Izilimi ezingasekho lezizwe Russia

Ulimi - ithuluzi kubalulekile kakhulu empilweni yethu. Kuze kube manje, kukhona izilimi ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane eziyisithupha emhlabeni. Ngokusho UNESCO esikhathini esizayo esiseduze cishe uhhafu wabo ungase ulahlekelwe izipikha zalo zokugcina, futhi ngaleyo ndlela zinyamalale. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izilimi hamba, hhayi kuphela ezweni lanamuhla, ngoba ngisho endulo kwenzeka ukuthi abazange bashiye muntu.

Kuhlukaniswa for Izilimi Lesser Isetshenziswa

Yini zilimi ezisengozini yokuqothulwa? Yiqiniso, labo abaye basisebenzisa ngayo emphakathini, kodwa inganyamalala esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Ngakho ososayensi ngempela ngezigaba esicacile yasungulwa sokuhlukanisa izilimi nenkanyiso encane lisetshenziswe amaqembu ezilandelayo:

• характеризуются абсолютным исключением носителей. izilimi ezingasekho zinezikhathi okuhlukile abezindaba ngokuphelele.
• Izilimi on the esengozini wokuqeda, kukhona eziyivelakancane emhlabeni, ngakho inani abathwali incane kakhulu (ngokuvamile hhayi angaphezu kweshumi nambili). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakhuluma izilimi abantu abanjalo asebekhulile abahlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
• Vanishing lang libhekene inombolo ezanele abathwali (emakhulwini amaningana amashumi ezinkulungwane) ka asebekhulile. Izingane kanye intsha ngezilimi enjalo sebekubeke azifundisiwe.
• izilimi enezinkinga ezisebenzisa abantu abangaba yinkulungwane. Nokho, izingane zifundiswa lezi zilimi, kodwa ngokwezinga elithile omncane.
• izilimi engazinzile nganoma isiphi isikhathi akwazi ukuya kwelinye iqembu. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi isetshenziswa abantu ngokuphelele bonke ubudala kanye nesimo, okungenani ngolimi, futhi akukho fix olusemthethweni.

Iliphi iqembu ngolimi oluthile?

достаточно богат, что предполагает необходимость их классификации. Ngenhlanhla noma ngeshwa, uhlu lwezilimi ezisengcupheni bacebe ngokwanele, esikisela isidingo ngezigaba zabo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi sencazelo ethile iqembu ulimi akunandaba ukuthi iziphathi abaningi basebenzisa lokhu noma lokhuya ulimi, kanye nokuthambekela kwezinhliziyo ukudluliselwa kwawo lokuxoxela izizukulwane ezizayo. ». Uma izingane kungukuthi bafundiswe ulimi, khona-ke nje ungakwazi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuya kusukela iqembu lokugcina ku "izilimi yokuqothulwa."

Ngo-2009, kwadalwa edition yakamuva ye "Atlas lwezilimi ezisengcupheni zomhlaba", elibonisa idatha esidumazayo kulokho namuhla yokuqothulwa izilimi 2500 emhlabeni (ngo-2001 lesi sibalo kwaba ngokuphindwe kathathu ephansi, kuyilapho izilimi ezingu-900 kuphela nihlale nesimo esifanayo). Okubalulekile, izilimi ezisengcupheni kwabantu bazo ERussia namuhla kukhona amayunithi 131 eqenjini layo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha yokubala abantu bathi inombolo kanye nezizwe ambalwa sehliselwe ambalwa kweshumi minyaka yonke. Kodwa ingxenye kazwelonke ngolimi olufanele!

izilimi ezisengozini Russian: Kerek

Njengoba sekunama-impucuko yesimanje wenza nokwenziwa asebenzayo abantu abavela ezizindeni ezihlukahlukene. izizwe eziningi kancane kancane iqedwe kusukela ebusweni bomhlaba. Yiqiniso, bambalwa abantu ababamele ozama ukulondoloza, ngisho ukudlula amasiko abantu ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo, akusiyo njalo kungenzeka.

Namuhla, abantu ababili kuphela abakhuluma lolo limi Kerek (ngokuvumelana kwabantu okugcinile). Kerek (bavame bazibiza ankalgakku) - lena bezizwe ezincane kakhulu of the North, ohlala endaweni Beringovsky Chukotka. ulimi Okubukwe angakaze iskripthi - eyayikhuluma kuphela emkhayeni. Kuze kube manje, wahlala cishe izinkulungwane ezinhlanu amazwi Kerek. Umlando lesi sizwe 3,000 zeminyaka yomlando. Konke lokhu kwaqala ukuhlala endaweni ukwahlukanisa yemvelo lokho kufanele Izindawo zone oqoshiwe (ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili). Kerek kwakhiwa imikhaya kwamanye amadolobhana of Chukotka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baye zabhekana nokwenziwa nezinye izizwe ezincane - amaChukchi.

