Gertrude Stein: Biography, izingcaphuno, izincwadi

Gertrude Stein wehlela emlandweni njengenhlangano Innovator nezincwadi wamavukelambuso. Lona wesifazane uye kwenziwe ngokusebenzisa ukuphila umbono lokukhululeka kwezinkambiso nomphakathi, ukudala eyabo. Abaphila Besikhathi obala wathukwa yena amthethise wakhe ngoba yobuntu bakhe abahlubukayo. Kodwa namuhla, Gertrude Stein iyindinganiso umcabango enenqubekela phambili futhi iphayona yesimanjemanje. Ngubani yena futhi iyiphi indima ayifeza emlandweni yobuciko yesimanje?

biography

Februwari 3, 1874 intombazane wazalelwa edolobhaneni eMelika Allegheny. Yena wayevela emkhayeni ocebile futhi kwaba ingane yesibili. Uyise ayekade wahlanganyela ngempumelelo ukwakhiwa kanye ingcebo ibhizinisi futhi ngokushesha waqongelela capital esezingeni elifanele, izwe izingane kwadingeka ngokwanele ukuphila.

Intombazane okuthiwa u-Gertrude. Kusukela esemncane yazibonakalisa njengoba ingane ukwazi, umfundi okhuthele esikoleni futhi phezu imfundiso kayise ngiya ekholishi, lapho efunda kwengqondo imithi. Nokho, kwaba alien kuye, futhi ubuhlobo noyise wawunezinkinga. Ngachitha esengumntwana phakathi kwenhloko-dolobha ezimbili kwamasiko - Paris futhi Vienna, Gertrude Stein sasizizwa ukunxanela ubuhle.

Ingxabano uye ukhathele ngokwayo ne ukufa kwabazali bazo. Gertrude kanye nomfowabo omdala Leo yintandane ekuseni. Okokuqala, washiya ukuphila onina umdlavuza, sabe sesifa futhi uyise. Manje Stein abasha ifa elikhulu futhi engenayo njalo kusukela ibhizinisi lomndeni bebetshiywa ngokwabo.

Leo kuhanjiswe ku Paris, lapho waqa- sha encane ku Fleurus emgwaqweni, 27. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni, futhi zayiswa udadewabo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uqala olunesivunguvungu ukuphila bokubeka Gertrude.

Cubby Staynov ngoba Luxembourg Gardens ngokushesha aba yisiphephelo bohemian. Leo kwaba umhlaziyi yobuciko futhi behileleke nakwezamabhizinisi ukuthenga futhi ukuqoqa imidwebo abaculi abanamakhono kodwa waqaphela ukusebenza entsha (Cubism).

Gertrude Stein phakathi nezihlakaniphi waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha ungase ngizibonge okusezingeni eliphezulu ukunambitheka yobuhle ukuhlukanisa. Yena wafundiswa, uhlakaniphile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo nge ulimi abukhali, ngakho ukuba umbono wakhe Akazange alalele kuphela, kodwa futhi esaba of it ngezinye izikhathi. Useke eliphefumulelwe futhi asekelwe abaculi abaningi abasafufusa kanye abalobi kubuthana kuye yangempela umbuthano zokudala. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu umsebenzi womphakathi, Gertrude ikhokhwe isikhathi ubuhlakani umbhali siqu sika, nakuba ayengazi ngokushesha bayazisa abagxeki.

okuphakade othandekayo

On ukuphila komuntu American inkululeko abathanda Ngazi kahle ukuthi yena ayethanda Sorority. Yena kwakufanele a lot of abangane besilisa, kodwa inhliziyo yakhe okwakungokukaNkulunkulu kuphela Alice Toklas. Bahlangana ngo-1907 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ayisekho ukwehlukanisa. Alice eYurophu futhi Paris banquma ukuphinde bahlangane compatriot. Umhlangano wazibonakalisa kwesibhamu. Mina phoshoza ngobuhlobo babo bonke Paris. Kwakuyinselele frank emphakathini. Laba bobabili babengamathe nolimi kuze kufe Gertrude.

