Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zemvelo. Amazinga kwenhlangano kanye izakhiwo eyisisekelo

Zonke ukwehluka zomhlaba abahlala cishe akunakwenzeka ukuveza ngokwamakhalenda ambalwa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu systematics zabo zenziwe amaqembu ngesisekelo izici ezithile. Kulesi sihloko sibheka lezi izakhiwo eziyisisekelo, izimiso of ngezigaba kanye amazinga yenhlangano lokuphila eziphilayo.

Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zemvelo: emfushane

Ngamunye eziphila emhlabeni, umuntu futhi eyingqayizivele. Nokho, abaningi kubo eziningi izici ezifanayo kwesakhiwo. Kuyinto zizathu zonke izinto eziphilayo kungenziwa zib taxa. Ezikhathini zanamuhla izazi ziye zakhomba ezinhlanu AmaKhosi. Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zemvelo (isithombe sikhombisa abanye amalungu ayo) kuhlanganisa izitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta, lamagciwane. Owokugcina kubo ungenalo isakhiwo solwazi, futhi ngesizathu Uyi umbuso ehlukile. zamagciwane-molecule siqukethe nucleic acid okungase imelelwa DNA ne-RNA. Elibazungezile kuyinto igobolondo amaprotheni. Nge isakhiwo zalezi zinto ezifana labo abazokwazi kuphela uphawu eyodwa ephilayo nezidalwa - self-inhlangano ukwanda ngaphakathi umzimba aphethe. Zonke amagciwane kukhona prokaryotes. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho ikhishwa nucleus kangakanani ezitokisini zabo. impahla yabo zofuzo uvezwa nucleoid - isiyingi DNA amangqamuzana, amaqoqo zazo zitholakala ngokuqondile cytoplasm.

Izimila nezilwane zingafani ukudla ngendlela. Okokuqala labo abazokwazi synthesize organic compounds ngesikhathi i-photosynthesis. Le ndlela yokudla ngokuthi Autotrophic. Izilwane ukudla izinto ngomumo eyenziwe. eziphilayo maKristu abizwa heterotrophs. Amakhowe kunezimpawu kokubili ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Ngokwesibonelo, inamathelisiwe indlela yokuphila ukukhula angenamkhawulo, kodwa ayikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis.

I izakhiwo ndaba ophilayo

Futhi ngasiphi isizathu, ngokuvamile, izinto eziphilayo okuthiwa? Izazi ziye lakhomba inani zindlela. Okokuqala, kuba ubunye ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali. kwakhiwa Zonke ndaba ophilayo ubizwa nge izinto eziphilayo. Lezi zihlanganisa amaprotheni, lipids, ukudla okumahhadla nomoya-acid nucleic. Bonke bangabangasokile biopolymers zemvelo, ehlanganisa eziningana amayunithi ukuphinda. Izibonakaliso eziphilayo futhi basonta umsoco, ukuphefumula, ukukhula, ukuthuthukiswa, ukushintshashintsha zofuzo, umzimba, imifanekiso, nekhono ukuzivumelanisa.

taxon ngalinye libhekene izici zayo siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, izitshalo zikhule ngaphandle komkhawulo, kungokwakho konke ukuphila komuntu. Kodwa izilwane ukwandisa ngobukhulu kuze kube isikhathi esithile. Kuyefana nasendleleni yokuphefumula. Kukholakala ukuthi le nqubo kwenzeka kuphela iqhaza oxygen. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi kwezimila aerobic. Kodwa nazi ezinye gciwane oxidize izinto zokwakha eziphilayo futhi ngaphandle kobukhona umoya - anaerobic.

Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zemvelo: amazinga kwenhlangano kanye izakhiwo eyisisekelo

Wathi izimpawu ophilayo has a cell webhaktheriya ezincane, futhi echichima Umkhomo oluhlaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izinto eziphilayo ezitholakala ngokwemvelo kuhlobene exchange esiqhubekayo izinto namandla, futhi isixhumanisi adingekayo eziwukudla. Naphezu kokuhlukahluka zomhlaba abahlala, amazinga inhlangano ukuphakamisa khona izinqubo abathile kuphela bokuphila. Basuke kungagcini izici isakhiwo nezinhlobo ukwehluka. Ake sicabangele ngayinye yalezi zinkulumo ngokuningiliziwe.

mangqamuzana

Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zemvelo kanye layo ngokuhlukile ke kulelizinga. Ngesisekelo bonke eziphilayo zakha amaprotheni, timphawu tesakhiwo okuyizinto amino acid. Isibalo sabo sincane - mayelana 170. Kodwa-molecule amaprotheni kuhlanganisa 20. kuphela inhlanganisela yabo inquma ezihlukahlukene esingapheliyo amaprotheni molecule - le spare albumin inyoni amaqanda ukuze collagen imisipha zesivikelo sesifuba. Kulelizinga, kukhona ukukhula nokuthuthuka eziphilayo ezitholakala isitoreji jikelele kanye ukudluliselwa lezinceku impahla, umzimba kanye energy conversion.

emangqamuzaneni nezicubu

La ma-molecule izinto eziningi eziphilayo ukwakha amaseli. Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zemvelo, izakhiwo eziyisisekelo eziphilayo ngaleso ezingeni wawabona lilonke. Imvelo okwandile eziphilayo owumphumela. Kungaba kokubili amagciwane futhi izitshalo, nezilwane. izidalwa ezinjalo emangqamuzaneni oluhambisana umzimba.

