Karl Haushofer: Biography, izithombe, ithiyori, imisebenzi emikhulu

uyise ezidumile losizi ye GEOPOLITICS isiJalimane, uKarl Haushofer kwaba unendima eyinhloko yale isiyalo entsha, kusukela yaqala ukuba khona ngo-1924 esisemthethweni kuya ku-1945. Ubuhlobo bakhe noJehova nombuso kaHitler kwaba umphumela ukuhlolwa eyodwa emaceleni futhi ngokwengxenye olungalungile yomsebenzi wakhe futhi ukudlala indima yabo. Lesi simo lanqoba yonke inkathi post-yimpi. Futhi kuphela kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule, abalobi eziningana ziye Nokho athuthukile ngokuphepha nombono wakho onokulinganisela kunalelo, elingenziwanga nokuvuselela, yakhe noma isayensi-mbumbulu.

Karl Haushofer (isithombe okusesihlokweni esithi) wazalelwa Agasti 27, 1869 ku Munich emkhayeni Bavarian ahlukile futhi ihlanganisa wamathalenta yesayensi, kwezobuciko futhi zokudala. Umkhulu wakhe u-Max Haushofer (1811-1866), waba uprofesa landscape ngesikhathi ePrague Academy of Arts. Umalume wakhe, Carl von Haushofer (1839-1895), emva ngobani okuthiwa, kwaba umdwebi, umsunguli we amaphepha isayensi, uProfesa Mineralogy futhi Umqondisi Technical University of Munich.

Karl Haushofer: Biography

Carl wayeyindodana kuphela Max (1840-1907) kanye Adelheid (1844-1872) Haushofer. Uyise wayengumGreki, uprofesa othile wezomnotho kuyo le nyuvesi. Ezinjalo imvelo inkanuko ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinte Charles, okwadingeka ezicini eziningi zokuzilibazisa.

Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme ngo-1887, lapho ngasebenza kwabosizo lokuqala Prince Regent Luitpold of eBavaria ibutho. UKarl waba isikhulu ngo-1889 futhi wabheka impi njengoba novivinyo olukhulu besithunzi sobuntu kanye nesizwe.

indima Kakhulu eyadlalwa umshado wakhe ngo-Agasti 1896 uMarta Mayer-Doss (1877-1946). Volitional abesifazane abafunde kakhulu kwaba nethonya elikhulu ekuphileni nokomuntu siqu yomyeni wakhe. Wagqugquzela kuye ukudlulisela icala umsebenzi zezemfundo kwamsiza emsebenzini wakhe. Iqiniso ukuthi uyise wayengumJuda, Haushofer kuzodala izinkinga phakathi nokubusa kwamaNazi.

Ngo 1895-1897 GG. Carl kwaholela uchungechunge izifundo Bavarian Academy lamasosha, lapho efundisa ngempi nomlando yesimanje ngo-1894. Noma kunjalo, ngokushesha ngemuva kokushicilelwa lokuqala ekuhlaziyweni a iqhinga lezempi, ukugxeka omunye nezinduna zakhe, ngo-1907, Haushofer wayiswa division wesithathu e Landau.

Ukuhamba

Carl wagxuma lapho nje kuvela ithuba ukubaleka lapho, wavuma ukuqhutshelwa ungqongqoshe Bavarian empi izikhundla e-Japan. Ukuhlala e-East Asia isibe lunqume ngokuma kwezwe umsebenzi wakhe futhi GEOPOLITICS. Kusukela ngo-October 19 kuya ku-February 18, 1909, wahamba nomkakhe ngokusebenzisa eCeylon, eBurma, India nase-Japan. Lapha Haushofer wathunyelwa ehhovisi lenxusa isiJalimane, bese ku Division 16 e Kyoto. Wahlangana kabili nge Mutsushito umbusi, ngubani, njengabanye aristocrats zendawo, kwagxila elinamandla kuye. Haushofer Japan wenza ngohambo lwamasonto amathathu kuya Korea China. Ngo-June 1910 wabuyela Munich ku ujantshi Trans-Siberian. Lokhu kuvakasha olulodwa eZweni YeJapan futhi umhlangano Izicukuthwane wasiza balolonge imibono yakhe ephelele yengxoxo futhi ekugcineni akusebenzi mayelana Japan.

