Kabusha Military uPawulu 1

Kuhlelwa kabusha uPawulu 1 (1796-1801) wathola mlando impikiswano. Isizathu itholakala ukudideka futhi ukuphikisana okuqondile ngokwengqondo imithetho yombusi. Ngokwemvelo ngempela umuntu onekhono othole imfundo enhle, uPawulu mina, yena waba umbusi, waziphatha njengomKristu brat ichithekile ukuthi naphezu unina izindlebe yiqhwa zaqina. Ngempela, wayazisa futhi ngokushesha walahlekelwa uyise (Peter III), futhi kwadingeka isizathu sokusola unina ukuzibandakanya ekufeni kwakhe. Umama, kakhulu, ubudlelwane akusebenzanga zisuka - uyindodana uCatherine II sathathwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa, uPawulu kancane nonina cishe akazange ukuxhumana. Catherine yena akazange abamthandayo futhi wesaba njengoba nathi ezingase zisetshenziselwe ukuba sobukhosi.

Ngenxa yalokho, uMbusi uPawulu 1 wazikhandla ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isimo ukwakha uhluke maqondana phuzu Is lowo ashila esikhathini uCatherine. Wakwazi ukuqeda ezinye "ukweqisa" obenziwa iNdlovukazi, kodwa ngenxa yalokho-ke esikhundleni sazo bebodwa, ngokuvamile nakakhulu. izinguquko ezinkulu Paul 1 izokwethulwa ukunakwa kwakho kulesi sihloko.

Imibono ngezinga elikhulu

Paul mina ngokusobala besingalindele ukuthi ukubusa kwakhe izothatha iminyaka 4 kuphela ubudala (ngesikhathi ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi wayengumuntu 42 - engu ngesikhathi okuqinile, kodwa ayesengayigcina uphile futhi siphile). Ngakho ngokushesha wathatha eziningi amaphrojekthi, futhi ezinye zazo waqaphela.

Inani eliphezulu kakhulu inkosi yanginika ngamandla akhe kanye nokuqinisa emandleni ezempi yezwe (imiqondo akuzona ezifanayo kodwa ezihlobene). Ngakho-ke, iningi ngenkuthalo ukuphoqelela nokuqalisa kabusha lempi uPawulu 1 (kafushane mayelana kuzoxoxwa ngayo esihlokweni), ogama amafilosofi busekelwe emasikweni Prussian (mayelana akusebenzi ngaleso sikhathi). Kodwa kwakukhona eziningi ezintsha ewusizo: ukushintsha izimfuneko officer, ukwandisa amalungelo amasosha, kunezinhlobo entsha amabutho, ukuqeqeshwa kwezinye izindawo ngcono (ikakhulukazi, Odokotela wezempi).

Ukuqinisa iziphathimandla kumelwe aqale kwaba ukugqugquzela umthetho omusha mayelana nohide eziya esihlalweni sobukhosi, yokuqeda esungulwe uPetru mina wokuzilimaza ukwamukelwa nkosi isinqumo owalandela ikhandidethi. Futhi iyehlisa inani amalungelo yezikhulu, waqinisa sabaphathi bureaucratic. Ukuze uthuthukise ukuphathwa kwanezelwa amalungelo nababusi, inciphise inani izifundazwe, wabuyisela ekolishi ezaqedwa ngaphambili.

Paul kakhulu esabe lwesigodlo amasu okugumbuqela imibuso futhi ukuvukelwa wazama ukulwa ne ethi "ukuvukela umbuso", ethula ukucwaninga Imininingwane. Hlola ngaphansi ngisho izikolo zomculo.

Kulokhu, uma uCatherine II kwaba 'ngomama' yezikhulu, uPawulu ngazama libeke ngokwaso njengoba "ubaba wesizwe." Wasikisela izinguquko yokuma abalimi. Nokho, ukuqonda ongumlimi "ezinhle" umbusi yasekuqaleni - ngokwesibonelo, kunenkolelo yokuthi le nqaba ube ngcono kakhulu kunalokho khulula.

UPawulu wayengumuntu isimo ekahle imithetho ngokuphelele nesiyalo (ku ngemuva bendabuko ngobudedengu Russian okuvezwa likhanga kakhulu kuka ungase ucabange). Wafunda lo mbono kusukela amaJalimane (futhi anibonanga ukuphikisana kule, nakuba liyabazonda unina, uCatherine, wayengowesifazane purebred German!).