Udihe ulimi njengoba omunye encane

России активно пополняют свои ряды. Minyaka yonke izilimi yokuqothulwa Russia ngenkuthalo ubuyise ezinhlwini zabo. Ngakho, namuhla ulimi Udihe ukhuluma hhayi engaphezu kwekhulu abantu. Lolu limi kuvamile eKhabarovsk futhi Primorsky Russian Federation emaphethelweni. It has ezinye izici iqembu enyakatho izilimi, ngakho-ke kufana kakhulu Orochi. Udihe ulimi kulezizinsuku esetshenziswa abantu abadala kuphela futhi ngezinhloso yokuxhumana kwansuku nomunye kuphela. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi intsha abazi ulimi lwendabuko (lapha kufanele zibandakanye wonke abantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-40). Okwamanje ukwaba ezinye nezilimi zalo, phakathi kwawo kukhona eyaziwa Khorsky, Bikinsky futhi Samarga. Ngakho, uhlobo lolimi nolwamagama ayefana, kodwa ngokuya silulumagama kanye nemisindo yamagama zingabuka umehluko omkhulu. Nokho, umsebenzi wokudlulisa wenziwa yokululama yabo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ulimi kubhekwe kulotshiwe, kungenzeka ukufakazela kumiswa E. R. Shneyderom elihambisana zamagama esekelwe alfabhethi Latin.

Votian

, а какие пребывают на грани исчезновения? Yiziphi izilimi sezishabalele, futhi lapho lihlale on the esengozini yokuqothulwa? Nge ezingasho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi le nkinga ukhathazekile umphakathi. Futhi lokhu akumangalisi, ngoba isifiso sabantu ukulondoloza ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko ngangokunokwenzeka - is impendulo enele isimo namuhla.

Votian ezihlobene iqembu Finnic we Uralic ulimi umndeni, sifa ngoba azikho engaphezu kwamashumi amabili izikhulumi yayo namuhla. Omunye ngeengaba ngokolimi unikeze ulwazi Votian kanye amafomu Estonia futhi Livonian le iqeqebana eningizimu. Emelelwa kwezinhlobo eziningana kubhekwe lwesigodi zezigodi zihlukaniswe Western, ezivamile ezindaweni zasemakhaya Krokole, amaxhaphozi kanye Sand, nasempumalanga, ezenzeka endaweni Koporye. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umehluko phakathi esinikeziwe zezigodi ezincane. Uhlelo lolimi lokuqala Votian kwamiswa ekhulwini le-19, futhi ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, Dmitry Tsvetkov edolobhaneni Krakolie wadala Vodskaya lolimi kakade ulimi lwendabuko.

izilimi Sami

насчитывают немало элементов в своем ряду, куда следует отнести и группу саамских языков, называемых также лопарскими и относящихся к финно-угорским. Namuhla izilimi ezisengcupheni we-akhawunti emhlabeni ngoba eziningi izinto ngesibalo zabo, okufanele futhi zihlanganisa iqembu izilimi Sami, obizwa nangokuthi Lapp futhi okuqondene Finno-Ugric. Ziyakwazi abaphathi Sami noma Lapps (yencazelo lokuqala, bathambekele umsindo ngamaqembu ahlukene Sami kancane ehlukile futhi elithi Russified, kanti eyesibili - i amagama inketho). Phakathi isethi kubhekwa izilimi angawodwa ezifana uume, piite, Luule, Inari, skoldsky, Babinski, Kildinskoye, Terskiy nabanye abaningi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inani abathwali ulimi Sami emhlabeni inkulu kakhulu (abantu abangaphezu kuka-53 000). Nokho, e-Russian Federation njengoba amazwi yokuqala ukuzijayeza hhayi ningi than abantu amabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bantu, kwacaca ukuthi, iningi labo ukukhuluma isiRashiya. Ifonetikisi futhi phonology we Saami iqembu ulimi libhekene kusezingeni anda yinkimbinkimbi, ngoba ngokuvamile aqukethe amazwi onkamisa eside futhi esifushane nongwaqa futhi diphthongs futhi triphthongs.

Kuyini isizathu ukunyamalala izilimi futhi kanjani ukugcina ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko?

составляют значительную проблему, которая пользуется повышенным общественным вниманием. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, ezweni lanamuhla izilimi yokuqothulwa ziyinkinga enkulu, elisetendeni okusezingeni eliphezulu umphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, projection abonisa ukuthi lo mkhuba kolimi yokuqothulwa kuzokhulisa kuphela, ngoba ukuvela ubuchwepheshe ezintsha ngokushesha kungaholela esiphethweni esidumazayo ukuthi abantu bezizwe ezihlukahlukene benza amandla ezingasho mayelana nokwamukelwa izilimi zabo zomdabu, kodwa ngokuvamile akusizi ngalutho. Lokhu kungenxa ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo kwe-inthanethi. Ngokwemvelo, umuntu akunakwenzeka ukuba sina ukwamukela ulimi, okusenzeka singamelwe World Wide Web.

Ngakho, ukuze kulondolozwe nokuchuma ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko kubalulekile ukuba banake enkulu, eqinisweni iyithuluzi yokuxhumana, ukucabanga kanye nombono, bese ephawula ngokugcwele lo mbono isiyonke isithombe ezweni. ulimi Native ibonisa ngokugcwele ubudlelwano phakathi esidlule, zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo, eqinisweni, kuyindlela yokukhuluma zokudala. Zonke lezi kunamaqiniso isisusa esiphezulu emphakathini mayelana yisifiso sokwenza kokusebenza, ukugcina isikhathi eside isikhathi kanye ukudluliswa eliphezulu ukuze isizukulwane esilandelayo ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko.