Izici eziyinhloko izidalwa

Iziphi izici ukuhlukanisa izilwane ezinye izidalwa? Lo mbuzo ubonakala elula ngokwanele, kodwa impendulo kudinga kuvisisa ezinye izici usithe ngaphezulu eziphilayo, kuhlanganise heterotrophy ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, angahlali kanye nezinye amagama abukhuni ngokusebenzisa izinsiza esetshenziswa ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo. Yini izibonakaliso izidalwa eziphilayo zimunye, okungenani iningi izilwane, kusuka iminenke kanye idube ukuba mongooses nolwandle anemones?

ezinamangqamuzana amaningi

Uma uzama ukuhlukanisa phakathi kweqiniso isilwane, isibonelo, paramecium noma amoeba, akunzima kakhulu: izilwane, nge ncazelo, kukhona nezilwanyana ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ezingaba, nakuba inani lamaseli siyahluka kakhulu zinhlobo. Ngokwesibonelo, round isibungu, okuyinto kabanzi ukulinga biology siqukethe ncamashi 1031 amaseli, engasekho futhi akukho kancane, kuyilapho umuntu ngokoqobo sifaka isigidintathu amaseli. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuphawula yokuthi izilwane - hhayi kuphela eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, futhi zihlanganisa izitshalo, isikhunta ngisho ezithile ulwelwe.

Eukaryotic iseli isakhiwo

Izimpawu izidalwa eziphilayo zihlanganisa yeseli isakhiwo eukaryotic. Mhlawumbe uqhekeko ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni ukuphila eMhlabeni kwenzekani phakathi amabili imibono yabo ebanzi. eziphilayo Prokaryotic akudingeki nucleus ulwelwesi-iphahlwe nezinye organelles futhi kuphela owumphumela. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, wonke amagciwane.

Ngo amaseli eukaryotic, ngokuphambene, kukhona i-nucleus kahle ichazwe futhi organelles yangaphakathi (ezifana mitochondria) uyakwazi aqoqana akha a eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Nakuba zonke izilwane euakariotami akubona bonke eukaryotes yizilwane: kulomndeni ezihlukahlukene kakhulu sihlanganisa izitshalo, isikhunta futhi ulwandle amancane yesiqalo ephathelene nokudabuka-izilwane, eyaziwa ngokuthi protists.

kwezicubu ezikhethekile

Esinye isici eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene enkulu izindwangu. Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu izilwane - lena banjani namangqamuzana akhethekile. Njengoba la magciwane sibonakale siyinto evamile stem cells empeleni ngakho elula. Kunemikhakha emine ezibanzi yemvelo: kwenzwa zezinzwa, imisipha nezicubu EPITHELIAL (abakhela izitho kakhulu futhi imithambo yegazi).

Okuningi eziphilayo eziphambili abonise amazinga olucacile kwamangqamuzana. Ngokwesibonelo, izitho ezihlukahlukene zomzimba womuntu aqukethe amaseli isibindi, amanyikwe, futhi inqwaba yezinye izinhlobo. Okuhlukile izipanji ukuthi ngobuchwepheshe avunyelwe, kodwa abe amaseli esincane noma abangenaso nhlobo umahluko.

syngenesis

Esinye isici eziphilayo ukuthi izilwane eziningi bahlanganyele ukuzala, ngokuhlanganisa ukwaziswa yabo zofuzo futhi ziveze inzalo abathwele DNA bobabili abazali. Kodwa lapha akukhona ngaphandle okuhlukile. Ezinye izilwane, kuhlanganise nezinye izinhlobo oshaka siyakwazi nokuzala ngokwabo asexually.

Izinzuzo ukuzala omkhulu kusukela iphuzu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo umbono. Ikhono ukuhlola inhlanganisela ezahlukene genomes ivumela izilwane ukuzivumelanisa ngokushesha ukuze isimiso semvelo entsha. Nalapha futhi, ukuzala akugcini izilwane: lesi simiso futhi esetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene izitshalo, isikhunta futhi ngisho ezinye amagciwane ethembisa kakhulu.

blastula

Lena enye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu ukuze abone izimpawu yezidalwa esinemizwa. Lapho isidoda besilisa ihlangabezana iqanda lowesifazane, umphumela uba kuseli eyodwa ngokuthi i zygote. Ngemva zygote asitholayo imizuliswano eziningana division, kuba igama - Morula. izilwane zangempela kuphela ukufinyelela esigabeni esilandelayo - ukwakheka blastula, liba yindilinga engenalutho ngaphakathi of amangqamuzana ambalwa. Kuphela kuleli cala, bakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukene izicubu.

Movement (Izilwane)

Izimfanelo ezinhlanu zokuqala zezidalwa eziphilayo ngosizo izithombe ezihlekisayo ukukhombisa nzima kakhulu. Empeleni ngibabheka njengomndeni ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi, uma sichaza kubo, isibonelo, ingane. Ayikwazi ishiwo izici ezilandelayo. Fish sibhukuda, lezi zinyoni zishayeka, izimpisi ugijima, iminenke nezinyoka ukukhasa - zonke izilwane ayakwazi ukuthuthela esikhathini esithile ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila. Omunye izici wafunda izinto eziphilayo ukuze kuhlelwe 3 ukuhamba. Uma kukhona ukunyakaza, ngakho umzimba uyaphila.