Leso sihlalo sobukhosi ngokomthetho

Kuhlelwa kabusha ngokulandelana yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-Paul 1 kwaba esinye sezinqumo yakhe yokuqala emva ukubusa okwakufanele abe inkosi. Umthetho omusha ochithiwe le Petrine isimemezelo lapho nkosi elibusayo abanalo ilungelo ngokuzimela ukhetha owalandela. Manje ifa okufanele ngempela endala; e ukungezwakali kwawo - aphakeme umzalwane simo noma nkosi umshana umugqa besilisa; owesifazane, ongawenza ulaliswe sobukhosi kuphela ukungabi khona ukhetho besilisa.

Kuyaqondakala ukuthi uPawulu uyogwema nesimo lapho wazithola - wayenomuzwa wokuthi nguye kwadingeka ukuba ifa kuyise ngokushesha ngemva kokufa kwakhe, hhayi ukulinda kweminyaka engu-34 kuze kube imithetho unina. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi uthola isiphetho uthanda ukuntela okubi. Ngemva kokufa kukaPawulu sobukhosi wadluliswa ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile umthetho ka indodana yakhe endala, u-Alexander (endleleni, Catherine walithanda umzukulu, futhi sasizwana nogogo wakhe). Yilokho naslednichek esisemthethweni kuphela ngaphambi kokuba "wanikeza ukukhanya green" ukuze klinya daddy ...

Ngokumelene inkululeko yezikhulu

Reform yezikhulu 1 noPaul babizelwa okuhloswe ngaso silwisana willfulness yabo. Abangane umama (kwakungabafundi sycophants kobuqili abakhwabanisi, kodwa kwakukhona eziningi uyakwazi kakhulu, esifanelwe abantu) ngokuqinile bezingelwa bonke ohulumeni, base ngokushesha imiswe. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, "landizela" ezintsha zonke Catherine "inkululeko yezikhulu."

Paul kukhanselwe isimemezelo okwenza ahlukile inkonzo yezempi ozikhethela. yesikhathi eside iholide (esiphezulu kungaba izinsuku ngonyaka 30) zivinjelwe. Izicukuthwane akakwazanga ngisho ukuhambisa kusuka lezempi izakhamuzi ku zabo - edingekayo imvume ubuncane umbusi. It okwakwenqatshelwe akhononde ngokushesha umbusi - kuphela ngokusebenzisa kwababusi efanayo.

Futhi lokhu akuyona yonke - izicukuthwane ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba zikhokhe izintela futhi kwezinye izimo bavunyelwe ukusebenzisa kubo kuhlawuliswa!

Phansi nge-greenhorns gentry

Ngesikhathi esifanayo izinqumo zakhishwa uPawulu mina nabantu abathile ukubonakaliswa ugly ngempela we "kwenkululeko". Manje umnumzana wawungeke uvele inani isevisi - kuyadingeka ngempela ukuba ngisithwale. Regiment uphumile yabo bonke "greenhorns ukwenza izinto" ezihloniphekayo, esalotshwa okungeyona ethunywe isikhulu izikhundla kusukela ekuzalweni (funda "Ndodakazi sikaKaputeni" ukwazi ukuthi Petrusha Grinev lwalotshwa Guards Usayitsheni engakazalwa futhi ekuqaleni kwendaba has "isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi" ku ikhomishana - lokhu akulona ihaba). Ezinye senators kusukela Catherine Angikaze iSigele - uPawulu wayeka.

izifundo ezintsha

Ngesikhathi esifanayo uPawulu ukukhipha izinqumo ukuthi abantu ababephila waqonda njengoba ezivuna ezisemqoka abantukazana. A kuzalwa esizohlasela ongumlimi kabusha kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso imfuneko senkosi entsha ukuze castle bamlethela isifungo (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo kubo benza zomninindawo).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1797, uPawulu wakhipha Manifesto enqabela zabasebenzi iphoqelelwe ngamaSonto nezinsuku ngamaholide enkolo.