Grand-unina yesimanjemanje

Esikhathini izincwadi, Stein is njengenhlangano Innovator ezaziwayo. Akazange acabange mayelana isitayela kalula futhi njalo bazama imibhalo, amabinzana, aphorisms edidayo. Njengoba umngane wakhe, umculi Picasso, Gertrude Stein ukhathazeke kakhulu ifomu hhayi okuqukethwe. Ungomunye ngowokuqala emlandweni izincwadi baqala ukusebenzisa amasu leticocwako ekusakazweni ukwazi ngaphandle kwezimpawu zenkulumo. Yile mfanelo - ukuthola facets entsha yokukhuluma - kamuva kwakhiwa isisekelo yesimanjemanje kanye kakhulu umbhali okuthiwa isitayela umama grand.

Naphezu kwezinto eziningi ezidinga sezikhathi namasiko elisungulwe izincwadi, Gertrude Stein akafunanga ukuzivumelanisa okudaliwe yabo, nakuba umhlaziyi caustic nomlobi kwalimala ngokujulile. Wayefuna ngobuqotho ukuze waziwe phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, kodwa abantu besikhathi wacabanga it ngajwayelekile.

izincwadi aqaphelekayo izingcaphuno

umsebenzi Stein sika etemibhalo ngokuvamile utholakala nge Umdwebo. Wonke amazwi wenza umsebenzi ofana upende smear, ilale phansi ephepheni, ngendwangu futhi ngamunye ngokulingana. izincwadi eqaphelekayo Gertrudy Stayn ( "Ida", "Izimpilo ezintathu") zalotshelwa kakhulu ngaphansi kwethonya zabuna oluvelele (uShakespeare, Flaubert), futhi benomuzwa wokuthi ubuhlobo nge abalobi wesimanje (Hemingway, Fitzgerald) naye kwaba abangane, okuyinto asekelwe. Lena zamagama eziyingqayizivele European futhi American avant-garde ukunambitheka. Ngaphezu umfundi safinyelela izinkondlo yesimanje, izinkulumo umbhali izincwadi futhi amazwi ezidumile Innovator.

ukugxekwa

Omunye imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala, eyabhalwa ngo-1909, kwaba noveli "izimpilo amathathu." Gertrude Stein wathi ngekusasa abesifazane abathathu, abalingiswa abathathu. Isenzo senzeka khona eMelika, ukuze Bridgepoint. Ukulandisa ngempela izibambe, kamuva ukuthi ithole elithi "ukubulala izinzwa ngokomzwelo". Abagxeki usebenzisa ukuhlanganisa temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba ne Umdwebo, waveza ithonya French umdwebi Cezanne ekudaleni Heroine Anna Good. -syntax Wayesazi futhi evulekile sexy Heroine Melankty inikezwe ilungelo hlehlisa ebunganini Stein kanye Picasso. Kodwa ithonya Fauves Matisse esiyitholayo kakhulu babazi e umlingisi Thulile ULena.

Ngo-1937 kwafika enye incwadi ebalulekile. Kwaba indaba frank zokuphila kwakhe, okungasekelwe ngokushesha banquma Gertrude Stein. "Autobiography ngayinye" - igama esethiwa lona umkhiqizo. Emakhasini yencwadi umfundi ngeke kuphela bajwayelane mlando, abantu, nokuhlangenwe nakho okungafani ekuphileni lombhali, kodwa futhi ukuzethemba kwakhe. Incwadi likuchaza ngokuningiliziwe Stein uhambo e-United States ngemva kweminyaka engu-30 'ukungabi, kanye nezinguquko ezenzeke ezweni. Umsebenzi ugcwele aphorisms ukudlala futhi Ayindida, owawungumnyaka sokusungula ngakho Gertrude Stein. Ucaphuna imisebenzi yakhe, ngendlela - isifundo ehlukile futhi iphazili kuya baxgeki.

