakazwa lapho isasetshenziselwa ukulinganisa (isizathu, ngicabanga, siyaqondakala). Ukuphawula kwesibili. Izwe elikhulu kakhulu kunazo zonke elithuthukile e-US, nakuba lisayine iMetric Convention, namanje akuboni ukuthi kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwemethrikhi yezinyathelo. I-intshi isetshenziselwa kabanzi njengeyunithi yendawo yokulinganisa, okuyiwona wonke umhlaba oqine kakhulu ukunamathela ezincomo ze-OIML.

Mayelana intshi yesiNgisi

Ngakho-ke leyunithi isabani, ukuthi ungabonisa kanjani intshi engu-1 ku-mm? Njengamanje, lapho sikhuluma leli gama, njengombuso, sisho isiNgisi, noma isilinganiso sobukhosi sobude. Ubukhulu bayo buye bashintsha kaningi, kodwa kusukela ngo-1958, ukuhumusha kwamasentimitha ngo-mm kuzoveza umphumela we-25.4 ngeyunithi ngayinye. Ngakho ubukhulu bezinhlamvu zethu ezinhle kakhulu manje bekungaba ngu-2.54 cm. Ngempela, imvuthu!

Ngesinye isikhathi, eNgilandi i-inch ibizwa ngokuthi i-inch, isibonakaliso sayo esivame ukubonwa yizingcaphuno: isibonelo: 17. "Ngakho umuntu othethile, uthe, uthenge i-TV akufanele idideke ngokushaywa kabili noma ukushiwo eceleni kwesithombe esichaza usayizi weskrini. Izinyathelo ezifanayo ze-SI.

E-US, njengaseNgilandi, kusukela ngo-1958, i-intshi ibhekwa njengalingana no 2.54 cm. Lapha, leyunithi isetshenziswe ezindaweni ezahlukene, futhi ngokubanzi - isibonelo, lapho ikhombisa ukulinganisa kwezikhali ezincane. E-America, izikhali zokuzivikela (ububanzi obungaphakathi ngaphakathi emgqonyeni) zilinganiselwa ngamakhulu ayisithupha ngamasentimitha. Ngakho-ke, idijithali elidumile le-Colt 45 lisho isikhali esinamapulangwe angu-0.45 mm (11.43 mm).

Kuphi okusetshenziselwa khona.

Umbuzo ozwakalayo uvela. Kungani umuntu ehlala ezweni lapho uhlelo lwe-metric yezinyathelo (eRussia) lisetshenziselwa ukukhathazeka ngezinkomba zaseMelika noma ubude, ukuthi ungayiguqula kanjani imitha ngamasentimitha? Kodwa akulula kakhulu. Muva nje, ngenxa yokwandiswa kobuchwepheshe baseMelika kanye nokuvela kwamagama amasha wezobuchwepheshe, amasentimitha asetshenzisiwe ngesiRashiya kaningi kakhulu. Yebo, nangaphambili, kwakukhona izimboni zonke, lapho inani elikhulunywe ngalo libhekwa njengeyunithi eyisisekelo yokulinganisa. Ngakho-ke, ngamasentimitha kuyisiko ukulinganisa izinhlamvu zezikhali. Kuyiqiniso, lokhu kufanele kusetshenziswe ngokuhlukile. Isibonelo, e-UK, ngokungafani ne-US, ama-calibers akhombisa inkulungwane eyi-inch. IRussia edumile "trilinear" - lena yiziyunithi ezintathu ezikhulunywe ngazo (7.62 mm).

Ama-intshi nawo asetshenziswa embonini yezimoto: zilinganisa ama-diameter amavili esondo emotweni. Njengoba ukutholakala kwembonini yezimoto zaseSoviet kwaqala ngobuchwepheshe bezwe kanye namalayisensi, igama lesi-terminology langaphandle lalibuye lisetshenziswe kakhulu. Isibonelo, omunye wabokuqala embonini yezimoto ezifuywayo, i-KIM-10, wayenesisindo se-cylinder 2 1/2 "(noma u - 63.5 mm) .Amasentimitha, imigomo yezinhloso ze-telescope nayo ibonisiwe, kanti le nyunithi nayo isetshenziselwa ukumaka amapayipi.

Mayelana ne-inch ipayipi

Umkhuba omude ukusetshenziswa kwexabiso embuzweni uma usebenza ngamaphayiphi kagesi namanzi, kanye nokumaka izintambo ezikwekwe kuwo. Kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe: i-intshi yamapayipi ngo-mm ayifani ne-intshi evamile.