Lokhu emisha yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ivumela nezidalwa kulula ukuthola niches entsha emvelweni, ukuxosha inyamazane futhi ugweme eziyingozi. Ezinye izilwane, ezifana ukuthi izipanji nezilwane zilahlekelwe imibala yazo ehlukahlukene, cishe kungahambi esigabeni omdala, kodwa izibungu zabo ayakwazi ukuthuthela ngaphambi kokuba singagxila olwandle. Lena ngenye yama-timphawu letibalulekile esihlukanisa izilwane ezivela ezitshalweni kanye nesikhunta. It uhlala imibono impikiswano kwezinye kilomlayo, kuhlanganise ezidla Venus Flytrap futhi ezikhula ngokushesha bamboo izihlahla.

umzimba

'Phakathi kwabantwana bakwa wafunda izici nezidalwa eziphilayo (kuyothiwa "ukudla" eklasini 3, lesi sici) kuyafaneleka umzimba namandla. Zonke izinto eziphilayo kudingeka carbon organic ngokweseka izinqubo zokuphila eziyisisekelo, kuhlanganise wekukhula, intfutfuko kanye ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Ikhono ukunambitha ukudla, ekhuluma ulimi isayensi, ngokuthi heterotrophy. Kunezindlela ezimbili ukuthola carbon: kusukela imvelo (ngesimo carbon dioxide igesi itholakale ngokukhululekile emkhathini), noma ezinye ukudla ocebile carbon eziphilayo.

Eziphilayo ukuthi uthole carbon kusukela imvelo afana nezitshalo abizwa ngokuthi autotrophs, futhi eziphilayo ukuthi kukhona i-carbon ngokudla amakhemikhali abulala nezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezifana izilwane, abizwa ngokuthi heterotrophs. Nokho, izilwane ungeyena heterotrophs kuphela emhlabeni. Zonke isikhunta, amagciwane amaningi ngisho ezinye izitshalo okungenani ingxenye heterotrophic. Ukusetshenziswa imithombo sangaphandle amandla ngesimo ukudla, ukukhanya, njalo njalo, liyisici esibalulekile yezinto eziphilayo.

Liqhubekele isimiso sezinzwa

Lona omunye izimpawu izidalwa eziphilayo. Eziphilayo, ngokukhethekile, izilwane isihambile isimiso sezinzwa. On ezingeni bokusungula, izitshalo kanye isikhunta ekwahluleleni kunzima. Kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni kuphela ezincelisayo kangaka athuthukile ukuthi babe izinzwa ucishe acute obonayo, ukuzwa, ukunambitha kanye touch (ingasaphathwa amaza omsindo amalulwane namahlengethwa noma ikhono ezinye izinhlanzi kanye oshaka sokuzwa kunyakaza kazibuthe emanzini).

Yiqiniso, le mizwa kuhilelani ukuba khona okungenani esingesihle isimiso sezinzwa, ezifana izinambuzane futhi ulwandle izinkanyezi, nasezilwaneni eziphambili kakhulu. athuthukiswe ngokuphelele ubuchopho - lena cishe omunye timphawu letibalulekile esihlukanisa ngempela izilwane kulo lonke uhlobo.

Ukukhula nokuthuthuka

Phakathi wafunda e grade 3 izimpawu yezidalwa esinemizwa zezwe kukhona ezifana into njengoba ukukhula. Le mpahla, okusho ukwanda ubukhulu nesisindo, ngenkathi sigcina uhlaka kadeveli, futhi ihambisane nesimo inqubo ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengoba ukuthuthukiswa.

A olulodwa amakhemikhali ukwakheka

izidalwa eziphilayo yakhiwa izakhi efanayo amakhemikhali, ezihlanganisa izinto bemvelo ezingaphili. Umehluko wakhona isilinganiso ukungalingani. Zonke izinto eziphilayo amaphesenti emhlabeni 98 aqukethe izakhi ezifana carbon, i-oksijini, i-nitrogen ne-hydrogen.

ukucasuka

Isici ebalulekile okuyinto esivela kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, yilona ikhono lokuphendula ingqondo. Lesi sici esashiwo ngendlela izidalwa basabela imithombo sangaphandle ukuchayeka.

discreteness

Inkolelo evamile isici ndaba ophilayo kuyinto discontinuity yayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma yimaphi yezinto eziphilayo noma yomthetho ifaka izinto ehlukile ubambisana lapho ndawonye bakha inhlangano eyodwa kwesakhiwo futhi zisebenza kahle.

On iplanethi enguMhlaba, kukhona ukuphila yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine abaphathwa iminyaka. Ukuhlala nezidalwa ezihlala kule planethi yethu, kukhona ngendlela emangalisayo ahlukahlukene: kusukela owumphumela futhi ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama eziphilayo ezincane kuya ezinguzungeni izihlahla giant, kufika ku-90 metres, kanye nezilwane omkhulu ngesisindo ezingamathani angaba ngu-150. Naphezu zonke izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kukhona izimpawu thokozani ezisiza ukuhlukanisa kubo kusukela emizimbeni bemvelo ezingaphili.