Incwadi yokuqala

Ukugula okungathí sina ngenkathi kuhanjwa, Haushofer wafundisa kafushane ngesikhathi Bavarian Military Academy, ngaphambi kokuthatha ikhefu elingakhokhelwa e 1912-1913. Mashi ayemphefumulele ukudala incwadi yokuqala "Dai Nihon. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Omkhulu-Japanese amandla ezempi esikhathini esizayo "(1913). Esikhathini esingaphansi 4 izinyanga March bizela Amakhasi 400 umbhalo. Lokhu ukubambisana ethelayo ngeke kuphela ukuthuthukisa e izincwadi eziningana ezalandela.

umsebenzi zezemfundo

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukhonkolo ngase-career zezemfundo Haushofer kwaba kokuthola ezinkulu oneminyaka engu-44 ubudala ngo-Ephreli ngo-1913 e-University of Munich njengoba umfundi zobudokotela ngaphansi UProfesa Erich von Drygalski. Emva kwezinyanga ezingu-7, wathola iziqu zobudokotela e-geography, yokuma komhlaba kanye nomlando, nge mqondo esithi "iqhaza German ekuthuthukiseni isikhala Japan yendawo subyaponskogo. Ithonya lakhe inkanuko of empini kanye nenqubomgomo lempi "(1914).

Umsebenzi wakhe waphazanyiswa isevisi ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ikakhulukazi e-Western Front, okuyinto waphothula erenki sesigaba nomyali. Ngokushesha ngemva kokubuyela Munich ngoDisemba 1918, waqala lokusebenza ngaphansi kobuholi yangaphambili mqondo "Izikhombisi eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa Empire ezindawo of Japan" (1919), eyaqedwa ngo izinyanga 4. Ukuvikelwa ende balandela ngoJulayi 1919 mayelana Japanese kwezilwandle uma uya phakathi nezwe kanye isiphakamiso e abafundisayo (emva 1921 - isihloko zokuhlonipha) e geography. Ngo-October 1919, uKarl Haushofer eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni engu-50 elase lithathe umhlalaphansi, e elisezingeni ezinkulu jikelele futhi waqala inkambo yakhe yokuqala Izinkulumo "anthropogeography eMpumalanga Asia."

Ujwayele Hess

Ngo-1919 Haushofer wahlangana Rudolf Hess futhi Oscar Ritter von Niedermeyer. Ngo-1920, Hess baba umfundi wakhe futhi umfundi, futhi wangena ezinhlwini National Socialist German Workers Party. Rudolph waboshwa nge Hitler Landsberg emva kuhlulekile Icebo lika umzamo ngo-1924. Haushofer wavakashela umfundi wakhe khona izikhathi 8 futhi ngezinye izikhathi bahlangana sokudumisa esizayo. Sengibuyele umbuso ngo-1933, Hess, iPhini kaHitler, waba ngumsizi wabaningi GEOPOLITICS, sakhe ummeli wommangalelwa futhi ukuxhumana elalisekela umbuso wamaNazi.

Ngo-1919, von Niedermayer - Dryganski zobudokotela, induna yempi German futhi kamuva uprofesa wesayensi wezempi e-University of Berlin - Haushofer bakhangwa inqubomgomo yaseJalimane maqondana Japan. Ngo-1921, emnxusa ukuba ilungiselele umbiko oluyimfihlo ezindabeni-East Asian Inkonzo German Wezokuvikela. Lokhu kuye kwabangela iqhaza Carla ezingxoxweni imfihlo ezinyunyana phakathi eJalimane, eJapane neSoviet Union ngo-December 1923, futhi ukuqashelwa ezikhulayo emibuthanweni sezombusazwe engcono uchwepheshe German eJapane.

Karl Haushofer GEOPOLITICS

Yaqala ukunyathelisa imiqondo yakhe kuphawulwa kukhululwa ngo-1924 encwadini ethi "The GEOPOLITICS ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean." Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwaqala ukukhiqizwa kukamagazini i- "GEOPOLITICS", ogama umhleli kwaba Karl Haushofer. Imisebenzi esemqoka ezihlobene indima usosayensi Borders (1927), i-pan-imibono (1931), futhi imizamo ukusungula izisekelo ekumeleleni GEOPOLITICS (1932). Kodwa umagazini uye njalo wahlala yomculo wakhe oyinhloko.

Kwakuyisikhathi uhlobo lwebhizinisi umndeni, isb. A. synovitis akhe amabili onekhono, Albrecht futhi uHeinz, ikakhulukazi lesi samuva bebelokhu iqhaza lokhu. Bobabili wathola iziqu ze-doctorate 1028, baba othisha ngo-1930, futhi ngaphansi kukaHitler matasa okusezingeni eliphezulu okuthunyelwe uhulumeni: Albrecht - Ministry of Foreign Affairs, futhi Heinz - Ministry of Agriculture.