Uma uthi nhlá kungase kubonakale sengathi isakhiwo kwabo kunalokho lasekuqaleni. Kodwa akunjalo. Cabanga nje: kuseli eyodwa wenza imisebenzi yonke umzimba! Ngokwesibonelo, Paramecium caudatum wenza ezinyakazayo usebenzisa flagella, ukuphefumula ngokusebenzisa bonke ubuso, ukugaya nekulawulwa ingcindezi osmotic ngokusebenzisa vacuoles ezikhethekile. It is e la magciwane futhi inqubo locansi, okungase kwenzeka ngesimo conjugation ezaziwayo. Ngo eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi kwakhiwa izicubu. Lesi sakhiwo siqukethe amaseli, ezifanayo lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti.

organismal ezingeni

Ngo biology, ukwehlukahluka okukhona emhlabeni ophilayo sifundwa kulelizinga. umzimba ngamunye linye futhi usebenza ngokuvumelana. Iningi lawo akhiwa amangqamuzana, izicubu kanye izitho. Okuhlukile izitshalo aphansi, isikhunta futhi ulele. kwakhiwa umzimba wabo ngu iqoqo lamaseli musa akha izicubu ngokuthi thallus. Umsebenzi we izimpande eziphilayo yalolu hlobo usebenze rhizoids.

Population-zilwane namazinga ecosystem

Iyunithi encane kunazo zonke taxonomy kwezinhlobo. Lena iqoqo abantu, ukuba eziningi izici ezivamile. Okokuqala, kuba morphological, izici kwamakhemikhali, futhi ikhono ukukhulula owela, okuvumela eziphilayo ukuba bahlale kule idatha ngaphakathi kobubanzi efanayo futhi sizale evundile. taxonomy Modern njalo seliphindeke izikhathi ezingaphezu ku-1.7 million. Species. Kodwa ngokwemvelo abakwazi ekhishwe inyumbazane. Phakathi zendawo ethile eyayihlala kwezinhlobo eziningana. Lokhu kunquma ukwehluka zomhlaba abahlala. Ngo biology, iqoqo zohlobo olulodwa ezihlala ngaphakathi kobubanzi elibizwa ngokuthi sabantu. Kusukela la maqembu, ihlukanisiwe ukuba izithiyo zemvelo ezithile. Kungaba amadamu, entabeni noma izindawo ihlathi. labantu ngalinye libhekene ukwehlukana kwayo, kanye ubulili, ubudala, isakhiwo kwemvelo, lubandlululo kanye zofuzo.

Kodwa ngisho ngaphakathi engokwemvelo olulodwa, zinhlobo ukwehluka eziphilayo ngokwanele ezinkulu. Bonke ingashintshwa ukuze baphila ezimweni ezithile futhi esihlobene trophic. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngalunye oluphilayo zakwazi ungumthombo ukudla nezinye. Lokhu kuphumela isimo semvelo noma biocenosis. It seluvele iqoqo abantu zinhlobo ezahlukene ezihlobene kwendawo umjikelezo we izinto namandla.

biogeocoenosis

Kodwa nge zonke eziphilayo njalo uxhumana izici bemvelo ezingaphili. Lezi zihlanganisa air lokushisa mode, usawoti kanye Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emanzini, umswakama kanye kwelanga. Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo axhomeke kubo futhi ngeke kube khona kungekho izimo ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, izitshalo ezidla kuphela amandla elanga, amanzi nesikhutha. Kuyinto isimo ye-photosynthesis, ngawo synthesize udaba eziphilayo badinga. Isiqalo nesigcino izici biotic nemvelo ezingaphili abizwa ngokuthi biogeocenosis.

Iyini i-Biosphere

Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zemvelo kule uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli bakamalalahlengezela emelelwa. Lena igobolondo global imvelo esemhlabeni, okuyinto esihlanganisa zonke izinto eziphilayo. I uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli ilinganiselwe. Engaphandle etholakala emkhathini, ukhawulelwe ungqimba lwe-ozone le planethi. Itholakala ezingeni ukuphakama 20 - 25 km. Lesi sendlalelo ubamba eyingozi ultraviolet emisebeni. Ngaphezu kwakhe, ukuphila akunakwenzeka. Ukuze i-3 km ukujula liwumngcele engezansi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Lapha, it is engavimba khona umswakama. Ngakho ezijulile bayakwazi ukuphila amagciwane anaerobic kuphela. Esikhathini igobolondo amanzi planethi - the hydrosphere, ukuphila kutholakala endaweni ka 10-11 km ukujula.

Ngakho, izinto eziphilayo ezihlala kule planethi yethu ku casings zemvelo ezahlukene, babe eziningana izakhiwo isici. Lezi zihlanganisa ikhono lazo umoya, ukudla, ukunyakaza, imifanekiso, nokunye. D. ukwehluka eziphilayo imelelwa amazinga ehlukene inhlangano, ngasinye amazinga ehlukene obulukhuni isakhiwo nezinqubo bokuphila.