Futhi esiphawulekayo phakathi izinqumo yasekhaya zezombusazwe esivuna ukuqedwa abalimi okusanhlamvu zihlanganisa izintela (ke salandelwa imali yokukhokha esinqunyiwe) kanye kuhlawuliswa asebekhulile (Nokho abalimi engaphezu kwengu-70 kulo lonke hhayi ngakho ngokuvamile). Futhi, umsebenzi usuvuliwe ukufaka izikhalazo ngokumelene unya we kulendawo futhi zibeka imingcele ukudayiswa abalimi ngaphandle ezweni.

Strange "ukuchuma"

Kodwa isimo ziyangqubuzana uPawulu ngokucacile kakhulu njengoba kubonakala kula mbuzo ongumlimi. Inkosi ekushilo ngokuphindaphindiwe akholelwa abalimi ikakhulukazi izindlu ezweni, kodwa isigaba ... ngenkuthalo awunika ubunikazi nezinye izigodi. Ukuthi uPawulu mina ngokusemthethweni ababevunyelwe ukuthenga abalimi nedvoryanam (abathengisi wathenga serfs ukusebenza ezimbonini), futhi akazange phawula ukuthi leli zwi lesinqumo kuphambene esinqumweni ekuvimbeleni yokuthengisa ngaphandle ezweni.

ngokuvamile Inkosi yawukholelwa ukuthi abalimi lawela ahlelwe kangcono "intandane" isimo. Ngenxa yalokho, omunye kwemithetho yokuqala (ngo-December 1796) adlulisela serfdom waya ezweni kuze kube manje sesihle Don Cossacks kanye okusha Russia. Kuyo yonke le minyaka 4 wokubusa kwakhe, uPawulu wenza abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi 600 serfs. Abalimi State. Unina eyakhiwe ukusabalalisa ayizinkulungwane 840., Kodwa lokho kwathatha iminyaka 34 nokuthi krepostnitsey wakhe ngesihluku ohlonishwayo.

Abanye ochwepheshe basikisela ukuba acabangele ukuthi esinqumweni 1797, hhayi kuphela wamenqabela ukwenza serfs ukusebenza ngeSonto, kodwa kungagcini ubude bayo izinsuku 3 ngesonto. Ayikho into efana naleli - ke uthi izinsuku kuphela 6 kwanele umlimi Uye wayesebenzela umninindlu, bazihlabela nabo uqobo lwabo.

Kufanele kube oda

Ngaphezu umbuzo ongumlimi kwezombangazwe ezifuywayo uPawulu wayenesithakazelo inkinga ka ukuphathwa "ukuze kuvikelwe izwe." Esikhathini kabusha zokuphatha uPawulu 1 kwababusi amandla zandile (njengoba kushiwo ngenhla) futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo inciphise inani izifundazwe (50 ukuze 41). Paul ngaphinde abanye ozakwethu, ngaphambili uyekwa. Wesifundazwe LoMhlangano yezikhulu isuke ingasabalulekile amandla abo zokuphatha (bathuthela nababusi). Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke ibuyiselwe amalungelo ukuzibusa kwezinye izindawo umbuso (ikakhulukazi e-Ukraine). Kwakungeyona okuzimela ephelele, kodwa futhi amakhono kulezi zifunda e ezimele izinkinga zedivayisi isinqumo babo yanda ngokuphawulekayo.

бюрократия очень укрепилась (хотя он всегда говорил, что с нею борется). inqubomgomo kabusha kaPawulu zasekhaya 1 kwaholela yokuthi nenchubokuphatsa kakhulu kwaqinisa (nakuba ngaso sonke isikhathi kusho ukuthi elwa naye). Yingaleso sikhathi lapho kwakukhona iyunifomu ahlukahlukene bureaucratic zomnyango.

kwekuhlela kabusha langaphakathi uPowula 1

UPawuli wayengasabi gobe nokuvukela, nokuqedwa ethi "ukuvukela umbuso" ahlonishwe umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu inqubomgomo yasekhaya. Nokho, ngokushesha ngemva eza namandla kuxolelwe eziningi "izinkathazo-abenzi" (kuhlanganise Radishcheva Kosciuszko), kodwa kuphela naphezu umama - indawo yabo ekuphetheni ngokushesha okukhulu elalihlala nezinye "Voltairiens".