Kuze 1931 Karl Haushofer eshicilelwe "GEOPOLITICS" ngokubambisana zokuma kwendawo abasha Germanom Lautenzahom Otto Maullem futhi Erich Obst. Phakathi zom iphephandaba ngasekupheleni 1920, baye banyathelisa isingeniso jikelele isayensi "Izingxenye geopolitical" (1928). Kule ncwadi, ababhali wacabangela GEOPOLITICS wesayensi isicelo ehambisana ezombusazwe wesimanje, okuyinto uhlose kukhomba amaphethini izinqubo zezepolitiki ngokuqondene zabo isikhala zokuphetha izibikezelo zezombusazwe. Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, ukungavumelani sendlela "zesayensi 'sikamagazini wabo kufanele ahlaziye inqubomgomo yamanje, okwaholela Ukuhamba abahleli abasebasha. Haushofer kwaba umhleli kuphela kusukela ngo-1932 kuze kube ukuqedwa ukushicilelwa ngo-1944

Umsebenzi ukukhula

Ngemva uHitler eqala ukubusa ngo-January 1933 Umsebenzi GEOPOLITICS neqhaza layo eqala ukukhuluphala ngenxa ubuhlobo obuseduze Rudolfom Gessom. Ngesikhashana nje sekuyinto eziningi izinyathelo ngcono isimo salo zezemfundo. Ekuqaleni, habilitation yakhe sishintshile saba "Germanism phesheya, umngcele ukuzivikela nokuma kwezwe." Ngo-July 1933 ngesicelo ummeleli Hitler eBavaria Franz Xavier Ritter von Epp, omunye Haushofer esikoleni futhi kwezempi, yena wanikezwa isihloko amalungelo, kodwa hhayi isikhundla futhi iholo uprofesa. Ngo parallel, abameleli ezihlukahlukene University of Munich kanye Ministry of Culture wohlobo lwaseBavaria okhethwe kuye kokuthunyelwe ka li we nyuvesi - isinyathelo esithathwe ngenjongo ukusetshenziswa ngenxa ngakwesokunene Hitler ukuvikela kweSikole manipulations amaNazi. Carl Hess wanxusa ukuyeka lemizamo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Hess wakhuthaza ukusungulwa eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela ngoba Haushofer geography noma GEOPOLITICS, kodwa uNgqongqoshe of Culture wohlobo lwaseBavaria wamphika kule. Haushofer wahlala ilungu neuropathy we Munich ukulawula ngokwebalazwe, nakuba isimo salo liye landa kakhulu kuleli iso emphakathini.

izwe-German

Phakathi nokubusa amaNazi, bekatsatsa izikhundla eziphezulu kuleli izinhlangano ezintathu ezihilelekile ekunyusweni isiko German kanye kwezilwandle German. IQembu LamaNazi, akazange ukungena, ngoba kukhona izinhlelo eziningi nemikhuba kungamukeleki. Kunalokho, wazama ukudlala indima umlamuli phakathi kwalolu hlangothi futhi okungezona party amalungu, nakuba kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya, ngenxa yokukhula ingcindezi nazification futhi ukuxuba ezombangazwe kanye wokulwa ezazikhona party futhi uhulumeni eminyakeni yokuqala zombuso wamaNazi.

Ngo-1933 Hess wayephethe izindaba yobuhlanga Germany, wadala IBhodi lamaJalimane yobuhlanga, laso baba Haushofer. Council wayenamandla nenqubomgomo yokuziphatha maqondana amaJalimane yobuhlanga phesheya. Haushofer kwaba umsebenzi oyinhloko liaising nge Hess nezinye izinhlangano amaNazi. Ukungqubuzana kwemisebenzi neziphathimandla party kwaholela kuqedwa iBhodi ngo-1936

Futhi ngo-1933, Academy funa nazification, Haushofer ahlinzekwa ukuthatha isikhundla ezibaluleke kakhudlwana. Ilungu le-Academy ngo-1925, wakhethwa likamongameli ngo-1933 kanye nomongameli, ngo-1934. Nakuba Karl kwesokunxele okuthunyelwe ngenxa ezingqubuzana ubuholi, wahlala eyilungu lomkhandlu kwangaphakathi njengoba emelele unomphela Hess kuze 1941

Esesithathu inhlangano ebalulekile, isikhathi esithile waba eliholwa Usosayensi othile kwaba Yabantu Union for amaJalimane namasiko German phesheya. Ngesikhathi isinyathelo Hess, Haushofer baba uSihlalo walo ngo-December 1938 futhi agcinwe kule ndawo kuze kube ngo-September 1942, edlala indima figurehead, njengoba yake inyunyana ezimele yaba ithuluzi inkulumo-ze imibono enkulu oMbusi German.