Lo mqondo awukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi isayensi, kodwa nokho unencazelo eqondile. I-intshi yamapayipi ibhekwa njengophahla lwangaphandle lombhobho onjalo, lapho ububanzi obungaphakathi buhambisana ne-inch evamile. Leli xabiso linemibandela ethile: amapayipu anama-differentnesses ahlukene, okuyiwona okwenza ukuthi i-diameter iyilinganise. Noma kunjalo, ukufana okunye kule ndaba kwafika.

Mayelana nempumelelo enemibandela

Ekhuluma ngemingcele yamapayipi akhiqizwayo (ahlanganisiwe), ngokuvamile avame ubukhulu bawo kusuka ngaphandle. Yiqiniso, ngezindinganiso ezifanayo zangaphandle, kodwa ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bodonga, ukulinganisa kwangaphakathi kwemikhiqizo ehlukene kungahluka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, umqondo wendima enemibandela yombhobho uqaliswa: kungumkhawulo okhethekile wangaphakathi, lapho inani elithile langaphandle lingalingana khona. Isibonelo, epayipi ene-40 mm, ububanzi bangaphakathi ngaphakathi bungamelwa yinoma iyiphi inombolo eseduze.

Kungani udinga ukwazi lokhu? Khona-ke, ukuthi isibonakaliso esiyinhloko lapho kubalwa khona amanzi okubheka ububanzi bendawo yangaphakathi. Futhi ekusebenziseni kwamanzi kampompi njengensimbi, emakwe ngamasentimitha, nethusi, aluminium, eyenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali, eyenziwe ngamazinga emitha. Ngakho-ke, ukuhumusha okulungile kuyadingeka: amasentimitha ngo-mm wepipe (ukubhekisela kokubaluleka kumanani we-metric). Kukhona amatafula akhethekile (i-GOST 3262-75), ebeka ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamapayipi nemigomo yawo. Kuzo, njengezisekelo, ukubaluleka kobuningi bombandela (umgqomo) wepayipi kuthathwe.

Mayelana Nezingxube

Ipayipi kaningi ngokwanele ukuxhuma. Ama-diameter angaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-6 ngokuvamile asebenzisa ukudonsa, imikhiqizo encane isontshwe ngentambo, imingcele yayo evame ukuboniswa ngamasentimitha. I-pipe thread pitch iyinombolo yezintambo ezibekiwe kwiyunithi eyodwa. Kukhona futhi amatafula wezintambo zokulinganisa imidwebo e-mm inamba yentambo nge intshi. Kukhona netafula elikhulu lokukhiqiza, ukuxhuma ubukhulu bezingqinamba ngamasentimitha ngentambo yomsindo we-cylindrical kanye nemingcele yayo yametric. Ngokuhambisana nalo, ikakhulukazi, intambo engu-3-in--Mm ihambelana no-87 884; 86,405 no 84,926 (amanani aqokiwe angaphandle, ajwayelekile, ama diameter angaphakathi, ngokulandelana). Ngokuvamile, ukucubungula kwepayipi yisayensi yonke kanye neqembu elikhulu lamazinga ahlukene okuhloswe kuyo ukuxhumana okuqondile kwezakhi nezinhlaka ezinezintambo. Enhliziyweni yalezi zindinganiso kukhona izinkomba ze-inch system of amayunithi.

Futhi futhi mayelana ngamasentimitha

Igama elithi "intshi" nezinhlamvu zalo zitholakala ngokuvamile ekuchazeni ezinye izinqubo zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, ngaphasi kwegama elithi "intshi" ngezinye izikhathi lizwakala njengebhodi ebukhulu obukhulu obunamithadi ayi-intshi noma ubude obufanayo be-nail (kulezi zimo, ukuhumusha kwamasentimitha ku-mm kuphinde kube khona). Kodwa akusikho konke. Kuze kube manje, igama elithi "intshi" liyathandwa uma kukhulunywa ngezigqoko nezinye izinto eziningi zensimbi. Noma kunjalo, leli gama lingabhekwa njengama-anachronisms, uma kungenjalo ekuthuthukiseni okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha obulethe amagama amasha ekusakazeni kwethu. Amandla okuxazulula amaphrinta namanye amadivaysi ngokuvamile kuboniswa ngamachashazi ngamasentimitha (dpi). Kukhona nomqondo wamaphikseli ngamasentimitha angu-intshi (ppi), esetshenziselwa ukucacisa isinqumo sedivayisi esethula noma ebonisa ihluzo. Imibono ye-dpi ne-ppi ayikho ubuchwepheshe obungalingani nomunye nomunye.

Ngama-inches, futhi ulinganise izikrini zefoni, ama-monitor, ama- diagonals we-TV (ngaphambili e-USSR, leli xabiso laboniswa ngo-cm). Mayelana nezikrini kuyadingeka ukukhuluma ngokuningiliziwe ngokuningiliziwe.

Mayelana namaphikseli nesithombe

Abaningi, bephikisana ngethelevishini noma ezinye izikrini, cabangela inkomba ebaluleke kakhulu yobukhulu bayo. Bayihumusha ngokujulile ubude be-diagonal (tshela, amasentimitha angama-mm ngo-mm) zibe izinyathelo ezijwayelekile, uzama ukuthola ukuthi leli nani lanele yini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunezinkomba ezingabalulekile kangako, abathengi bezixhobo ezinjalo ngezinye izikhathi abazinaki.

I-Pixel yigama lobuchwepheshe eliye lafudukela ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Uma uhamba ngezincazelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, khona-ke i-pixel ingabizwa ngokuthi into encane engabonakali yombhalo othile. Isithombe se-raster sama-computer yiqoqo lamaphikseli ahlelwe ngemigqa namakholomu. Izimiso zethelevishini zihlukile, kodwa nanko kuyisiko ukukhuluma ngamandla okuxazulula idivayisi, okungukuthi, ikhono layo lokubonisa inombolo enkulu yemininingwane (amayunithi) wesithombe esibonisiwe. Yiqiniso, noma yisiphi isithombe sinhle kakhulu futhi sinomqondo ophakeme, kuphakama inombolo yamaphikseli ngayinye yendawo yesikrini. Lesi yisibonakaliso se-ppi esivele sishiwo kakade (inani lamachashazi nge-inki yesibonisi). Ukubaluleka kwe-ppi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthola isithombe esicacile sekhwalithi, ngakho-ke kufanele sinake lapho uthenga imishini efanele.

Noma kunjalo, hhayi kuphela injabulo ye-pixels - ngakho, okungenani, tshela ochwepheshe abaningi. Ukuphishekela ukuxazululwa okuphezulu kuholela ekukhuleni okweqile emithini yamakhadi ehluzo. Okusho ukuthi abathengi bethelevishini kanye neminye imishini efanayo kufanele bahlole ngokucophelela izinzuzo nezindleko bese beka inguqulo enhle yedivaysi.

Amasentimitha, amayintshi ...

Ekhompyutheni yomkhuba, sikhumbula lokhu kubaluleka ngisho noma sivuselela imingcele yezinkinobho ezinzima, ama-disk drive, kanye nezici ze-DVD drive. Ngama-intshi kukhombisa ubukhulu be-matrix yamakhamera wedijithali. Iyini i-matrix nokuthi usayizi wayo ithinta kanjani izinga lemifanekiso? Lo mbuzo othakazelisayo futhi obalulekile, kodwa enye ingxoxo.

Ungakhumbula kanjani ubukhulu be intshi?

Umuntu ongenayo inkumbulo enhle yezinombolo kufanele azi lokhu okulandelayo: amasentimitha angu-4 ku-mm azoba ngu-2.54 * 4, okungukuthi okungaphezulu kuka-1 cm. Uma kwenzeka ukungaqondile okukhethekile, uhlelo olunjalo lungasetshenziswa kwezinye Izimo zomkhaya.

Isiphetho

Uma ubhala umbuzo kunoma iyiphi injini yokusesha "intshi", impendulo endabeni kaJames Aldridge "Ngokugcina intshi" izoba khona. Lo msebenzi omncane kodwa owusizo ngempela, oye waba yizincwadi zezwe zakudala, awunakekisiwe. Indaba ebuhlungu kakhulu ngesibindi sabantu, ubudlelwane obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kobaba nendodana, i-fads of fate.

Kodwa indaba iyathakazelisa. Kungani "i-intshi yokugcina"? Ngokwesigcawu, ingane eneminyaka eyishumi ubudala, eyayingakaze ibambe indiza, ayikwazi ukuqhuba umzila onzima kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuyihlwanyela ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima futhi eziyingozi. Ingane ilandelwe. I-intshi yokugcina ngaphambi kokufika kwezwe yaba umngcele, wamyisa waba omunye umuntu - omdala, onomthwalo wemfanelo, futhi waphakamisa isici esisha ebuhlotsheni obuzayo bukababa nendodana. Ngakho-ke akuzona ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuveza intshi ngo-mm - ngezinye izikhathi le nzuzo idinga izindlela ezehlukene ngokuphelele kanye nezilinganiso.