Ivan Moskvitin: biography kanye nempumelelo

Umhloli wamazwe waseRussia ohamba phambili kanye nohambo u-Ivan Moskvitin, eba omunye wezibalo ezibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni iMpumalanga Ekude neSiberia, washiya ulwazi oluncane kakhulu ngokuphila kwakhe. Kusuka kithi, hhayi kuphela imininingwane ebonisa izici zokubukeka kwayo kufihliwe, kodwa futhi izigaba eziningi ze-biography. Noma kunjalo, izinsizakalo zakhe eRussia zinkulu kakhulu kangangokuthi i-Tomsk Cossack elula - u-Ivan Moskvitin, onomnikelo wakhe kwisayensi yezwe iyigugu ngempela - uye wangena emlandweni waseRussia kuze kube phakade.

Isikhathi sokunqoba amazwe amasha

Emashumini amathathu eminyaka yekhulu le-XVII kwakukhona ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwamazwe angakaziwa engasemva kwe-Great Ural ridge. Isiqalo sabahloli baleyo nkathi kwakunguJakutsk. Kwavela lapha ukuthi baqala uhambo lwabangenazi ezingahambi kahle. Izikhombisi-ndlela eziyinhloko zokuhamba kwezinqola zawo zazibili - enyakatho naseningizimu eduze neLena River. Kuyaziwa ukuthi esifundeni se-taiga esikude, imishanguzo yamanzi sekuyisikhathi eside isetshenziswe njengezindlela zemvelo zokuxhumana.

U-Ivan Moskvitin, owayeneminyaka eminingi yokuphila kwaphela ngalesi sikhathi, wayengomunye wale migomo eyinqaba eyayiphuza umoya wezifunda ezingasetshenziswanga. Kwakukhona nomuntu ofanayo-uTomsk Ataman Dmitry Epipanovich Kopalov. Akazange abanike amahemuhemu okuthula ukuthi endaweni ethile eMpumalanga kunolwandle olufudumele. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi kungani kuthiwa "kufudumele" - mhlawumbe, ngokubambisana nelanga, okwavuka njalo ekuseni. Kodwa ukuze afinyelele kulwandle, kwakudingeka ukuba ahambe hhayi emfuleni, kepha phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ubudala, i-taiga engaxhunyiwe.

Ukuqala kohambo

Futhi ngo-1637 uKopalov wathuthela enkundleni yeCossacks empumalanga, futhi naye wahamba naye umngane wakhe - uTomsk Cossack Ivan Moskvitin. Umlando awulondolozanga usuku lokuzalwa kwakhe, noma ulwazi ngezindlela iNkosi yakhe eyamyisa ngayo kuTomsk. Omunye angacacisa kuphela ngesisekelo sesibongo sakhe. Ezinsukwini zakudala kwakungokwesiko ukubiza abantu endaweni yokuzalwa kwabo, noma okhokho babo. Ngakho kungenzeka ukuthi ucabange ukuthi uma kungenjalo u-Ivan ngokwakhe, uyise noma umkhulu wakhe bevela emazweni aseMoscow.

Ukuqala eTomsk, le nqola yafinyelela eJakutsk, yaqhubeka empumalanga. Ngaphambi kokuba bafinyelele esitokisini, basebenzisa umgwaqo owaziwayo kakade. Lapho befuna "umhlaba omusha" (njengoba babhala emibhalweni yaleso sikhathi) nolwandle olufudumele, abahambi bafika ngo-1638 ngaseLena River baya e-Aldan, futhi bekhuphukela phezulu kwamasonto amahlanu, behambisa ama-scrapers ngezintambo namapulangwe. Ngemva kokwenza lolu hambo olulukhuni, amaCosacks afika emlonyeni womunye umfula we-taiga, okuthiwa uMeyi - u-Aldan.

Ulwazi lokuqala mayelana noMfula i-Amur

Lapha, ehlane lase-taiga, bahlangana no-shaman, oyedwa - ngaleso sikhathi umhlangano onjalo wawuhlelekile . Ngosizo lomhumushi uSemyon Petrov, ngokukhethekile ethathelwa enkundleni ngenxa yamacala anjalo, uKopalov ufunde esivumelwaneni sehlathi ukuthi umfula omkhulu ugeleza ngasemva kwesigodi, lapho izizwe zendawo zibiza ngokuthi iChirkol. Kodwa izindaba eziyinhloko yilokho, ngokusho kwe-shaman, kwakukhona abaningi "abahleli" abahlala emagqumeni ayo, okungukuthi, bezakhamuzi ezihleliwe ababehlanganyela ekuzaliseni izinkomo nokulima. Ngakho okokuqala izikhulu zazwa ngomfula omkhulu waseSiberia u- Amur.