Imibono nemibono

kuyanda zamaNazi ukuba zisho ukuthi amandla washiya uphawu ku umsebenzi ososayensi, Nokho ngaphezulu ifomu kuka kokuqukethwe. Lokhu kubonakala ngokukhethekile endleleni wokulandisa yakhe eyathatha isikhathi esifushane "National Socialist mbono ngombono global" (1933), okuyinto uchungechunge "okusha kwamaNazi 'Academy wethulwa. Ngo Sokusebenzela wakhe National ufanekiselwa ukunyakaza emhlabeni wonke yokuvuselela kazwelonke, nge dynamism ethile kwezendawo imiphakathi empofu, lapho umlobi abalwa eJalimane, e-Italy ne-Japani. Ngo-1934, balandela okusakazwa kabanzi "Contemporary World Ezombusazwe" (1934) - elidumile Ukugaya imibono esedlule oyenzile ukuthi ukusekela izimiso inqubomgomo angaphandle lobuNazi, ukuthi kuze 1938 cishe kwaqondana nezifiso Haushofer. Ezincwadini eziningi ku Japan, I-Europe Central neziNdaba International, iphrintwe emva 1933, "Oceans kanye nemibuso yezwe" (1937), wadlala indima ekhethekile. Kwakuthinta united theory geopolitical ka Karl Haushofer, owawuthi amandla amandla ulwandle kubaluleke kakhulu.

ukulahlekelwa Rapid ithonya elandayo ukukhungatheka imodi elichaza Eminyakeni ethile kamuva, GEOPOLITICS ngemva kokuhamba kwakhe kwakuyovela eyunivesithi. Ngonyaka ofanayo, wathotshiswa futhi wabonisa ukuntula ithonya lezombangazwe, evimbela uhlelo lwesibili incwadi "Imingcele" (1927) emva Italian uhulumeni umbhikisho mayelana nencazelo yakhe uhlanga German eNingizimu Tyrol. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokwenza imisebenzi umeluleki engqungqutheleni Munich ngoSepthemba 1938, okwaholela wadla we Sudetenland, uCarl wavuma ukuthi iseluleko sakhe uHitler ukuba uyeke umsebenzi owawuqhubeka wanda zishiywe ekufuneni umashiqela analo yini impi yezwe.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela block yezwekazi noKarla Hauskhofera waba omunye imiqondo yalo ebaluleke kakhulu. Yayisekelwe kuyi-isivumelwano phakathi Berlin, eMoscow kanye Tokyo. Le phrojekthi waqalwa ka-Agasti ngo-1939 kuya-December 1940, kuze kube wangcwatshwa eJalimane empini-USSR. Imfundiso ngokuphathelene nekusasa le ngxabano phakathi yasolwandle ayizikhondlakhondla ezwekazini.

Karl Haushofer - umbhali inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela block yezwekazi - ngokuhlolisisa nongenamusa kakhulu Poland, okwaholela ekutheni uyokusekela oshisekayo Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact atheleka, ukuqeda lizwe.

ukuphahlazeka

Kusukela ekupheleni kwawo-1940, uKarl Albrecht, kanye Hess uphenyo ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthula neBrithani. Yaphela ngokukhululwa ukundiza Hess ukuze Scotland Meyi 10, 1941, lapho ekhuluma izinsongo, ufana kancane ukuze plan for ukuthula elaliklanywe Albrecht. Ngenxa yalokho, Haushofer wayeshonelwe umvikeli wakhe hhayi kuphela, lokho kwakubalulekile, sicabangela imvelaphi samaJuda uMarta, kodwa wabuye waphakamisa izinsolo futhi ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Carl ephenywa ngemibuzo amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi, futhi Albrecht waphetha amasonto 8. Kulandelwe Haushofer nokunakekelwa zonke izikhundla matasa zezombusazwe nabantu abazimisele kusukela ngo-September 1942 endaweni Bavarian Manor. isimo sakhe saba sibi kakhulu ngemva umzamo kokubulawa on Hitler Julayi 20, 1944, njengoba Albrecht iqhaza kule nhlangano, ngalo ihlelwe. Charles ibekwe amasonto 4 eDachau namadodana akhe baboshwa Berlin. Kube Albrecht wadutshulwa ngemvula yezinhlamvu wabulawa SS Apreli 23, 1945 Heinz wasinda empini futhi waba sezolimo namahlathi futhu umqaphi zomlando umndeni.

Ngemva kwempi, US ukuphatha Haushofer wangabaza ngomsebenzi wakhe kanye nemikhankaso yezombusazwe, kodwa akazange ukuheha ukuba iqhaza eNuremberg Izilingo, njengoba indima yakhe kwaba nzima ukuveza ubufakazi empini. Waphoqwa ukuba udala idokhumenti obekumele ukulondoloza izizukulwane ezizayo kusukela GEOPOLITICS German. Ngemva umsebenzi yabhalwa emfushane "Ukuvikelwa GEOPOLITICS German" (1946), lapho-ke ayisekho uchaza futhi ufaneleke ekukhandlekeni kwakhe kuka nokuxolisa kwabo, 10 ngoMashi 1946, uKarl Haushofer nomkakhe wazibulala.