Ukuthi uPawulu owabhala ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane Empire of ukucwaninga ingqikithi Institute. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-emperor kwaba kakhulu sensitive ukubonakaliswa sangaphandle ihlonipho nokulalela. Ngezinye Izikhangibavakashi yayo yonke babekhothama bekhombisa (kuhlanganise izintokazi yizicukuthwane) futhi izinwele zekhanda lakhe. Ngezinye izikhathi uPawulu Ngawatshengisa ukubonelelwa ukuze mthetho lokhu kubusa (Pushkin benza yisho inkosi wamkhuza okwesikhathi ngophethe - yena cha enza anything, kuphela baphoqeleka ukuba akhumule cap yakhe nomfana omncane). Kodwa uma kwaziwa futhi uthumele isixhumanisi intokazi bagongobaliswe ubudala rheumatism - ke akakwazanga kahle ukukhuleka ...

isimiso Prussian

Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke nesithakazelo kuKesari uPawulu 1 lempi izindaba, futhi lapha wayegunde imigomo emikhulu kakhulu.

Ngisho indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi njengoba, enqabeni yaso ka Gatchina uPawulu yena aqeqeshe unogada siqu, mushtruya ku ngendlela Prussian. ekahle yakhe (njengoyise, ngasendleleni) kwaba noFrederick II yasePrussia, kanye Umqhele Prince kungukuthi ukhathazwa ukuthi imibono lokhu (oluvelele ngempela) wombusi ngesikhathi ukubusa kwakhe ngesibindi esihlalweni eyabhalwa kancane. Kuyinto imithetho elisungulwe ebuthweni lasePrussia ka Friedrich izikhathi, wanquma ukuthatha njengesisekelo izinguquko ibutho Russian.

Down Potemkin futhi Suvorov!

Ezinye izazi-mlando zanamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi izinguquko lempi wenze uPawulu 1 ibutho Russian zihlelekile, nangokuhleleka combat-ngomumo. Ngakho-ke, bathi kuye: kwakungase ke ukunqoba of Napoleon. Lo is ngokusobala akunjalo. Combat elungele impi Russian benza nje ojenene inkathi Catherine - Suvorov, Rumyantsev, Potemkin, futhi amasosha Russian asesandleni ngamabandla abo omkhulu ngisho ukushaya Frederick efanayo. Kodwa lokhu igalelo UPawulu wabonisa ngokuqinile waphonsa - wazonda zonke labo bagqugquzela unina.

amasosha ukuqeqeshwa ngempela olwenziwa ngokucophelela. Kodwa esikhundleni sokuthatha ukuqeqeshwa Suvorov lokulwa yemvelo kanye eyenziwe nezingqinamba insabule waqala vyshagivaniya amahora amaningi emhlabathini umbukiso nge ukusebenza izindlela isibhamu zemikhosi (into efana kungabonwa namuhla ukudlula yabalindi ezibiyele, kodwa phakathi nokubusa uPawulu mina, uphoqeleka ukubhekana yonke impi).

Amasosha aphinde begqoke corsets nge ezinkalweni some, ewumngcingo amabhuzu ungakhululekile futhi wigs oluyimpuphu kanye curls. Akekho nesithakazelo, ukuthi iyunifomu ewumngcingo yokufikelwa kubangelwa ukuntula emoyeni kanye nesidingo ukubeka efanele ifomu kwekhanda nge powder kabashiyanga isikhathi esanele sokulala. Omisiwe ikhasi wigs (basuke oluyimpuphu, ngokuhlanganisa iflowuru, bese uthola inhlama uqweqwe) ebangela migraines nemibandela ezinzima ezingahlanzekile.

Kwakukhona nezinye "okusungulile". Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi uPawulu 1 waphoqelela ibutho ngamunye wabo wayenomsebenzi engamakhulu halberdiers ...! De empeleni waba, lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ibutho uvele engamakhulu bengahlomile.

Nokho, abaningi nezikhulu abanolwazi futhi ojenene belwa ezintsha ngaphandle ilungiselelo ngaphambi. Ngakho, Suvorov umlandeli ngesikhathi kuqhubeka umkhankaso wakhe Italian ligcizelele "awuboni" ukuthi amasosha akhe bamane povybrasyvali zonke izingxenye engadingeki we iyunifomu, futhi halberdier ake "izikhali" yabo ... zokubasa.

