Programming. Imijikelezo Esekela inketho

Yonke enye into efanayo kokubili umsebenzi algorithm.

I-Flowchart umjikelezo ipharamitha

Imijikelezo Esekela nge ipharamitha ube flowchart ifomu (nakuba kwathiwa ngenhla kakade ethulwa). Lapha ngenhlangano design lula.

Izidingo Eziyisisekelo ukuze nemingcele lomjikelezo

Imijikelezo Esekela ne nemingcele zidinga uhlobo oluthile imvelo.

• Counter futhi isikhawu umngcele (t. E. Iskh.peremennaya umngcele 1 futhi umngcele 2) kufanele kube ngawakho efanayo uhlobo idatha. Uma kukhona ukuhambisana kuphela phakathi kwezindinganiso kokuqala yokugcina ingxenye ngalo kanye nenombolo yeriferensi variable, uhlelo lungashintsha liziphathe ngendlela engafanele ngoba imingcele uyoshintshwa ngu kokuqala uhlobo Umngcele we-data.

• Uhlobo idatha okufanele basonta amagugu ipharamitha kumelwe abe yinombolo. It is hhayi Kunconywa ukusebenzisa uhlobo yangempela.

• Shintsha ukubaluleka emandleni iluphu iskh.peremennaya kuyinto engathandeki. Kungenjalo, umsebenzisi angakwazi neze ukulandela umkhondo wokuthi amaphutha kungenzeka yabonakala.

• Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo imijikelezo, ku Ukuze ... ku ... do noma Ukuze ... downto ... musa isinyathelo ayikwazi ukushintshwa a ukubeka ngaphandle 1.

Turbo Pascal: kanjani ukuba uthole uphume ku-loop

Ngokuvamile kukhona izinkinga lapho kukhona iluphu, isb. E. isimo uhlale eneqiniso. inqubo Break kusiza ukuphuma umjikelezo ne umbandela, postcondition, ipharamitha. E. umsebenzi wabo inqanyulwa kwesikhathi.

Imijikelezo Esekela nge ipharamitha e Pascal (izinhlelo okubandakanya "engunaphakade 'izimo iqiniso) kungenziwa wayeka ngokusebenzisa Qhubeka. Lapha umsebenzi kuhlelwe ngalendlela: kokushiwo kuphindelelwa samanje ekuqaleni eqeda abulawe yayo, ukulawula sidlulile ethimbeni esilandelayo, kodwa hhayi uphume ku-loop.

Inqubo Phuma kuyadingeka ukuze uqedele lo msebenzi a block ethile ikhodi hlelo. Sibangelwa ngaphakathi inqubo (umsebenzi) futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusebenza le "ngxenye" is anqanyulwa ngokushesha. Uma Phuma Itholakala unit main, khona-ke ayeka.

inqubo Misa kunciphisa isimiso yokusebenza lokhu okulandelayo: Uhlelo umsebenzi ngokugcwele uphela.

Izibonelo imisebenzi isinqumo

Umsebenzisi kuyoba usizo ngemva kokutadisha isihloko "imijikelezo nge ipharamitha e izibonelo pascal 'ukuqale ufunde futhi ukuzijayeza ukubhala ikhodi ngokwakho. Imisebenzi elula ukusiza program esizayo ukufunda imfundiso yokuziphendukela ku umkhuba, bese zisebenza ngempumelelo. On "imijikelezo inketho" izibonelo zezinkinga isinqumo, ungathola lula futhi kunzima. Nazi imisebenzi 3 eyayikhuluma umsebenzi algorithm zichazwe namazwana zonke isinqumo.

Inhloso 1

Sikhishwe afanayo iyimidwebo integers ku uhla [0..199], akhethiwe nemiyalezo. Thola inani zonke izinombolo zamadijithi amabili okungasenani kabani isamba kwamadijithi kuyinto ukuphindaphinda kwe-2.

I algorithm:

1. Dala afanayo mgudumbili.
2. Hlola inombolo ngayinye ukuze ivumelane kwale mibandela elandelayo:

a) uma 9

b) ukhethe inombolo idijithi yesibili sokuhlukanisa by mod;

c) ukubeka phansi izinombolo zabo esabiwe;

d) zazihlukaniswa predetermined lemali Mod 2;

e) uma yi ilingana 0, counter is abaqhubeke-1.

umsebenzi 2

Kunikezwe afanayo eyodwa-ntathu of izakhi inamba. Thola inani izinombolo omuhle.