Kodwa inhloso eyinhloko yenkambiso - ulwandle olufudumele, namanje lubizwa ngokuthi i-Cossacks empumalanga. Ngo-May 1639, lo mqhudelwano uhlomisa umkhankaso ohamba phambili, oholwa ngu-Ivan Moskvitin, efuna indlela eya "olwandle oluthandayo". I-biography yakhe, engaphelele futhi efaka amaqiniso, kodwa ikhiqiza lesi siqephu ngokuningiliziwe okwanele. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngaphansi komyalo wakhe kwakunamalungu ayishumi nambili e-Cossacks abanamava kakhulu futhi abanolwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziqondiso zithunyelwe ukuzozisiza, i-Evenks.

Phezu koMfula iMaya

Njengomsizi wakhe osondelene kakhulu, u-Ivan Moskvitin wathatha indawo yaseJakutsk, iCossack Kolobov. Igama lakhe laqina ngokuqinile emlandweni ngenxa yokuthi ngo-1646 yena kanye nomphathi wakhe, banikeza umbusi umbiko obhaliwe ngokuhlanganyela kwakhe ohambweni. Le dokhumenti, ebizwa ngokuthi i- "skasca", isibe ubufakazi obubalulekile bomlando bezenzakalo ezihlobene nokutholakala kolwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Ingxenye yensiza yayihlanganisa nomhumushi - uSemyon Petrov osevele ekhulunywe ngaye.

Njengoba kwakhiwa ngale ndlela, leli qembu laqhubeka nohambo lwayo ku-Mae epharadini eliphansi-eliyisiphephelo esikhulu futhi esinamandla. Kodwa inkathazo yukuthi cishe amakhilomitha angamakhulu amabili iningi laleyo ndlela kwakudingeka isule isishayo sayo, sihlasele emahlathini amakhulu kakhulu ogwini. Ngemuva kwamasonto ayisithupha okuhamba kanzima, amaCosacks afika komunye umfula we-taiga-iNdudymi encane futhi encane.

Indlela eya edolobheni laseZudhughur

Lapha kwakufanele ngahlukane nezinto ezinkulu, kodwa ezinzima futhi ezingenangqondo, futhi ngakha amaplanethi ambalwa amancane. Kuzo izihambi zafika emanzini asemfuleni. Phakathi nohambo, u-Ivan Moskvitin wachaza kafushane yonke imithombo kaLena, uMay noNyudymy abayibonayo, eyabe esebenzela ukuhlanganisa amabalazwe asezindaweni zendawo.

Ngaphambi kwabo kwakungumdabu ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ogcwala imisedari onomfula, kamuva owawuthiwa yiZuddzhur. Lesi kwakuyisigaba esibalulekile salolu hambo - intaba yezintaba yahlukanisa imifula yohlelo lukaLena kusukela kwalabo abagibela "olwandle" oluthandayo. Kudlula i- Ivan Moskvin ngesikhulu sakhe sasiqeda usuku, siphonsa izintambo, futhi sithatha kuphela okudingekayo.

Ngaphansi koMfula iHive

Emthambekeni ohlukile baphinda bahlangana nomfula - abangenangqondo futhi abangenangqondo, okwenza indlela yokuhamba ngayo, ngaphambi kokuxhuma neHive - enye yemifula yoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Kwakudingeka ngiphinde ngithathe izinkamba futhi ngiqhubeke namapula futhi. Kodwa manje umfula ngokwawo wasiza abahambi. Uma kuze kube manje, ngenkathi beya enyakatho, kwakudingeka baphathe izikebhe zabo, kodwa manje, behla, omunye angasebenzisa ithuba lokuphumula okufutshane.

Ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalombili kamuva, umsindo ozwakalayo uzwakala ngaphambili, isixwayiso sokusondela kuma-rapids amakhulu futhi ayingozi, abaqhubi-ngisho nama-Evenks ababatshele. Lawa matshe, agcwalisa umbhede womfula, welula ibanga elide, futhi futhi kwakudingeka, ngokushicilelwa izintambo zamuva, futhi bephethe imithwalo yemithwalo, ukuze bafinyelele emgqeni we-taiga ongenakuphulukiswa. Ukuqeda, ama-Cossacks ayephelelwe yisikhathi ngalesi sikhathi, futhi kwakungenakwenzeka ukugcwalisa izimpahla zabo ngokwezindleko zemvelo - umfula wawuyi-bezrybnoy, futhi emabhange ayo akwazi ukuqoqa ama-berries ambalwa kuphela.

Ukuphuma okulinde isikhathi eside olwandle

Kodwa ama-cossacks akazange alahlekelwe isibindi, futhi u-Ivan Moskvitin waba yisibonelo kubo. Iminyaka yokuphila esetshenziswa esifundeni se-taiga, yamfundisa ukuba abe namandla. Njengoba badlula ingxenye engozini yomfula, baphinde baqala ibhizinisi elijwayele ukuqhuba izikebhe. Ngalesi sikhathi bakha i-kayak eqenjini eliphambili, futhi kubo bonke abanye - isikebhe esikhulu sokuthutha esinamandla okukwazi ukuhlala nabantu abangamashumi amathathu kanye nempahla yonke yalolu hambo. Ngokushesha bafika enhlanzi ejulile necebile yoMfula iLama. Uma ngaphambi kokuba ama-Cossack adle ukudla amahlathi, izinhlanzi nezimpande, sekuyisikhathi sokudla okunenhliziyo enhle.