Akukubi ngakho

Kodwa kudingeka sihlale umgomo - izinguquko ibutho uPawulu 1 kwaba nethonya elihle. Ikakhulukazi, zingabantu uhlobo olusha amabutho zadalwa - zokuxhumana (Isevisi yokuhambisa) namayunithi zobunjiniyela (Pionerny Regiment). Enhloko-dolobha, College udokotela ihlelwe sika (manje - Military Medical Academy). UMbusi futhi wanakekela ukuqeqeshwa amabalazwe lempi wadala amakhadi Depot.

Leli sosha lafika base baqala ukuhlala ezindaweni emabhalekisini, hhayi ezine emizini yabazalwane - futhi lokhu kwadambisa isimo yesigaba esiphakathi, futhi nomthelela ekwandeni isiyalo. Igama elithi yesevisi ukubuthela usumisiwe ncamashi 25 eminyakeni (esikhundleni unomphela noma kuze unfitness). Soldier yayinesihloko esithi ukushiya (Izinsuku ezingu-28 ngonyaka) futhi isikhalazo izenzo ezingekho emthethweni iziphathimandla.

Amayunifomu manje ukuyidlulisa yengcebo, hhayi ukuthenga izikhulu (njengoba sasithi namuhla, inkohlakalo scheme labhuntsha). Isiphathiswa waba isisusa impilo kanye nokugcinwa amasosha akuleli (kufika ku bemangalelwa ngamacala obugebengu). Lasemanzini eyenziwa lobuchwepheshe kabusha imishini, futhi abanye abangu kukhanselwe isijeziso banengeke (isib, ukudweba ngaphansi keel).

Ekugcineni, iyunifomu ungakhululekile kulekelelwa futhi abanye Izinsiza - Paul yethulwa ngo Russian ibutho ebusika izingubo ukuma. Kwakukhona noboya uwumnikazi wenkampani, amajazi awugqinsi, amajazi. Guard ebusika ngokusemthethweni avunyelwe ukuma siqaphe amajazi kanye amabhuzu (mthetho namanje empeleni), futhi baletha onke yengcebo kunesidingo.

Isiphathamandla ukunganeliseki

Kuyaziwa ukuthi uphakathi kwabozungu ababulala uMbusi uPawulu mina lapho, kwakufanele izikhulu eziningi ezaziwayo. Kwakumelwe babehlonipha futhi bengenisa malouvazhitelnye izizathu ukungeneliseki. Inkosi yathukuthela kakhulu enalokho kuthambekela ngenjongo yokuthola amaphutha kanye nezikhonzi, ikakhulukazi yamathanga - sicela uxoxe umbukiso e isixhumanisi, yize, kwakuyinsakavukela.

Kodwa izikhulu eziningi acasuke futhi kuyakhandla nkosi - ababe besaba "ukukhanya" emicimbini yomphakathi, ukubandakanya amasosha. Nezikhonzi ngempela ngokuqinile adingekayo isimo amayunithi abo, ngaphandle ebuka yezikhulu futhi afanelwe. Nokho, abavamile phakathi izikhulu esikhathini Pavlovian kwesokunxele - walayela ukuxoshwa zonke izikhulu nedvoryan futhi uvinjelwe kusukela khathesi unike Unter ekilasini nedvoryanskyh kwababusi.

Ngenxa yalokho, abakhonondayo okukhulu udumo indlalifa, u-Alexander. Yiqiniso, wayekubona lokho uyise noma ngayiphi indlela 'athonye "ukukhulula sobukhosi. U-Alexander I ngobuqotho ikhokhwe kwabozungu - ekumemezeleni ukubusa kwakhe, kokuthoma wathi: "Lapho mina ngibe konke sengathi ugogo."

UMbusi uPawulu 1 akuyona noyedwa kubabusi omkhulu, hola ngenhlonipho enkulu. Wabusa isikhathi eside, futhi ngempela wokubusa kwakhe wazala i Imprint despotism. Kodwa lokho asikho isizathu hhayi ukubona ushintsho oluhle ayisungula le nkosi empilweni yomphakathi. Bamangala nalapho, futhi namanje izinguquko uPawulu 1 (kafushane ngabo ozifundile isihloko) iye yafeza indima ekuthuthukiseni okwengeziwe yezwe.