I algorithm:

1. Dala uxhaxha izakhi ebalulekile adalwe ngokungahleleki.
2. Umngcele we umjikelezo ukubeka isitatimende okunemibandela UMA, ezosheka element inikezwe ukuhlangabezana isimo X> 0.
3. Uma isimo uyaneliswa, counter is abaqhubeke-1.
4. Ngemva umjikelezo kufanele sibonise okuholela count value.

Idatha abakaki {} amazwana. Umugqa 11 Ungabonisa esikrinini uxhaxha ngezindlela ezimbili: ukushiya isikhala phakathi izinombolo ukwaba ku-elementi kwenani elithile amaseli ngamunye (kuleli cala, abo 5).

Ngokuvumelana 12, counter variable kungabuye anda ngezindlela ezimbili: kuphakathi kokuthi nenani odlule ukuze ungeze 1 noma sebenzisa umsebenzi ejwayelekile Inc.

umsebenzi 3

Uyabazisa-matrix sikwele. Thola enanini lama-elementi omuhle ezisebusweni idayagonali main.

incazelo:

Amalungu afanayo izinombolo eziyinhloko idayagonali elisukela phezulu kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla. Isici esikhethekile kuba yokuthi irowu kanye ikholomu izinkomba ziyafana. Ngakho-ke, omunye umjikelezo uhlele ngokwanele ukuhambisa imigqa ngaphandle busting tincenye letisele.

I algorithm:

1. Dala matrix sikwele.
2. Yabela variable obhekene isibalo izakhi omuhle, ukubaluleka "0".
3. Dala umjikelezo ukudala matrix sikwele.
4. Hlela izimo umjikelezo yokuqinisekisa: uma isibalo kuyinto on the diagonal main> 0 ke counter is abaqhubeke-1.
5. Ngemva kwesikhathi lomjikelezo esikrinini ukubonisa ukubaluleka variable eligcina enanini lama-elementi omuhle.

Ukuxabana phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili zokuhlela: C no-Turbo Pascal

Njengomthetho, uMklami self-ukuhlonipha uyazi izilimi eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube C ++, Turbo Pascal, eDelphi, Java, nokunye. D. Ukuxabana phakathi abangu liphinyiselwe bobabili ku-yalolucwaningo 80. (C no-Turbo Pascal). Ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ezifana ukulwa kwaphawuleka phakathi C ++ ne-Java.

Esikhaleni olubonakalayo ngezilimi ezintathu kweshumi izinhlelo, kukhona ezintathu pair kunazo yesiteleka, ogama ukuphikiswa hit wongqondongqondo abakhulu ezingosini eziyingozi: Algol 60 futhi Fortran, Pascal, C, i-Java kanye C ++. Yiqiniso, le mizwa kukhona subjective, kodwa ngesinye isikhathi noma omunye umbhangqwana wayengumholi. Lokhu kwakubangelwa izidingo umkhakha kanye nesidingo umkhiqizo othize isofthiwe. Esikhathini-yalolucwaningo 70. "Izwe Elivumelana" Fortran, 80 - Turbo Pascal, e-90 - C ++. Yiqiniso, akekho kubo aye "afa". Kunalokho, lingabantu ababekade siguqulelwa imikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi isofthiwe.

Ekuhloleni izilimi izinhlelo ungase uphawule ukuthi ezinye izingqikithi-syntax efanayo. Ngakho, imijikelezo nge ipharamitha e C zifana izakhiwo ezifanayo Pascal, ngaphandle ezinye izikhathi.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, onjiniyela of Turbo Pascal (Izwe Elidala) bazuza ngentuthuko of American Scientists, kuyilapho kuyi-Nguqulo Yezwe ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa imiphumela yemizamo ucwaningo European. EYurophu, onjiniyela wakhuthaza neku- nobumsulwa compactness izilimi izinhlelo, futhi izingqondo American sithambekele okwengeziwe maqondana nokusetshenziswa izitayela ezintsha-fangled ikhodi lokubhala.