ukuqashelwa

1940 kwaba yisikhathi soshintsho lonke yeFrance. I sihlaselwa amaJalimane, empini ngesikhathi kucekela phansi ukuphila bokubeka Paris. isikhundla Gertrude sika kwakunzima ngenxa yezinkinga iqiniso lokuthi yayingumJuda. Wacelwa ukuba ushiye isikhashana, kodwa esevele i Isalukazi, wanquma ukwethemba ukudalelwa futhi uhlale indlu ezweni. Ngo-1944, isimo sibonakala sethusa aqala ukuncipha, futhi umbhali ngokuphepha wabuyela Paris lakubo. Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka emibili Gertrude Stein wamshaya uphethwe - umdlavuza. Ngilondoloze kusukela ubuhlungu morphine kuphela. Julayi 27, wabhekana kokuhlinzwa. Inhliziyo yakhe kabaze baba lakho ukuma umbhali ...

Phakathi nokuphila Gertrude Stein neze beqashelwa yomphakathi. Ukuze yonke imizamo yakhe yokuthuthela futhi ucwaningo zokudala ethola ukuklolodelwa, ukukhashelwa futhi Ukungakwamukeli. Kuphela phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule yomlobi akhuluma izinto ezinhle. Stayn ncwadi Gertrudy lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi, kuhlanganise isiRashiya, ngafike ngahlanganyela Isikhwama segolide yobuciko emhlabeni. Umlobi yena ubalwe njengenye yakudala kwezincwadi American.

muse art

Kwakuyisikhathi ubuntu yehlukene kaningi okubalwa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo engaqondakali. Stein sikhulume ngokukhululekile, khulula ubandlululo, kodwa nozwelo ukugxekwa abanye. Umuntu onjalo eziphikisa wayengeke asonge izandla angayiqapheli zingompetha. Ngakho, uPawulu Chelischev (umsunguli Russian of surrealism ezingaqondakali) wasebenzisa umfanekiso Gertrude zokubhala emidwebweni "Phenomena". Awukho umsebenzi ngaphansi abadumile iyona "Portrait of Gertrude Stein" - ukudalwa Pablo Pikasso.

Umlobi evezwe kule ifilimu: e isici ifilimu "modernists" (1987), e Woody Allen sika "Midnight Paris" (2011). isithombe Gertrude sika elikhona izincwadi: "A moveable Idili" Hemingway futhi Satterthwaite "ukubonakala". On the imibhalo olusankondlo Stein umculo by bomculo American Virgil Thompson sabekwa eminyakeni ezahlukene (1934) kanye Dzheymsom Tinni (1970). Namuhla e-New York, Bryant Park, kuyinto lesikhumbuzo ukuze umbhali.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

• Endlini Gertrudy Stayn wazama ukuthola abaculi abaningi bangaleso sikhathi. Ubani waphendukela umbhali iseluleko siqu, omunye ukwesekwa, ngubani ngoba uJehova "uyacabangela" ukugxekwa. izivakashi zayo ezidumile babe Ernest Hemingway futhi Skott Fitsdzherald, okuyinto Gertrude incazelo "isizukulwane elahlekile" Stein wanika ngokwayo - ekuqaleni wavuthwa abantu ayikwazanga ukuthola indawo yabo ekuphileni.
• Umfowabo omdala Gertrude Leo Stayn akayithandanga isinqumo ngayohlala nodadewethu Alice Toklas. Waveza umbhikisho wakhe inakekelwa indlu phezu Fleurus emgwaqweni futhi aphule ubuhlobo emkhayeni nge Gertrude.
• Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Gertrude Stein owawuqondene geniuses abaningi abasha yobuciko Eqondisayo inkanyezi futhi linothile ngolwazi theory, zokubhala amathekisthi abo uqobo ithalente uhlolwa ngesizotha futhi umsebenzi amaningi ashisekayo ngokuvamile musa sithole noma iyiphi impendulo evela emphakathini. Ukudumazeka ukuthi lwaqiniswa yokuthi wasijabulela behlonishwa futhi baziswa "abafundi" bakhe besendle ongenalwazi. Ngemva baqashelwa, bavame Ngahlukana nabangane ngisho omubi wakhuluma ngobuntu umbhali.