Izakhiwo isicelo futhi izici amakhemikhali: Tungsten

Umama Nature iye yacebisa esintwini izakhi zamakhemikhali ewusizo. Ezinye zazo kufihlwe ezinzulwini zalo, futhi eziqukethwe inani sincane, kodwa ukubaluleka kwazo kubaluleke kakhulu. Onjalo tungsten. Isicelo lwezici zalo ekhethekile kubangelwa.

Provenance

XVIII leminyaka - ekhulwini kwatholakala ishadi lesikhathi - baba eliyisisekelo emlandweni lokhu metal.

Ngaphambili ke bazitshela khona into akha zilwane amaminerali ukuthi nqanda them nga encibilika izinsimbi esifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ithini ibilokhu ithola nzima, uma eziqukethwe ore isici enjalo. Umehluko ngamaphuzu ukuncibilika zamakhemikhali kungaholela ekwakhekeni slag Foam, okuyinto kwanciphisela tin okukhiphayo.

Ngekhulu VIII metal kwaba ngokulandelana evulekile usosayensi Swedish Scheele neSpanishi Elyuar abazalwane. Kwenzeka ngenxa ucwaningo chemical phezu namachibi yamadwala amaminerali - scheelite futhi wolframite.

Bhalisiwe ohlelweni gqwa izakhi ngokuvumelana idijithi kanambambili 74. A ezingavamile metal refractory nge atomic weight 183,84 - kuyinto tungsten. Ukusetshenziswa Its kungenxa izakhiwo engavamile avulekele kakade ekhulwini XX.

Lapho ukubheka?

Ngokusho inombolo emathunjini omhlaba he is a "malonaselyayuschim" futhi ithatha indawo 28. Kuyinto ingxenye cishe 22 amaminerali ezahlukene, kodwa kubalulekile ukuze ukukhiqizwa yayo babe 4 wabo kuphela: scheelite (iqukethe mayelana 80% trioxide), wolframite, futhi ferberite Gyubnera (yakhiwa 75-77% ngalinye). I imikhando Ukwakheka ngokuvamile iqukethe ukungcola kwezinye izimo ekhiqizwa kanye "isizinda" ngezinto ezifana molybdenum, ithini tantalum nokunye. Imali ezinkulu e China, Kazakhstan, eCanada, e-United States, futhi babe eRussia, Portugal, Uzbekistan.

Uyithola kanjani?

Ngenxa anezakhi ezikhethekile, kanye nokuqukethwe ongaphakeme kwamadwala ubuchwepheshe ngokukhiqiza tungsten okumsulwa ngempela inkimbinkimbi.

1. ngokuhlukana Magnetic, ngokwahlukana electrostatic noma flotation ukuze ikhulise lokuhlushwa i-ore kuze kufinyelele 50-60% of tungsten oxide.
2. Kwemihlambi 99% i-nitrous ukusabela ikhemikhali ane-alikhali noma reagents esidi esigabeni ukuhlanzwa we ziyazika okuholela.
3. Kutholwa kwensimbi nge-carbon noma i-hydrogen, ukuthela elihambisana powder metal.
4. Ukukhiqizwa ingots noma powder umtselela wesikhatsi sintered.

Omunye izigaba ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo steel kuyinto powder yokusansimbi. Kusekelwe okuxubene izimpushana ngezinto refractory, ngokucindezela bese sintering okwalandela. Ngakho yalungiswa inqwaba Alloys nezobuchwepheshe ezibalulekile kuhlanganise tungsten Carbide, isicelo okuyinto zitholakala ngokuyinhloko e ukukhiqizwa yezimboni lamathuluzi yamandla aphezulu ukumelana ukusika.

Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali

Tungsten - refractory nokulalela umculo onesigqi esinamandla kunjengesiliva nge ngehele ivolumu ofiphele.

• Ukuma -? 3422 C.
• Abilayo iphuzu -? 5555 C.
• Ubuningi - 19,25 g / ^cm3.

Kuyinto umqhubi ezinhle kagesi. Hhayi odonsa. Ezinye amaminerali (ezifana scheelite) Fluorescent.

Amelana ithonya acid, izinto ezonakalisayo e okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa ezindaweni, ukugqwala nokushwabana. Ukungaqaliswa ithonya emibi ukungcola steel, ngcono ukushisa ukumelana layo, ukugqwala ukumelana futhi kunomthelela ukuthembeka tungsten. Ukusetshenziswa okunjalo yensimbi-carbon Alloys walungisiswa processability nemihuzuko nokumelana kwazo.

izakhiwo Mechanical nezobuchwepheshe

Tungsten - okuqinile, metal okuhlala. ubulukhuni Its 488 HB, amandla eqine - 1130-1375 MPA. Lapho kubanda, hhayi plastic. ? 1600 C kwandisa ductility isimo ukuhambisana ngokuphelele ekwelashweni ingcindezi: ekwakheni, kweqa, ukudweba. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u 1 kg ngentambo lwensimbi olwenza ukwenza obuphelele ingqikithi 3 km.