Ezinsukwini ezinhlanu kamuva, kwenzeka umcimbi emlandweni wezwe laseRussia - u-Ivan Moskvitin nombutho wakhe wafinyelela oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Yonke indlela eya emlonyeni woMfula iMay kuya "olwandle" inqotshwa ezinyangeni ezimbili. Kumele kucatshangelwe ukuthi itholakale ensimini engazange ihlolwe, futhi izimo ezihlukahlukene zidinga ukuyeka okuvamile kubahambi. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-Agasti 1639, abahloli bamaRussia okokuqala ngqa emlandweni bafika enyakatho-ntshonalanga yePacific Ocean - uLwandle lwase-Okhotsk.

Ukuqala kokutadisha ogwini

I-autumn ifikile. Kusuka endlini ehlala emfuleni iHoullier, iqembu lamaCosacks laya enyakatho, ukutadisha nokuchaza ogwini lolwandle. Bonke ubuholi bezenzo zabo benza u-Ivan Moskvitin. Umnikelo wesayensi yezwe okwenziwa yili phhathi kwakukhulu kakhulu. Baqeda ibanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angamakhulu amahlanu, lapho amarekhodi agcinwa khona. Iningi laleyo ndlela yenziwa olwandle esikebheni.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwalolu hambo kubonise isidingo sokwakha imikhumbi emikhulu futhi ethembekile, futhi ukuhamba okuqhubekayo amaCosacks awakhiwa ama-Kochs amancane amancane ahlomile ngamasts and sails. Ngakho-ke, ebusika ngo-1639-1640 ukuqala okungokomfanekiso kokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yasePacific kwafakwa.

Ehlobo, inqola yonke yahamba ngomkhumbi eya olwandle eya eSakhalin Bay. Umzila welwandle ka-Ivan Moskvitin neqembu lakhe kwachazwa ngokuningiliziwe, kanye nokuthungatha umhlaba. I-coastland yonxweme yoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa namakhulu ayisikhombisa, okokuqala ngqa emlandweni, yadluliselwa futhi yafundiswa ngabantu baseRussia.

Ezimweni zomfula omkhulu waseSiberia

Ekuhambeni kwakhe u-Ivan Moskvitin weza kakhulu emlonyeni wama-Amur, kodwa wayengenanga kulo. Kwakukhona izizathu ezimbili lokhu: indlala, eyabangela abahloli bamaqhawe ukuba babuyele emuva, kanye nezindaba zabaqhubi mayelana nesimo esinonya kakhulu sabakhileyo ezifundeni ezisogwini. Ukuzama ukuxhumana nabo futhi ukugcwalisa kanjalo izindawo zokudla zaziyingozi kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho, wanquma ukubuyela emuva. Ngentwasahlobo ka-1641, amaCosacks aphinde awela i-Dzhugdzhur Range, futhi afinyelela eminye yezintambo zomfula iMay. Ngo-Julayi wonyaka ofanayo yonke inqola yabuyela ngokuphepha eJakutsk.

Kusuka ehlane lase-taiga - ukuya eMoscow

Amadokhumenti alawo minyaka ayazisa ukuthi u-Ivan Moskvitin, owatholwa ngokufanelekile yiziphathimandla zaseJakut, wakhuthazwa ukuba abe ngamaPentecostal, futhi amaCosacks akhe athole imiklomelo ephakathi kwamabili ruble amahlanu eminyaka yonke emine yomsebenzi kanye nokuncishwa. Abanhlonishwa kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, banikezwa ngendwangu yendwangu. Ngo-1646 uMoskvitin wanikezelwa eMoscow ngenhloso yokubika kumbusi. Ngakho okokuqala ngqa enhloko-dolobha yaziwa ngokuhamba kwamagquma oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Umhambi onesibindi waphindela ekhaya kakade ezingeni lika-ataman.

Ukuze anqobe amazwe avulekile, wancoma ukuthumela lapho inqola enkulu ehlomile okungenani abantu abayizinkulungwane ezinezinyoni eziyishumi nokudla okwanele. Ngokusho kobufakazi bakhe, lezo zindawo zazicebile kakhulu ezinhlanzi nasezilwaneni ezithwele izinwele, ezingabangela imali engenayo emalini.

Lapha, ngizophinde ngithumele lonke ulwazi u-Ivan Moskvitin ashiye ngaye. Iminyaka yokuphila nokufa kwalowo muntu ayengaziwa, kodwa igama lakhe nomnikelo akwenza ekuthuthukiseni kweMpumalanga Ekude wangena emlandweni kuze kube phakade. Ibhizinisi lakhe laqhutshelwa ngabanye abahambahambayo, phakathi kwabo uVD Poyarkov waba omunye wezidume kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, isiqubulo sika-Ivan Moskvitin nabalandeli bakhe singabonakaliswa ngamazwi kaKristu: "Funani nizothola." Futhi bahamba befuna izinto ezingaziwa nasemigwaqeni ye-taiga, nasezindaweni ezinkulu zasolwandle.