Machining nzima ngenxa ubulukhuni ngokweqile futhi brittleness. Drilling, ukuvula, Milling volframokobaltovye esetshenziswa Carbide izinto ezivezwa powder yokusansimbi. Ngaphansi ngokuvamile, ngesivinini aphansi, kanye nemibandela ekhethekile zisetshenziswa kusuka amathuluzi high speed steel ingxubevange of tungsten. izimiso ahlabayo okujwayelekile yilokhu alusebenzi, kusukela imishini ngokushesha okukhulu azigugi kusetshenzwe tungsten imifantu. amasu ezinjalo:

1. ukwelashwa Chemical futhi impregnation ungqimba ebusweni, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa esiliva le njongo.
2. Amalahle ebusweni usebenzisa amaziko, igesi ilangabi, i kagesi ka 0.2 A. lokushisa kuvunyelwe lapho kukhona ukwanda abanye e ductility, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuzisika ethuthukisiwe, -? 300-450 C.
3. Ukuphuca tungsten usebenzisa izinto fusible.

Ukulola ngokugedla is advantageously kwenziwe ngosizo yedayimane CBN amathuluzi, okungenani - corundum.

Zokushisela we metal refractory wenziwa ikakhulukazi ngaphansi isenzo arc kagesi, i-tungsten noma carbon electrode e igesi engaxubani namakhemikhali noma uketshezi Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo. Kungenzeka futhi ukusebenzisa ukumelana Welding.

Lokhu ikakhulukazi amakhemikhali elementi sinezici okuyinto ukuhlukanisa isisindo sayo ngokuphelele. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, it libhekene okusezingeni eliphezulu ukushisa ukumelana futhi ukugqoka ukumelana, ngcono ikhwalithi izakhiwo ukusika of doped tungsten lezinsimbi, futhi ukuncibilika lokushisa high ivumela ukukhiqizwa izibani intambo kanye electrode kwabashiselayo.

isicelo

Rarity, okwakhe kanye ukubaluleka imbangela ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobuchwepheshe banamuhla metal ngokuthi Tungsten - tungsten. Izakhiwo kanye izicelo ukuze bathethelele Izindleko eziphezulu zokuthola izidingo funa. ukuncibilika High lokushisa izinkomba, ubulukhuni, amandla, ukushisa ukumelana nokuzabalazela kuhlasela zamakhemikhali ukugqwala, futhi bagqoke ukumelana ukusika izici - ukuthi amakhadi zako ezisemqoka. Sebenzisa izimo:

1. intambo.
2. Alloying lezinsimbi ukukhiqiza high-speed, ukugqoka nemithi, ukushisa ukumelana nokushisa ukumelana yensimbi-Alloys uthole isicelo ukukhiqizwa sokuzivivinya kanye namanye amathuluzi, punches, iziphethu nezintwa leaf iziphethu, kukajantshi.
3. Ukukhiqizwa "powder" Alloys okuqinile esisetshenziselwa njengoba osezingeni ikakhulukazi ukugqoka nemithi, imishini noma amathuluzi ukuphokophela.
4. Electrode ngoba TIG nokuzabalazela Welding.
5. imininingwane Ukukhiqiza i-X-ray kanye umsakazo ubunjiniyela, izibani ezihlukahlukene yezobuchwepheshe.
6. upende elikhanyayo Special.
7. Wire nezingxenye ngemboni zamakhemikhali.
8. esisebenzayo izinto ezihlukahlukene encane, isibonelo, ukudoba JIG.

Kuyanda Alloys ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-tungsten. Field kwesicelo zezinto zokusebenza ezinjalo ngezinye izikhathi kusimangaze - kusukela ubunjiniyela ezinkulu nezincane nokukhiqiza yokuqedela umkhakha lapho izindwangu ekhiqizwa nge anezakhi ezikhethekile (isib umlilo).

izinto Anhlobonhlobo abekho. Yawo wonke amakhemikhali aziwayo futhi Alloys waqala zihlukaniswa ulimi lwawo luhluke kanye nesidingo kwezinye izici zokuphila futhi umkhakha. Nokho, abanye kubo izakhiwo ezithile ezenza kungenzeka izinqubo ngaphambilini unfeasible. Omunye eziyinsimbi kuyinto tungsten. Ukusetshenziswa Its akuyona kabanzi ukuthi ensimbi, kodwa samuntu ngamunye kuyasiza kakhulu futhi kuyadingeka ukuze isintu.